Pub Date : 2002-02-27DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL5004
E. Rosenberg, E. Ron
Introduction Historical Outline The Petroleum Industry Connection The Emulsan Story Occurrence and Chemical Properties RAG-1 Emulsan BD4 Emulsan Alasan Biodispersan Other High Molecular-mass Bioemulsifiers Natural Role of Emulsans Increasing the Surface Area of Hydrophobic Water-insoluble Substrates Increasing the Bioavailability of Hydrophobic Water-insoluble Substrates Binding of Toxic Heavy Metals Regulating the Attachment-detachment of Microorganisms to and from Surfaces Genetics and Regulation of Bioemulsan Production Biodegradation Production Shake-flask Experiments Production in Small Fermentors Large-scale Production of Emulsans Patents Potential Applications Outlook and Perspectives Keywords: alasan; bioemulsan; emulsan; biodispersan; surfactant; alasan proteins; bioemulsifier; mannanprotein; bioremediation; emulsan depolymerase; secretion mutants; Acinetobacter; thermophiles; yeast
{"title":"Bioemulsans: Surface-active Polysaccharide-containing Complexes","authors":"E. Rosenberg, E. Ron","doi":"10.1002/3527600035.BPOL5004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600035.BPOL5004","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000Historical Outline \u0000The Petroleum Industry Connection \u0000The Emulsan Story \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Occurrence and Chemical Properties \u0000RAG-1 Emulsan \u0000BD4 Emulsan \u0000Alasan \u0000Biodispersan \u0000Other High Molecular-mass Bioemulsifiers \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Natural Role of Emulsans \u0000Increasing the Surface Area of Hydrophobic Water-insoluble Substrates \u0000Increasing the Bioavailability of Hydrophobic Water-insoluble Substrates \u0000Binding of Toxic Heavy Metals \u0000Regulating the Attachment-detachment of Microorganisms to and from Surfaces \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Genetics and Regulation of Bioemulsan Production \u0000Biodegradation \u0000Production \u0000Shake-flask Experiments \u0000Production in Small Fermentors \u0000Large-scale Production of Emulsans \u0000Patents \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Potential Applications \u0000Outlook and Perspectives \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000alasan; \u0000bioemulsan; \u0000emulsan; \u0000biodispersan; \u0000surfactant; \u0000alasan proteins; \u0000bioemulsifier; \u0000mannanprotein; \u0000bioremediation; \u0000emulsan depolymerase; \u0000secretion mutants; \u0000Acinetobacter; \u0000thermophiles; \u0000yeast","PeriodicalId":165163,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers Online","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124796679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-02-27DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL5008
B. Rehm
Introduction Historical Outline Chemical Structures Biosynthetic Pathway of the Alginate Precursor, GDP-Mannuronic Acid Genetics of Alginate Biosynthesis Regulation of Alginate Biosynthesis Environmentally Induced Activation of alg Genes Genotypic Switch Polymerization and Export of the Alginate Chain Alginate-Modifying Enzymes Mannuronan C-5-epimerases O-Transacetylases Alginate Lyases The Role of Alginate in Biofilm Formation The Applied Potential of Bacterial Alginates Acknowledgments Keywords: alginates; biosynthesis; genotypic switch; epimerases; transacetylases; alginate lyases; structure–function analysis
Pub Date : 2002-02-27DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL5010
T. J. Pollock
Introduction Historical Outline Chemical Structures Structural Variations Analytical Methods Occurrence Physiology Properties Biosynthesis Synthesis of Sugar-nucleotide Substrates Assembly of the Repeat Unit, Polymerization and Secretion Genetics Regulation Use of Classical Genetics and Recombinant DNA Technologies to Modify Production Biodegradation Production Fermentation Recovery and Purification Producers World Market Applications Outlook and Perspectives Patents Keywords: sphingan; exopolysaccharide; heteropolysaccharide; capsule; biofilm; gellan; welan; rhamsan; S-7; S-88; S-198; S-657; NW-11; I-886; GS1; Sphingomonas; l-mannose; 2 deoxy-β-d-arabino-hexuronic acid; phosphoglucomutase; poly-hydroxybutyrate; glycosyl transferase; bacitracin; isoprenylphosphate; genetic complementation; fermentation; gelation; rheology
Pub Date : 2002-02-27DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL5016
I. Hallemeersch, S. D. Baets, E. Vandamme
Introduction Historical Outline Chemical Structure Occurrence Physiological Function Chemical Analysis and Detection Separation of EPS and Microbial Cells Isolation and Purification Structural Analysis Biosynthesis Genetics and Regulation Factors Influencing Growth and EPS Production Effect of Physico-chemical Parameters Effect of Nutritional Parameters Kinetics of EPS Biosynthesis Applications Keywords: lactic acid bacteria; Lactobacillus; Lactococcus; Streptococcus; exopolysaccharide; ropy; yogurt; fermented milk products; rheological properties; texture; viscoelastic properties; prebiotic
