Journal of Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Complementary Food Supplements Fill Energy and Protein Gaps among Children with Dietary Inadequacy in a Complementary Feeding Trial in Rural Bangladesh","authors":"Monica M Pasqualino ,&nbsp;Rebecca K Campbell ,&nbsp;Kristen M Hurley ,&nbsp;Lee S-F Wu ,&nbsp;Abu Ahmed Shamim ,&nbsp;Saijuddin Shaikh ,&nbsp;Saskia de Pee ,&nbsp;Parul Christian","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Few studies have evaluated the dietary impact of complementary food supplements (CFSs) designed to deliver macro- and micronutrients to children at risk for undernutrition. In a randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh, we previously reported that CFSs increased children’s micronutrient adequacy.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To longitudinally characterize energy and macronutrient intakes and inadequacies and evaluate the extent to which CFSs fill intake gaps.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Children were enrolled at 6 mo and received 1 of 4 CFSs plus caregiver nutrition counseling or counseling alone for 1 y. A semi-quantitative diet questionnaire was administered at 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 mo. Energy and macronutrient intakes were estimated by age and arm; protein adequacy was adjusted for protein quality and infection. We estimated the proportion meeting intake requirements set by FAO and the Institute of Medicine and compared group-wise differences using log binomial regression models with generalized estimating equations. We used multivariate analysis of variance models to evaluate if CFSs substituted home foods.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Across groups, most children did not meet energy or protein requirements at enrollment (74.6%–81.3% and 77.4%–79.2%, respectively). Estimated energy and macronutrient intakes from home foods increased from 6 to 24 mo. Energy inadequacy was lower in the supplemented groups compared with the control at all ages (e.g. 10.5%–13.8% compared with 31.4% at 18 mo). In the control group, protein inadequacy dropped from 78.4% at 6 mo to 8.3% at 9 mo to 2.8% by 18 mo; adjusted protein estimates were 25.1% at 9 mo and 7.0% at 18 mo. Protein inadequacy was the highest in the control group at all timepoints. CFSs did not substitute home foods.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>CFSs can significantly bridge energy and protein intake gaps. With earlier trial findings that CFSs filled micronutrient gaps and improved growth, these findings strengthen evidence supporting using CFSs for improved health outcomes.</div><div>This trial was registered at <span><span>clinicaltrials.gov</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> with registration number NCT01562379 (<span><span>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01562379</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"155 2","pages":"Pages 602-611"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142813443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Vitamin D Status with Immune Markers in a Cohort of Healthy Adults","authors":"Niknaz Riazati ,&nbsp;Reina Engle-Stone ,&nbsp;Charles B Stephensen","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.12.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.12.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Immune function is affected by vitamin D status, but the optimal serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration for immune function is not known.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>We hypothesized that 25(OH)D would be associated with markers of inflammation and immune activation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We identified associations between 25(OH)D and immune markers from 361 healthy adults using polynomial regression. Linear regression was used to define the slope (β) of significant linear associations, and piecewise regression identified inflection points (IPs) for curvilinear associations with <em>P</em> &lt; 0.05. IPs with a slope difference (SD) <em>P</em> &lt; 0.05 before and after were significant.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>25(OH)D had linear, negative associations with interleukin (IL)-6 (β: −0.126; <em>P</em> = 0.009) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) (β: −0.108; <em>P</em> = 0.04) and a linear, positive association with matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 (β: 0.108; <em>P</em> = 0.04). Among the significant curvilinear associations, 2 showed negative associations below but positive associations above an IP with nearly significant SD <em>P</em> values, including percentage of effector-memory CD8 T cells (IP: 56.2 nmol/L; SD <em>P</em> = 0.067) and platelet concentration (IP: 38.9 nmol/L; SD <em>P</em> = 0.058). The opposite associations, positive below and negative above an IP, were seen for eotaxin (IP: 49.5 nmol/L; SD <em>P</em> = 0.049); interferon (IFN)-γ-induced protein-10 (IP-10) (IP: 71.8 nmol/L; SD <em>P</em> = 0.02); percentage of CD4 T cells expressing programmed cell death protein (PD)-1 (IP: 71.2 nmol/L; SD <em>P</em> = 0.01); percentage of Tregs expressing human leukocyte antigen, DR isotype (HLA-DR) (IP: 67.5 nmol/L; SD <em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001); percentage of memory Tregs (IP: 68.8 nmol/L; SD <em>P</em> = 0.002); and percentage of memory Tregs expressing HLA-DR (IP: 68.8 nmol/L; SD <em>P</em> = 0.0008).