Laura E Wallace,Mary C Murphy,Ariana Hernandez-Colmenares,Kentaro Fujita
Decades of research indicate that growth versus fixed mindsets can influence important outcomes. Some, however, have recently questioned this conclusion, documenting small to nonexistent effects. Inspired by attitudes research, we propose that some growth mindsets may be stronger-more impactful-than others. Specifically, this work examines whether mindsets held with higher certainty are more likely to influence responses. A field study, a high-powered preregistered experiment, and an integrative data analysis test whether mindset certainty influences interest and engagement in organizations that endorse fixed versus growth mindsets. These studies found that when students held their mindsets with high levels of certainty, their personal mindset beliefs were highly predictive of their relative interest in growth versus fixed classrooms, but when they held their mindsets with less certainty, their personal mindsets did not predict relative interest in growth versus fixed classrooms in this same manner. Broadly, these studies support that mindsets vary in strength, which should encourage researchers to identify "when" rather than "whether" growth mindsets predict outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"When do personal mindsets predict interest in a culture of growth versus genius? A mindset strength perspective.","authors":"Laura E Wallace,Mary C Murphy,Ariana Hernandez-Colmenares,Kentaro Fujita","doi":"10.1037/pspi0000498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000498","url":null,"abstract":"Decades of research indicate that growth versus fixed mindsets can influence important outcomes. Some, however, have recently questioned this conclusion, documenting small to nonexistent effects. Inspired by attitudes research, we propose that some growth mindsets may be stronger-more impactful-than others. Specifically, this work examines whether mindsets held with higher certainty are more likely to influence responses. A field study, a high-powered preregistered experiment, and an integrative data analysis test whether mindset certainty influences interest and engagement in organizations that endorse fixed versus growth mindsets. These studies found that when students held their mindsets with high levels of certainty, their personal mindset beliefs were highly predictive of their relative interest in growth versus fixed classrooms, but when they held their mindsets with less certainty, their personal mindsets did not predict relative interest in growth versus fixed classrooms in this same manner. Broadly, these studies support that mindsets vary in strength, which should encourage researchers to identify \"when\" rather than \"whether\" growth mindsets predict outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143872087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is widely known that all languages have personality-trait concepts, but more controversial is how these concepts are organized (structured) based on application to actual human targets of description. Many assume that Big Five factors provide a universally applicable structural template, but evidence beyond European languages has particularly undermined this premise. The comparative reproducibility, across cultures, of structures of few broad factors (more parsimonious) versus many fine-grained factors (more comprehensive and predictive) also remains unclear. Here, issues of reproducibility and universality are examined in reference to real-person data from the non-Western cultural context associated with the Persian language. Self-reports from 767 Iranian adults employing 360 Persian personality terms were analyzed by both high-dimensionality and traditional approaches. Imported Big Five and six-factor structures were not well-supported. Although few-factor structures of one or eight factors showed the highest reproducibility (across method variations) in absolute terms, more comprehensive structures (of 20 or 42 factors) accounting for far more variance were nearly as reproducible, suggesting distinct structural layers, hierarchical only to a partial degree in a hierarchy. The 42-factor structure revealed not just many contents quite comparable to well-understood Western trait concepts but also some intriguing relatively culture-specific contents, thus indicating in a novel way how personality-structure studies can be revealing of culture and cultural differences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Comprehensive personality structure in the Persian language: High-dimensionality analyses of trait adjectives.","authors":"Naser Aghababaei,Gerard Saucier,Vinita Vader,Pooya Razavi","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000557","url":null,"abstract":"It is widely known that all languages have personality-trait concepts, but more controversial is how these concepts are organized (structured) based on application to actual human targets of description. Many assume that Big Five factors provide a universally applicable structural template, but evidence beyond European languages has particularly undermined this premise. The comparative reproducibility, across cultures, of structures of few broad factors (more parsimonious) versus many fine-grained factors (more comprehensive and predictive) also remains unclear. Here, issues of reproducibility and universality are examined in reference to real-person data from the non-Western cultural context associated with the Persian language. Self-reports from 767 Iranian adults employing 360 Persian personality terms were analyzed by both high-dimensionality