Journal of oral biology and craniofacial research最新文献

Introduction

Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a localized, qualitative, demarcated enamel defect that affects first permanent molars (FPMs) and/or permanent incisors. The aim of present study was to introduce a novel computerised assessment process to detect and quantify the percentage opacity associated with MIH affected maxillary central incisors.

Methodology

Children (8–16 years) enrolled in the primary study having mild (white/cream or yellow/brown) MIH lesion on fully erupted maxillary permanent central incisor. 50 standardised images of MIH lesions were captured in an artificially lit room with fixed parameters and were anonymized and securely stored. Images were analysed by AI-driven computerised software and generates output classifications via a sophisticated algorithm crafted using a meticulously annotated image dataset as reference through supervised machine learning (SML). For the validation of computerised assessment of MIH lesions, the percentage of demarked opacity was calculated using ADOBE PHOTOSHOP CS7.

Results

The percentage of MIH lesion was calculated through histogram plotting with the maxima ranging from 7.29 % to 71.21 % with the mean value of 34.51 %. The validation score ranged from 10.29 % to 67.27 % with the mean value of 35.32 %. The difference between the two was statistically not significant. Out of 50 patients; 11 patients had 1–30 % of surface affected with MIH and 2 had aesthetic concern; 24 had 30–60 % of surface affected and 13 had aesthetic concern; 15 had >60 % of surface affected and 12 had aesthetic concerns.

Conclusions

The proposed approach exhibit sufficient quality to be integrated into a dental software addressing practical challenges encountered in daily clinical settings.

Our understanding of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their biological properties is steadily increasing, with more studies focusing on their therapeutic effects in the domains of immunology, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. MSCs may be derived from tissues such as bone marrow, adipose, the umbilical cord, as well as from dental tissues (e.g., tooth germ, dental follicle, pulp tissue of exfoliated deciduous and permanent teeth, apical papilla, periodontal ligament, gingiva, and alveolar bone). Gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) are non-hematopoietic adult stem cells isolated from the gingival lamina propria. When compared to MSCs purified from various dental and non-dental tissues, GMSCs are more abundant in source, relatively non-invasive to obtain, and genetically stable. In recent years, many studies have found that GMSCs possess the ability of self-renewal, multi-directional differentiation, and chemotaxis to inflammatory sites for immunity regulation. Their molecular and stem-cell properties make them highly suitable for both preclinical and clinical research. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by GMSCs are of key interest due to their ability to emulate the biological and therapeutic activity of GMSCs themselves. This paper will therefore review the current consensus on GMSCs, surveying their sources and isolation methods, their biological properties, and their therapeutic applications on inflammatory and immune-related diseases.

Spheroids are spherical aggregates of cells. Normally, most of adherent cells cannot survive in suspension; however, if they adhere to each other and grow to a certain size, they can survive without attaching to the dish surface. Studies have shown that spheroid formation induces dedifferentiation and improves plasticity, proliferative capability, and differentiation capability. In particular, spontaneous spheroids represent a selective and efficient cultivation technique for somatic stem cells. Organoids are considered mini-organs composed of multiple types of cells with extracellular matrices that are maintained in three-dimensional culture. Although their culture environment is similar to that of spheroids, organoids consist of differentiated cells with fundamental tissue/organ structures similar to those of native organs. Organoids have been used for drug development, disease models, and basic biological studies. Spheroid culture has been reported for various cell types in the oral and craniofacial regions, including salivary gland epithelial cells, periodontal ligament cells, dental pulp stem cells, and oral mucosa-derived cells. For broader clinical application, it is crucial to identify treatment targets that can leverage the superior stemness of spheroids. Organoids have been developed from various organs, including taste buds, oral mucosa, teeth, and salivary glands, for basic biological studies and also with the goal to replace damaged or defective organs. The development of novel immune-tolerant cell sources is the key to the widespread clinical application of organoids in regenerative medicine. Further efforts to understand the underlying basic mechanisms of spheroids and organoids will lead to the development of safe and efficient next-generation regenerative therapies.

Background

The progression and pathogenesis of oral cancer is greatly impacted by epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation. Autophagy, is an adaptive mechanism used to maintain the survival and integrity of cells. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is linked to a number of autophagy indicators, although it is yet unknown if DNA methylation of autophagy-related genes promotes the development of oral leukoplakia (OL), oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Aim

Our study was aimed to assess, compare and evaluate the DNA methylation of ATG5 and MAP1LC3Av1 genes in oral leukoplakia, oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Materials and methods

This cross-sectional study was designed with sample size of 48 tissues which was clinically and histopathologically diagnosed as OL, OSCC and normal tissue. The samples were divided into three groups (Group A, Group B, and Group C; (n = 16 each). Following histopathological confirmation, the tissue was stored in the RNA reagent, then subjected to DNA extraction, methylation-sensitive polymerase chain reaction (MS-PCR). DNA methylation of the ATG5 and MAP1LC3Av1 genes were assessed.