Pub Date : 2002-02-27DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL5002
J. Preiss
Introduction Characterization of Bacterial Glycogen Structure The Function of Glycogen as an Energy-Storage Compound Enzymatic Reactions Involved in Glycogen Synthesis Properties of the Glycogen Biosynthetic Enzymes ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase Bacterial Glycogen Synthase Branching Enzyme Genetic Regulation of Glycogen Synthesis in E. coli Keywords: glycogen synthesis; energy storage; gene characterization; genetic regulation
{"title":"Glycogen Synthesis and its Regulation in Bacteria","authors":"J. Preiss","doi":"10.1002/3527600035.BPOL5002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600035.BPOL5002","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000Characterization of Bacterial Glycogen Structure \u0000The Function of Glycogen as an Energy-Storage Compound \u0000Enzymatic Reactions Involved in Glycogen Synthesis \u0000Properties of the Glycogen Biosynthetic Enzymes \u0000ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase \u0000Bacterial Glycogen Synthase \u0000Branching Enzyme \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Genetic Regulation of Glycogen Synthesis in E. coli \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000glycogen synthesis; \u0000energy storage; \u0000gene characterization; \u0000genetic regulation","PeriodicalId":165163,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers Online","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129162628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-02-27DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL5018
V. Lazarevic, H. Pooley, C. Mauël, D. Karamata
Introduction Historical Outline Chemical Structures Cell Wall Teichoic Acid Teichuronic Acids Biosynthesis and Genetics of Poly(GroP) Polymerizing Enzyme System for Poly(Glycerol Phosphate) Teichoic Acid The Genetic Basis of the Biosynthesis of the Soluble Precursors Transcriptional Regulation of Wall Teichoic Acid Genes in B. subtilis 168 Biosynthesis and Genetics of Poly (3-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl N-Acetylgalactosamine 1-Phosphate) Genetic and Biochemical Analysis of Mutants Genes Involved in Synthesis of Soluble Precursors UDPGalNAc Genetics of Polymerizing Enzyme System Biosynthesis and Genetics of the B. subtilis 168 Cell Wall Teichuronic Acids Biodegradation Biological Roles Associated with Cell Wall Teichoic and Teichuronic Acids Horizontal Transfer of Genes for Wall Teichoic Acid Synthesis Role of the D-Alanine Substituent of Wall Teichoic Acid and of the Overall Cell Wall Negative Charge The pH Gradient Across the Cell Wall Cell Wall Teichoic Acid and Upkeep of the Cell Shape Applications Keywords: wall teichoic acids; genetic determinants of teichoic acids; teichoic acid in B. subtilis 168; teichuronic acid; genetic determinants of teichuronic acid; teichuronic acid in B. subtilis 168; wall teichoic acids and control of cell's periplasmic pH; wall teichoic acids and horizontal transfer of genes; teichuronic acid; B. subtilis 168; biological roles of wall teichoic acids
介绍历史概述化学结构细胞壁苔藻酸苔藻酸的生物合成与遗传聚甘油磷酸苔藻酸聚合酶系统可溶性前体生物合成的遗传基础苔藻酸细胞壁基因的转录调控168聚(3-O-β- d -葡萄糖吡喃酰基n -乙酰半乳糖胺1-磷酸)的生物合成与遗传参与突变基因的遗传与生化分析可溶性前体UDPGalNAc的合成聚合酶系统的生物合成和枯草芽孢杆菌168细胞壁Teichuronic酸生物降解的遗传学与Teichuronic酸和Teichuronic酸相关的生物学作用细胞壁Teichuronic酸合成基因的水平转移Teichoic酸的合成d -丙氨酸取代基的作用和整个细胞壁的负电荷Teichoic酸在细胞壁上的pH梯度和细胞的维持关键词:壁壁磷壁酸;磷壁酸的遗传决定因素;枯草芽孢杆菌168中的磷壁酸;teichuronic酸;锝酸的遗传决定因素;枯草芽孢杆菌168中的锝酸;壁壁壁酸和胞质周围pH的控制;壁壁磷壁酸与基因水平转移;teichuronic酸;枯草芽孢杆菌168;壁磷壁酸的生物学作用
{"title":"Teichoic and Teichuronic Acids from Gram‐Positive Bacteria","authors":"V. Lazarevic, H. Pooley, C. Mauël, D. Karamata","doi":"10.1002/3527600035.BPOL5018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600035.BPOL5018","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000Historical Outline \u0000Chemical Structures \u0000Cell Wall Teichoic Acid \u0000Teichuronic Acids \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Biosynthesis and Genetics of Poly(GroP) \u0000Polymerizing Enzyme System for Poly(Glycerol Phosphate) Teichoic Acid \u0000The Genetic Basis of the Biosynthesis of the Soluble Precursors \u0000Transcriptional Regulation of Wall Teichoic Acid Genes in B. subtilis 168 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Biosynthesis and Genetics of Poly (3-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl N-Acetylgalactosamine 1-Phosphate) \u0000Genetic and Biochemical Analysis of Mutants \u0000Genes Involved in Synthesis of Soluble Precursors \u0000UDPGalNAc \u0000Genetics of Polymerizing Enzyme System \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Biosynthesis and Genetics of the B. subtilis 168 Cell Wall Teichuronic Acids \u0000Biodegradation \u0000Biological Roles Associated with Cell