and traditional approaches. Imported Big Five and six-factor structures were not well-supported. Although few-factor structures of one or eight factors showed the highest reproducibility (across method variations) in absolute terms, more comprehensive structures (of 20 or 42 factors) accounting for far more variance were nearly as reproducible, suggesting distinct structural layers, hierarchical only to a partial degree in a hierarchy. The 42-factor structure revealed not just many contents quite comparable to well-understood Western trait concepts but also some intriguing relatively culture-specific contents, thus indicating in a novel way how personality-structure studies can be revealing of culture and cultural differences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143872019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alex Christoph Traut,Fabian Gander,Maximiliane Uhlich,Rebekka Weidmann,William J Chopik,Alexander Grob
Attachment insecurity is associated with important relationship outcomes, well-being, and mental health. Attachment has long been considered a stable trait, but recent findings indicate that attachment insecurity decreases over time among adults in romantic relationships. Although theoretical considerations suggest that positive experiences within these relationships should contribute to changes in attachment, little is known about the specific characteristics that foster attachment security. Using a longitudinal dyadic sample of well-established couples (N = 1,036 couples; MRelationship Duration = 8.6 years, MAge = 32.9 years), this study aims to (a) examine changes in attachment anxiety and avoidance in adults in a romantic relationship over 20 months, (b) explore the codevelopment of attachment between partners, and (c) investigate actor and partner effects of relationship characteristics (i.e., relationship satisfaction, commitment, support, closeness, responsiveness, and disclosure) on changes in attachment. Dyadic growth curve models indicated small but significant decreases in anxiety over time in women. No codevelopment between partners was observed. Further, changes in attachment were largely unrelated to baseline relationship characteristics with few exceptions: Women with highly committed and responsive partners showed weaker declines in anxiety, likely due to higher initial anxiety levels. However, changes in anxiety were negatively associated with relationship duration. These findings suggest that avoidance remains stable and uninfluenced by relationship characteristics, while anxiety decreases slightly only in women, independent of partner codevelopment. This highlights that attachment insecurity partially changes over time during the course of a romantic relationship but is largely unaffected by relationship dynamics. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Examining change in attachment in romantic couples: The role of relationship characteristics and codevelopment between partners.","authors":"Alex Christoph Traut,Fabian Gander,Maximiliane Uhlich,Rebekka Weidmann,William J Chopik,Alexander Grob","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000558","url":null,"abstract":"Attachment insecurity is associated with important relationship outcomes, well-being, and mental health. Attachment has long been considered a stable trait, but recent findings indicate that attachment insecurity decreases over time among adults in romantic relationships. Although theoretical considerations suggest that positive experiences within these relationships should contribute to changes in attachment, little is known about the specific characteristics that foster attachment security. Using a longitudinal dyadic sample of well-established couples (N = 1,036 couples; MRelationship Duration = 8.6 years, MAge = 32.9 years), this study aims to (a) examine changes in attachment anxiety and avoidance in adults in a romantic relationship over 20 months, (b) explore the codevelopment of attachment between partners, and (c) investigate actor and partner effects of relationship characteristics (i.e., relationship satisfaction, commitment, support, closeness, responsiveness, and disclosure) on changes in attachment. Dyadic growth curve models indicated small but significant decreases in anxiety over time in women. No codevelopment between partners was observed. Further, changes in attachment were largely unrelated to baseline relationship characteristics with few exceptions: Women with highly committed and responsive partners showed weaker declines in anxiety, likely due to higher initial anxiety levels. However, changes in anxiety were negatively associated with relationship duration. These findings suggest that avoidance remains stable and uninfluenced by relationship characteristics, while anxiety decreases slightly only in women, independent of partner codevelopment. This highlights that attachment insecurity partially changes over time during the course of a romantic relationship but is largely unaffected by relationship dynamics. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"258 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143872086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although men's support is crucial to facilitating women's advancement within social and organizational hierarchies, research finds that men may perceive women's hierarchical advancement as harmful to their ingroup (i.e., in zero-sum terms). Given hierarchies are composed of two distinct bases-power (control over resources) and status (respect from others)-it is presently unknown whether power is perceived as more zero-sum than status and whether men's perceived ingroup harm differs depending on whether women are gaining power or status. Five preregistered studies (N = 2,899) investigate these questions and examine how perceived ingroup harm mediates downstream consequences in political and organizational domains. Power was viewed as more zero-sum than status (Study 1). Men perceived more ingroup harm from women's gains in power versus status, while women's perceptions of ingroup benefit did not differ across power and status (Study 2). Learning of women's gains in power increased men's political conservatism, serially mediated by zero-sum perceptions of hierarchy and perceived ingroup harm (Study 3). Men were less supportive of a diversity initiative framed as increasing women's power versus status, with perceived ingroup harm again serving as the mediator (Study 4). Notably, reducing the perceived zero-sumness of the initiative eliminated the difference in ingroup harm from women's gains in power (vs. status). Men donated less money when a nonprofit organization's mission emphasized increasing women's power (vs. status; Study 5). These findings advance our theoretical understanding of social hierarchies and intergroup dynamics by revealing how women's gains in power versus status elicit resistance from men. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"What is mine cannot be yours: How zero-sum perceptions of power and status shape men's perceptions of ingroup harm from women's hierarchical advancement.","authors":"Sonya Mishra","doi":"10.1037/pspi0000496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000496","url":null,"abstract":"Although men's support is crucial to facilitating women's advancement within social and organizational hierarchies, research finds that men may perceive women's hierarchical advancement as harmful to their ingroup (i.e., in zero-sum terms). Given hierarchies are composed of two distinct bases-power (control over resources) and status (respect from others)-it is presently unknown whether power is perceived as more zero-sum than status and whether men's perceived ingroup harm differs depending on whether women are gaining power or status. Five preregistered studies (N = 2,899) investigate these questions and examine how perceived ingroup harm mediates downstream consequences in political and organizational domains. Power was viewed as more zero-sum than status (Study 1). Men perceived more ingroup harm from women's gains in power versus status, while women's perceptions of ingroup benefit did not differ across power and status (Study 2). Learning of women's gains in power increased men's political conservatism, serially mediated by zero-sum perceptions of hierarchy and perceived ingroup harm (Study 3). Men were less supportive of a diversity initiative framed as increasing women's power versus status, with perceived ingroup harm again serving as the mediator (Study 4). Notably, reducing the perceived zero-sumness of the initiative eliminated the difference in ingroup harm from women's gains in power (vs. status). Men donated less money when a nonprofit organization's mission emphasized increasing women's power (vs. status; Study 5). These findings advance our theoretical understanding of social hierarchies and intergroup dynamics by revealing how women's gains in power versus status elicit resistance from men. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Humans define themselves through memberships in groups organized around common values. But how are group boundaries and membership criteria determined? Specifically, how do individuals evaluate those who exclude (vs. include) outsiders from group membership (i.e., gatekeeping), and what explains variation in these evaluations? Six preregistered primary studies (and seven preregistered supporting studies) from laboratory and online samples (N = 7,549) demonstrate that individuals who exclude (vs. include) potential members are perceived as less likable but more committed to the values that define the group. These effects depend on candidate fit: Relative to inclusion, exclusion reduces liking less and increases perceived commitment more, as candidates' values become increasingly misaligned with those of the group as a function of perceived threat to group distinctiveness. Moreover, as individuals hold group values increasingly sacred, when considering targets who are misaligned with group values, they evaluate exclusionary individuals as less unlikable and more committed. Further, as individuals hold group values increasingly sacred, they become more willing to vote for exclusionary individuals and make more consequential donations to organizations with exclusionary practices. Our findings unpack the interplay between individual-level and group-level dynamics that drives social perceptions and behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"The interpersonal consequences of community gatekeeping.","authors":"Evan Weingarten,Rachel Gershon,Amit Bhattacharjee","doi":"10.1037/pspi0000494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000494","url":null,"abstract":"Humans define themselves through memberships in groups organized around common values. But how are group boundaries and membership criteria determined? Specifically, how do individuals evaluate those who exclude (vs. include) outsiders from group membership (i.e., gatekeeping), and what explains variation in these evaluations? Six preregistered primary studies (and seven preregistered supporting studies) from laboratory and online samples (N = 7,549) demonstrate that individuals who exclude (vs. include) potential members are perceived