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings are consistent with low vitamin D status allowing and higher vitamin D status dampening inflammation and immune activation. IP analysis identified possible thresholds for vitamin D effects on immune function. Two of 3 IPs at ∼50 nmol/L show higher inflammation below this concentration, suggesting 50 nmol/L as a minimum target for dampening inflammation. IPs at ∼70 nmol/L identify a threshold for CD4 T-cell activity, including Treg activation and IFN-γ-driven production of the T-cell chemokine IP-10, suggesting an optimal concentration for regulating adaptive immunity.</div><div>This study was registered at <span><span>clinicaltrials.gov</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> as NCT02367287.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"155 2","pages":"Pages 621-633"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142882172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between the EAT-Lancet Diet, Incidence of Cardiovascular Events, and All-Cause Mortality: Results from a Swiss Cohort","authors":"Laís Bhering Martins ,&nbsp;Magda Gamba ,&nbsp;Anna Stubbendorff ,&nbsp;Nathalie Gasser ,&nbsp;Laura Löbl ,&nbsp;Florian Stern ,&nbsp;Ulrika Ericson ,&nbsp;Pedro Marques-Vidal ,&nbsp;Séverine Vuilleumier ,&nbsp;Angeline Chatelan","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.12.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.12.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>An unhealthy diet is a major contributor to several noncommunicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of death worldwide. Additionally, our food system has significant impacts on the environment. The EAT-Lancet Commission has recommended a healthy diet that preserves global environmental resources.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This prospective study aimed to evaluate the associations between adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet and the incidence of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in a Swiss cohort.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analyzed data from the CoLaus/PsyCoLaus cohort study (<em>N</em> = 3866). Dietary intake was assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. The EAT-Lancet adherence score was calculated based on the recommended intake and reference intervals of 12 food components, ranging from 0 to 39 points. Participants were categorized into low-, medium-, and high-adherence groups according to score tertiles. We used Cox Proportional Hazards regressions to assess the association among diet adherence, incident cardiovascular events, and all-cause mortality.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>During a mean follow-up of 7.9 y (SD: ±2.0 y), 294 individuals (7.6%) from our initial sample experienced a first cardiovascular event, and 264 (6.8%) died. Compared with the low-adherence group, the adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause mortality were 0.88 (95% CI: 0.66, 1.17) and 0.70 (95% CI: 0.49, 0.98) for the medium-adherence and high-adherence groups, respectively (<em>P</em>-trend = 0.04). We observed no association between adherence groups and cardiovascular events.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In a Swiss cohort, high adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet is associated with a potential 30% lower risk of overall mortality. However, it is not associated with cardiovascular events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"155 2","pages":"Pages 483-491"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142915107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of Stunting and Pathway Analysis for Linear Growth among Children Aged Two to Three Years after a Trial of Small-Quantity Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements and Home-Installed Growth Charts in Three Districts in Zambia","authors":"Lindsey M Locks ,&nbsp;Mpela Chembe ,&nbsp;Tamara Billima- Mulenga ,&nbsp;Jacqueline M Lauer ,&nbsp;Dorothy Sizakawe ,&nbsp;Savanna Henderson ,&nbsp;Peter C Rockers ,&nbsp;Doug Parkerson ,&nbsp;Günther Fink","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Globally, 148 million children aged &lt;5 y are stunted, with risk factors varying by context. Our “Impact of Growth Charts and Nutritional Supplements on Child Growth in Zambia” (ZamCharts) trial observed persistently high rates of stunting in all treatment groups after 18-mo of intervention with monthly distributions of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) and/or installation of a wall-mounted growth chart in children’s homes.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>We sought to identify determinants of stunting and height-for-age <em>z</em>-score in children aged 27–36 mo who participated in the ZamCharts endline survey (<em>n</em> = 1911).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Multilevel, log-binomial models were used to estimate univariable and multivariable prevalence ratios for predictors of stunting. Multilevel models were also used to predict height-for-age <em>z</em>-score (HAZ) with and without baseline HAZ (assessed at ages 211 mo). We also conducted a path analysis using covariance analysis of linear structural equations to assess underlying and modifiable risk factors for impaired linear growth.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Significant predictors of stunting in the multivariable model included low asset ownership, being male, using biomass as cooking fuel, lower maternal height, a mother with ≤ primary education, lower baseline HAZ, and not being randomly assigned to SQ-LNS. Significant predictors of a lower mean HAZ in the full multivariable models included all the same risk factors that predicted stunting but also living in an urban area, having ≥1 child aged &lt;5 y in the household, and diarrhea in the previous 2 wk. The multivariable model explained 48% of variability in endline HAZ; the strongest predictor was baseline HAZ, which explained 29% of endline HAZ variability in the univariable model.