Results

Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests showed that the values were normally distributed. Both the ATG5 and MAP1LC3Av1 genes were methylated in OSCC, OL tissues compared to normal tissues. A statistically significant results was seen among the three study groups.

Conclusion

A significant difference was noted in the hypermethylation status of the promoter regions of the ATG5 and MAP1LC3Av1 genes. This provides some insight into their crucial role in the development of tumors. Future research with larger sample is needed to assess its potential clinical implications in oral carcinoma.

Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a condition associated with nearly 123 risk factors. Among all the risk factors, enamel defects or enamel hypoplasia (ED/EH) has been shown to be the primary risk factor. ED/EH comprises the earliest changes that manifest on newly erupted primary tooth surfaces soon after its eruption. ED/EH appears as white lines or patches, either as demarcated or diffuse opacities on the enamel surface. It is often observed on the labial and buccal surfaces of the newly erupted primary maxillary incisors. A simple self-report tool for mothers/caretakers, healthcare professionals, and primary care workers to diagnose early changes in ECC may facilitate early diagnosis. The MAAC chart was developed to prevent ECC in children with cleft lip and palate. These charts, primarily developed to educate parents, caregivers, healthcare professionals, and primary health care providers, illustrate the variations in ED/EH on the enamel surface (demarcated and diffuse opacities on various maxillary teeth) as a collage of pictures organized as incisors and canines. This paper describes a novel and simple, tool called ‘MAAC charts’ providing guidance on early signs of Early childhood caries (ECC) for health professionals, parents and caretakers. MAAC charts can be useful for Pediatric dentists while providing anticipatory guidance during early first dental visits in their office. Pediatric dentists can suggest paediatricians to use these MAAC charts, in vaccinations clinics and various in/out patient settings to provide oral health related anticipatory guidance. Pediatric dentists can use these MAAC charts in large scale public health campaigns focused on preventing ECC.

Objectives

Achyranthes aspera (Apamarga) and Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain) have been used in many clinical conditions, and it displays valuable properties as an alternative to Chlorhexidine (CHX) in the management of gingivitis. Therefore, this study aims to assess the effect of Achyranthes aspera and Trachyspermum ammi (AA + TA) based herbal mouthwash, 0.2 % CHX, and placebo mouthwash on gingival health, plaque control and antibacterial activity against specific periodontal pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia) using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR).

Methods

This was a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial involving 108 children with plaque-induced gingivitis who were randomly assigned to three groups of 36 children each: Group A, AA + TA mouthwash; Group B, CHX mouthwash; and Group C, placebo mouthwash. Gingival index and plaque index were recorded at baseline, 7^th and 21^st day. RT-PCR was employed to determine the bacterial counts of each plaque sample at baseline and after 21 days.

Results

All three groups exhibited a gradual and significant reduction in both gingival and plaque scores from baseline to days 7 and 21. However, the placebo group did not demonstrate a significant difference in scores between days 7 and 21. Furthermore, a significant reduction in bacterial counts of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia was observed in the groups receiving CHX and AA + TA mouthwash after 21 days of intervention compared to the placebo group.

Conclusion

AA + TA mouthwash demonstrated non-inferiority in anti-gingivitis and anti-plaque properties compared to CHX, suggesting its potential suitability as an alternative to CHX when used in conjunction with mechanical plaque control measures.

Background

Psoriasis is a chronic, non-communicable condition of the skin with an immune-mediated etiology. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the tooth-supporting tissues and is now recognized as an established risk factor for various systemic diseases. The present observational study aims to assess the prevalence of periodontitis and its related indices in individuals with psoriasis and to compare them with individuals without psoriasis. A cross-sectional case-control study was performed in a hospital setting, including 200 diagnosed cases of psoriasis and 200 age- and sex-matched healthy controls.

Methods

The case group included patients diagnosed with psoriasis (defined as ICD-10 L40.0-L40.9) by a trained dermatologist. Controls included age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. After history-taking, a detailed dermatological and periodontal examination was done for all the enrolled subjects. The results were statistically analyzed using SPSS software.

Results

The study group had a significantly higher mean GI, PI, PPD and CAL in comparison to the controls. Psoriasis patients had significantly greater scores for GI and PI (1.68 ± 0.61 and 1.57 ± 0.54, respectively) as compared to controls (1.48 ± 0.56 and 1.39 ± 0.60, respectively). Periodontitis was also found to be more prevalent among the cases. Stage II and Stage III periodontitis were found in 41.0 % of cases and 30.5 % of controls, while 12.5 % of cases and 6.0 % of controls had stage IV periodontitis. This difference was statistically significant.