Wall Teichoic and Teichuronic Acids \u0000Horizontal Transfer of Genes for Wall Teichoic Acid Synthesis \u0000Role of the D-Alanine Substituent of Wall Teichoic Acid and of the Overall Cell Wall Negative Charge \u0000The pH Gradient Across the Cell Wall \u0000Cell Wall Teichoic Acid and Upkeep of the Cell Shape \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Applications \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000wall teichoic acids; \u0000genetic determinants of teichoic acids; \u0000teichoic acid in B. subtilis 168; \u0000teichuronic acid; \u0000genetic determinants of teichuronic acid; \u0000teichuronic acid in B. subtilis 168; \u0000wall teichoic acids and control of cell's periplasmic pH; \u0000wall teichoic acids and horizontal transfer of genes; \u0000teichuronic acid; \u0000B. subtilis 168; \u0000biological roles of wall teichoic acids","PeriodicalId":165163,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers Online","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124073356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-02-25DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOLA014
M. Patel, C. Bastioli, L. Marini, E. Würdinger
Introduction Historical Outline Methodology of LCA Presentation of Comparative Data Starch Polymers Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) Polylactides (PLA) Other Polymers based on Renewable Resources Natural Fiber Composites Summarizing Comparison Discussion Conclusions Summary and Further Elaboration of Findings Outlook and Perspectives Acknowledgments Keywords: environmental life cycle assessment (LCA); energy; greenhouse gas emissions (GHG); uncertainties; renewable raw materials; bio-based polymers; natural fiber composites; starch; polyhydroxyalkanoates; polylactides; end products
Pub Date : 2002-02-25DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOLA006
B. Hazer
Introduction Chemical Modification of Synthetic Polyesters Poly(lactic acid), Poly(glycolic acid), and Poly(ɛ-caprolactone) Atactic-PHB (a-PHB) Chemical Modification of Biosynthetic Polyesters Chemical Modification of sPHAs Chemical Modification of mPHAs Acknowledgments Keywords: chemical modification; synthetic polyesters; biosynthetic polyesters; polylactic acid; polyglycolic acid; poly(ɛ-caprolactone); atactic-poly(3-hydroxybutyrate); PLA-PGA copolymers; other PLA-copolymers; crosslinked-PLA; a-PHB; PHB-telechelics; biosynthetic polyesters; peroxide modification; epoxidized-PHOU; chlorination of PHO; chlorination of PHB; PHB-macromer
Pub Date : 2002-02-25DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOLA013
M. Zee
Introduction Background Defining Biodegradability Why is Compostability an Issue? The European Council Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste Evaluation of Compostability Characterization Biodegradability Disintegration Effects on the Composting Process Effects on Compost Quality Evaluation versus Certification Examples of Current Certification Programs Compostability Mark of IBAW OK Compost Logo of AVI Compostable Logo of BPI GreenPla Identification and Labeling System of BPS Other Developments Future Perspectives Keywords: compostability; composting; biodegradability; disintegration; standardization; certification; labeling; logo; evaluation criteria; packaging; packaging waste; biowaste; European Directive; compost quality; GreenPla
{"title":"Evaluation and Certification of Compostable Polymeric Materials and Products","authors":"M. Zee","doi":"10.1002/3527600035.BPOLA013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600035.BPOLA013","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000Background \u0000Defining Biodegradability \u0000Why is Compostability an Issue? \u0000The European Council Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste \u0000Evaluation of Compostability \u0000Characterization \u0000Biodegradability \u0000Disintegration \u0000Effects on the Composting Process \u0000Effects on Compost Quality \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Evaluation versus Certification \u0000Examples of Current Certification Programs \u0000Compostability Mark of IBAW \u0000OK Compost Logo of AVI \u0000Compostable Logo of BPI \u0000GreenPla Identification and Labeling System of BPS \u0000Other Developments \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Future Perspectives \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000compostability; \u0000composting; \u0000biodegradability; \u0000disintegration; \u0000standardization; \u0000certification; \u0000labeling; \u0000logo; \u0000evaluation criteria; \u0000packaging; \u0000packaging waste; \u0000biowaste; \u0000European Directive; \u0000compost quality; \u0000GreenPla","PeriodicalId":165163,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers Online","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133518509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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