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Preventing stunting in Zambia will require investments in early life (pre- and postnatal) determinants of growth trajectory as well as improving complementary feeding practices and addressing risk factors for infectious diseases; SQ-LNS can also improve linear growth and reduce stunting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"155 2","pages":"Pages 589-601"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142622471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pasta: Is It an Unhealthy Refined Food?","authors":"Livia SA Augustin ,&nbsp;Peter R Ellis ,&nbsp;Marie-Ann Vanginkel ,&nbsp;Gabriele Riccardi","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.11.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.11.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pasta is a low glycemic index food, an essential part of the Mediterranean diet, and is a good source of fiber. Pasta is generally made from durum wheat semolina, which comprises coarse endosperm with largely structurally intact cell walls (that is, dietary fiber), unlike finely milled wheat flour that contains fragmented endosperm cells. Yet, pasta is considered a refined carbohydrate food and classified under “unhealthy plant-based diets” despite the health benefits and lack of negative effects observed in epidemiological and clinical trial data. There is, therefore, a need to redefine dietary carbohydrates, because the current terminology is no longer sufficient to understand their structural complexity or to fully define all positive attributes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"155 2","pages":"Pages 378-380"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142791966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply to S Lv et al.","authors":"Daniela Mayumi Usuda Prado Rocha,&nbsp;Brenda Kelly Souza Silveira,&nbsp;Josefina Bressan,&nbsp;Helen Hermana Miranda Hermsdorff","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"155 2","pages":"Pages 657-658"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lysine from Whole Wheat Bread Consumed by Healthy Adult Males Has High Metabolic Availability When Assessed Using the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Method","authors":"Zujaja Tul-Noor ,&nbsp;Alyssa Paoletti ,&nbsp;Abrar Fakiha ,&nbsp;Paul B Pencharz ,&nbsp;Crystal L Levesque ,&nbsp;Ronald O Ball ,&nbsp;Rajavel Elango ,&nbsp;Glenda Courtney-Martin","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.08.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.08.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The protein quality of wheat is limited by its low content of the indispensable amino acid (AA) lysine and the metabolic availability (MA) of lysine in wheat bread for humans is unknown.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The study objective was to determine the MA of lysine in whole wheat bread.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Five healthy young males (≤30 y, BMI &lt;25 kg/m²) were studied in a repeated-measures design using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method, with L-[1-¹³C] phenylalanine as the indicator. Each received 7 levels of lysine intakes in random order; 4 levels of L-lysine; 5, 8, 12, and 15 mg/kg/d (reference diet), and 3 intakes of lysine from whole wheat bread (test diet). The MA of lysine in whole wheat bread was assessed by comparing the IAAO response to the test diet (whole wheat bread) with the IAAO response to the reference diet using the slope ratio method.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The MA of lysine from whole wheat bread was 90%.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Lysine has a high MA but it is still limiting in whole wheat bread due to its low concentration. A combination of wheat with a complementary protein source (that is, lentils which are sufficient in lysine) is recommended to meet the lysine requirement in a wheat-based diet for healthy young males.</div><div>This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03674736 and NCT03200652.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"155 2","pages":"Pages 476-482"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142008964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Sodium Selenite and Seleno-L-Methionine on Stress Erythropoiesis in a Murine Model of Hemolytic Anemia","authors":"Hangdi Gong ,&nbsp;Yuting Bai ,&nbsp;Dane Rahoi ,&nbsp;Robert F Paulson ,&nbsp;K Sandeep Prabhu","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element that exerts most biological activities through selenoproteins. Dietary selenium is a key regulator of red cell homeostasis and stress erythropoiesis. However, it is unknown whether the form and increasing doses of Se supplementation in the diet impact stress erythropoiesis under anemic conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>If inorganic (sodium selenite; Na₂SeO₃) or organic [seleno-L-methionine (Se-Met)] forms of Se in different amounts (deficient, adequate, supplemented, and supranutritional) support stress erythropoiesis in anemic mice.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Three-wk-old male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to graded amounts of Se in the form of &lt;0.01 mg/kg Se [Se-deficiency (Se-D)], 0.1 mg/kg Na₂SeO₃ (adequacy), 0.4 mg/kg Na₂SeO₃ (supplemented), 3 mg/kg Na₂SeO₃ (supranutritional), 0.4 mg/kg Se-Met (supplemented), or 3 mg/kg Se-Met (supranutritional), for 10–12 wk before intraperitoneal phenylhydrazine administration to induce hemolytic anemia. Following 3 d of phenylhydrazine injection, spleen and blood samples were used to assess the impact of form and graded amounts of Se in the diet on stress erythropoiesis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Phenotypic parameters showed that supplementing the diet with Se in the form of Na₂SeO₃ or Se-Met alleviated hemolytic anemia and promoted stress erythropoiesis by supporting the formation of erythroblastic islands. Se-Met at 0.4 mg/kg enhanced erythroid progenitor differentiation by 2-fold compared with Se-D, while Na₂SeO₃ at 0.4 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg significantly (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) aided monocyte recruitment and macrophage differentiation within erythroblastic islands. Additionally, 3 mg/kg of Se-Met triggered a stronger inflammatory response than the same dose of Na₂SeO_3.