Conclusion

An association between psoriasis and periodontitis was found in the present study, as the individuals with psoriasis had a higher severity and prevalence of periodontitis.

Aim

The aim of the questionnaire study was to determine the knowledge, attitude, and perception of orthodontists regarding the role of artificial intelligence in dentistry in general and orthodontics specifically, and to determine the use of artificial intelligence by the orthodontist.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was done among the orthodontists of Northern India (clinicians, academicians, and postgraduates) through a web-based electronic survey using Google Forms. The study was designed to obtain information about AI and its basic usage in daily life, in dentistry, and in orthodontics from the participants. The options given were set specifically according to the Likert scale to maintain the correct format. The questionnaire was validated by one AI expert and one orthodontic expert, followed by pretesting in a smaller group of 25 orthodontists 2 weeks before circulation. A total of 100 orthodontists and postgraduate students responded to the pretested online questionnaire link for 31 questions in four sections sent via social media websites in a period of 3 months.

Results

The majority of the participants believe that AI could be useful in diagnosis and treatment planning and could revolutionize dentistry in general. 84 % of the orthodontic academicians and clinicians, including PG students, consider AI a useful tool for boosting performance and delivering quality care in orthodontics, and 72 % see AI as a partner rather than a competitor in the foreseeable future of dentistry. 90 % of the participants believe that the incorporation of AI into CBCT analysis can be a valuable addition to diagnosis and treatment planning. 86 % of total participants agree that AI can be helpful in decision-making for orthognathic surgery, and 84 % find AI useful for bone age assessment.

Conclusions

It was observed that academicians are more aware of AI terminologies and usage as compared to PG students and clinicians. There is a consensus that AI is a useful tool for diagnosis and treatment planning, boosting performance and quality care in orthodontics. In spite of these facts, 62.5 % of clinicians and 40 % of PG students are still not using AI for cephalometric analysis (p = 0.033).

Objective

To compare torque expression characteristics between rectangular slot (0.022″ x 0.028″) Damon Q passive self-ligating brackets (Ormco, Glendora, Calif) and square slot (0.021″ x 0.021″) Pitts 21 brackets (OC Orthodontics) using 0.019″ x 0.025″ Stainless Steel and 0.020″ x 0.020” Titanium Molybdenum alloy wires at various incisal inclinations using finite element analysis. The null hypothesis was that there were no differences in torque expression in both tested groups.

Methods

Reporting guidelines for in-silico studies using finite element analysis in medicine (RIFEM) were used. Damon Q and Pitts 21 brackets were scanned and 3D models generated. Brackets were placed on a 3-D model of a maxillary central incisor with its long axis inclined at 0⁰,5⁰,10⁰,15⁰ and 20⁰ to the occlusal plane. Final 0.019″ x 0.025″ SS and 0.020″ x 0.020” TMA archwires were inserted into slots of both tested brackets. Geometric models were converted into finite element models. Material properties were assigned for involved structures with automatic meshing performed by software. Torque movements were simulated with the FE program Ansys Space claim R 22.

Results

Torque moment values, torque expression and Von - Mises stress was higher in Pitts 21 than Damon Q at all inclination angles. There was a gradual increase in the magnitude of values with decrease in incisal inclination.

Conclusion

Square slot passive self-ligating brackets show superior torque expression characteristics as compared to rectangular wire-rectangular slot combinations. The FEM results should be validated with in-vivo studies in order to confirm the findings.

Objective

To investigate the potential role of a novel m6A RNA regulator, Insulin-like Growth Factor-2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1), in periodontal disease pathogenesis.

Materials and methods

Gingival tissue samples from 60 periodontitis patients and 60 healthy individuals were analyzed for IGF2BP1 mRNA and protein expression via real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting. Additionally, Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS) -induced human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were evaluated for IGF2BP1 and proinflammatory cytokine expression. In silico functional analysis further explored potential molecular mechanisms.

Results

IGF2BP1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in the periodontitis group compared to the healthy group. Functional analysis implicated IGF2BP1 in regulating the IL-17 signaling pathway, a key player in inflammation. Pg-LPS treatment upregulated IGF2BP1 and proinflammatory cytokines in HGFs, supporting this finding.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that IGF2BP1 overexpression contributes to periodontitis pathogenesis, potentially through IL-17 signaling. Further research is needed to elucidate the precise molecular mechanisms and explore IGF2BP1 as a potential therapeutic target or biomarker for this common oral disease.