as less likable but more committed to the values that define the group. These effects depend on candidate fit: Relative to inclusion, exclusion reduces liking less and increases perceived commitment more, as candidates' values become increasingly misaligned with those of the group as a function of perceived threat to group distinctiveness. Moreover, as individuals hold group values increasingly sacred, when considering targets who are misaligned with group values, they evaluate exclusionary individuals as less unlikable and more committed. Further, as individuals hold group values increasingly sacred, they become more willing to vote for exclusionary individuals and make more consequential donations to organizations with exclusionary practices. Our findings unpack the interplay between individual-level and group-level dynamics that drives social perceptions and behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wiebke Bleidorn,Alexander G Stahlmann,Ulrich Orth,Luke D Smillie,Christopher J Hopwood
Volunteering and charitable giving are core examples of traditional philanthropy that contribute to the health of democratic societies and individual well-being. Differences in people's willingness to engage in these behaviors hint at a role of psychological factors that foster or hinder these types of philanthropic engagement. Theory and empirical research suggest that broad personality traits may shape volunteering and charitable giving. However, existing evidence for links between specific traits and philanthropic engagement has been mixed, in part because of insufficient statistical power and methodological variation across studies. In this preregistered meta-analysis, we integrated data from 29 studies to estimate the associations between the Big Five personality traits with volunteering (N = 91,241, median age = 34 years, 61% female, 36% U.S. samples) and charitable giving (N = 3,559, median age = 39 years, 52% female, 40% U.S. samples). We further examined potential moderators, including the types of personality and philanthropic behavior measures used, gender, age, and sample region, to begin to explain the substantial heterogeneity of effect sizes across studies. Results indicated modest but robust correlations between the Big Five personality traits, volunteering, and charitable giving, with the largest effect sizes emerging for the links between extraversion and volunteering (r = .09, 95% CI [.05, .12]) and for agreeableness and charitable giving (r = .14, 95% CI [.04, .25]). There was little evidence for systematic moderator effects. We describe the theoretical implications of these results for future research, discuss practical applications, and highlight gaps in this body of literature. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Personality traits and traditional philanthropy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Wiebke Bleidorn,Alexander G Stahlmann,Ulrich Orth,Luke D Smillie,Christopher J Hopwood","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000556","url":null,"abstract":"Volunteering and charitable giving are core examples of traditional philanthropy that contribute to the health of democratic societies and individual well-being. Differences in people's willingness to engage in these behaviors hint at a role of psychological factors that foster or hinder these types of philanthropic engagement. Theory and empirical research suggest that broad personality traits may shape volunteering and charitable giving. However, existing evidence for links between specific traits and philanthropic engagement has been mixed, in part because of insufficient statistical power and methodological variation across studies. In this preregistered meta-analysis, we integrated data from 29 studies to estimate the associations between the Big Five personality traits with volunteering (N = 91,241, median age = 34 years, 61% female, 36% U.S. samples) and charitable giving (N = 3,559, median age = 39 years, 52% female, 40% U.S. samples). We further examined potential moderators, including the types of personality and philanthropic behavior measures used, gender, age, and sample region, to begin to explain the substantial heterogeneity of effect sizes across studies. Results indicated modest but robust correlations between the Big Five personality traits, volunteering, and charitable giving, with the largest effect sizes emerging for the links between extraversion and volunteering (r = .09, 95% CI [.05, .12]) and for agreeableness and charitable giving (r = .14, 95% CI [.04, .25]). There was little evidence for systematic moderator effects. We describe the theoretical implications of these results for future research, discuss practical applications, and highlight gaps in this body of literature. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Life is full of mundane tasks such as commuting, attending meetings, and filing paperwork. Despite their ubiquity, experience with mundane tasks remains understudied in the literature. Across a series of lab and field studies, we show that the negative feelings about a mundane experience are impacted by people's perception of how much of the task has been completed, which we term relative task completion. Contrary to people's intuition, we find that the same ongoing task (e.g., sitting through a boring meeting for 20 min) feels less aversive when relative completion is lower (e.g., in a 60-min meeting) than when it is higher (e.g., in a 30-min meeting). Our studies suggest this may occur due to ratio sensitivity: People infer that they have endured less after completing a smaller, rather than a larger, proportion