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>While both Se-Met and Na₂SeO₃ effectively aid in stress erythropoiesis, Na₂SeO₃ supplementation effectively support stress erythropoiesis with a minimal inflammatory response, while Se-Met at supranutritional dosage lead to increased inflammation despite its support for stress erythropoiesis. These results indicate diverse mechanisms of action of Se on the alleviation of anemia by stress erythropoiesis, which should be considered for further studies to complement existing therapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"155 2","pages":"Pages 540-548"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142785903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat Treatment of Bovine Milk Influences Gastric Emptying of Lactose but not its Apparent Small Intestinal Disappearance in the Growing Pig as a Model for the Adult Human","authors":"Carlos A Montoya ,&nbsp;Dulantha Ulluwishewa ,&nbsp;Natalie G Ahlborn ,&nbsp;Nicole C Roy ,&nbsp;Warren C McNabb","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.12.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.12.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Heat treatment influences gastric emptying of proteins and lipids in bovine milk. Whether heat treatment influences lactose gastric emptying and small intestinal lactose disappearance remains unknown.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to determine the gastric emptying of lactose and its disappearance from the small intestine of the growing pig as a model for the adult human.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>After 10 d of adaptation, fasted 9-wk-old pigs (<em>n =</em> 48) consumed 500 mL of pasteurized or ultra-high-temperature (UHT) bovine milk before being killed at 20, 60, 120, or 180 min post-feeding. Gastric, small, and large intestinal contents were collected to determine the gastric emptying of lactose, its apparent small intestinal disappearance, and its release into the large intestine. Portal vein blood samples were also collected to measure galactose concentration over time. Data were analyzed using nonlinear and polynomial models.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The gastric emptying of lactose was faster for pigs fed pasteurized milk than those fed UHT milk (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.05). For example, 14 ± 2.9% and 24 ± 2.2% (mean ± standard error) of lactose, respectively, were retained in the stomach at 60 min post-feeding. The apparent small intestinal disappearance of lactose increased to 88 ± 2.4% over time, but it did not differ between milk types. Similarly, the plasma galactose concentration in the portal vein increased during the first post-feeding hour but did not differ between milk types. Lactose reached the large intestine during the first 20 min post-feeding, and the amount of lactose released into the large intestine did not change over time (523 μmol on average across post-feeding times after back transformation of 6.26 ± 0.37) or between milk types.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Heat treatment influenced the gastric emptying of lactose but did not impact subsequent small intestinal apparent disappearance and portal blood plasma galactose appearance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"155 2","pages":"Pages 533-539"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142829123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"We Can Optimize Protein Nutrition and Reduce Nitrogen Waste in Global Pig and Food Production Systems by Adopting Circular, Sustainable, and One Health Practices","authors":"Gerald C Shurson","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.12.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.12.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We have exceeded the Earth’s carrying capacity to manage the amount of nitrogen (N) waste being generated globally, which can have devastating environmental consequences if immediate action is not taken. Our global food system is a major N user and contributor to N waste. Pork is the most consumed animal-derived protein source in the world, but like other food-producing animals, the N use efficiency of converting dietary protein to edible lean meat is &lt;50%. However, the undigested dietary N is excreted in manure can be recycled by using appropriate manure storage and application methods to crop land to prevent further N losses and emissions to the environment. Therefore, feed and manure, along with animal health and mortality, are the main contributors to N use efficiency in pig production systems. Practical approaches to reduce N losses and emissions to the environment from pig production must be focused on fine-tuning dietary amino acid concentrations to match individual pig requirements, optimizing feed ingredient resource use, upcycling agri-industrial by-products and appropriate sources of food loss and waste, improving manure management, and maintaining pig health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"155 2","pages":"Pages 367-377"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}