of a mundane task, which reduces negative feelings. Data also showed that people lack insight into the impact of relative task completion and ruled out alternative explanations including response scale anchoring, progress focus, and preparation while suggesting mood regulation and attention as parallel explanations in some contexts. Finally, we identify busyness as a moderator and develop three low-cost interventions to manipulate perceived relative task completion and improve mundane experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"More done, more drained: Being further along in a mundane experience feels worse.","authors":"Ying Zeng,Claire Tsai Jan,Min Zhao,Nicole Robitaille","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000446","url":null,"abstract":"Life is full of mundane tasks such as commuting, attending meetings, and filing paperwork. Despite their ubiquity, experience with mundane tasks remains understudied in the literature. Across a series of lab and field studies, we show that the negative feelings about a mundane experience are impacted by people's perception of how much of the task has been completed, which we term relative task completion. Contrary to people's intuition, we find that the same ongoing task (e.g., sitting through a boring meeting for 20 min) feels less aversive when relative completion is lower (e.g., in a 60-min meeting) than when it is higher (e.g., in a 30-min meeting). Our studies suggest this may occur due to ratio sensitivity: People infer that they have endured less after completing a smaller, rather than a larger, proportion of a mundane task, which reduces negative feelings. Data also showed that people lack insight into the impact of relative task completion and ruled out alternative explanations including response scale anchoring, progress focus, and preparation while suggesting mood regulation and attention as parallel explanations in some contexts. Finally, we identify busyness as a moderator and develop three low-cost interventions to manipulate perceived relative task completion and improve mundane experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectification-the psychological phenomenon of relegating people to the status of objects, denying their humanness-is associated with a host of negative consequences for those targeted, from diminished cognitive performance to heightened risk of danger. Girls and women constitute the primary targets of objectification; thus, these harms fall disproportionately on them. Despite the persistence of such gendered patterns, however, it is not clear how they arise. That is, we do not yet know whether and to what extent perceivers objectify children along gender lines (i.e., associating girls with objects and boys with humans), thus limiting our grasp of this phenomenon both theoretically and practically. In the present studies, we addressed this gap on two fronts. First, we tested whether adults (n = 430) objectify young children based on gender. Second, we tested whether children themselves (n = 418, ages 4-10 years) display gendered patterns of objectification toward other children. We found evidence that adults objectify children based on gender: in both their categorizations and attributions, adults revealed overlap between their concepts of girls and objects and their concepts of boys and humans (although the degree to which each specific pattern manifested varied across studies). Children showed more limited evidence of this phenomenon: boys, but not girls, displayed the predicted pattern of conceptual overlap, and only in their categorizations. Together, these findings reveal that gender-differentiated patterns of objectification may take root in perceptions of young children-suggesting that the gendered consequences of this phenomenon may be larger in scope and earlier-emerging than previously assumed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Girls as objects, boys as humans: Young children tend to be objectified along gender lines.","authors":"Rachel A Leshin,Marjorie Rhodes","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000448","url":null,"abstract":"Objectification-the psychological phenomenon of relegating people to the status of objects, denying their humanness-is associated with a host of negative consequences for those targeted, from diminished cognitive performance to heightened risk of danger. Girls and women constitute the primary targets of objectification; thus, these harms fall disproportionately on them. Despite the persistence of such gendered patterns, however, it is not clear how they arise. That is, we do not yet know whether and to what extent perceivers objectify children along gender lines (i.e., associating girls with objects and boys with humans), thus limiting our grasp of this phenomenon both theoretically and practically. In the present studies, we addressed this gap on two fronts. First, we tested whether adults (n = 430) objectify young children based on gender. Second, we tested whether children themselves (n = 418, ages 4-10 years) display gendered patterns of objectification toward other children. We found evidence that adults objectify children based on gender: in both their categorizations and attributions, adults revealed overlap between their concepts of girls and objects and their concepts of boys and humans (although the degree to which each specific pattern manifested varied across studies). Children showed more limited evidence of this phenomenon: boys, but not girls, displayed the predicted pattern of conceptual overlap, and only in their categorizations. Together, these findings reveal that gender-differentiated patterns of objectification may take root in perceptions of young children-suggesting that the gendered consequences of this phenomenon may be larger in scope and earlier-emerging than previously assumed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
August Håkan Nilsson,J Malte Runge,Adithya V Ganesan,Carl Viggo N G Lövenstierne,Nikita Soni,Oscar N E Kjell
Implicit motives, nonconscious needs that influence individuals' behaviors and shape their emotions, have been part of personality research for nearly a century but differ from personality traits. The implicit motive assessment is very resource-intensive, involving expert coding of individuals' written stories about ambiguous pictures, and has hampered implicit motive research. Using large language models and machine learning techniques, we aimed to create high-quality implicit motive models that are easy for researchers to use. We trained models to code the need for power, achievement, and affiliation (N = 85,028 sentences). The person-level assessments converged strongly with the holdout data, intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC(1,1) = .85, .87, and .89 for achievement, power, and affiliation, respectively. We demonstrated causal validity by reproducing two classical experimental studies that aroused implicit motives. We let three coders recode sentences where our models and the original coders strongly disagreed. We found that the new coders agreed with our models in 85% of the cases (p < .001, ϕ = .69). Using topic and word embedding analyses, we found specific language associated with each motive to have a high face validity. We argue that these models can be used in addition to, or instead of, human coders. We provide a free, user-friendly framework in the established R-package text and a tutorial for researchers to apply the models to their data, as these models reduce the coding time by over 99% and require no cognitive effort for coding. We hope this coding automation will facilitate a historical implicit motive research renaissance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Automatic implicit motive codings are at least as accurate as humans' and 99% faster.","authors":"August Håkan Nilsson,J Malte Runge,Adithya V Ganesan,Carl Viggo N G Lövenstierne,Nikita Soni,Oscar N E Kjell","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000544","url":null,"abstract":"Implicit motives, nonconscious needs that influence individuals' behaviors and shape their emotions, have been part of personality research for nearly a century but differ from personality traits. The implicit motive assessment is very resource-intensive, involving expert coding of individuals' written stories about ambiguous pictures, and has hampered implicit motive research. Using large language models and machine learning techniques, we aimed to create high-quality implicit motive models that are easy for researchers to use. We trained models to code the need for power, achievement, and affiliation (N = 85,028 sentences). The person-level assessments converged strongly with the holdout data, intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC(1,1) = .85, .87, and .89 for achievement, power, and affiliation, respectively. We demonstrated causal validity by reproducing two classical experimental studies that aroused implicit motives. We let three coders recode sentences where our models and the original coders strongly disagreed. We found that the new coders agreed with our models in 85% of the cases (p < .001, ϕ = .69). Using topic and word embedding analyses, we found specific language associated with each motive to have a high face validity. We argue that these models can be used in addition to, or instead of, human coders. We provide a free, user-friendly framework in the established R-package text and a tutorial for researchers to apply the models to their data, as these models reduce the coding time by over 99% and require no cognitive effort for coding. We hope this coding automation will facilitate a historical implicit motive research renaissance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joshua Correll,Anjana Lakshmi,Bernd Wittenbrink,Debbie S Ma,Balbir Singh,Emil Bansemer,Lewis O Harvey
Ethnicity critically impacts perceivers' ability to individuate and recognize faces. Valentine (1991) proposed a face space model in part to account for these effects, and although it has received significant attention, basic questions derived from that model have yet to be satisfactorily tested. Across three large-scale studies, over 10,000 human participants provided similarity judgments of pairs of faces. All studies used a full ingroup-outgroup design, such that participants rated both ingroup and outgroup faces. From these ratings, we estimate the configuration of an empirical multidimensional face space. Based on these configurations, we test five questions central to the face space model and to underlying mechanisms like perceptual expertise. We find that eight dimensions capture most of the variation in ratings and that these dimensions correspond to existing models of face perception. Contrary to widespread hypotheses, we find no evidence that perception is "tuned" based on ethnicity. Rather, perceivers of different ethnic groups demonstrate very similar configurations of face space. Also surprisingly, we observe evidence of outgroup homogeneity in only one study, when intergroup contact is particularly low. Finally, we find that sensitivity to face ethnicity is negatively correlated with sensitivity to variation on other dimensions and that greater intergroup contact is associated with reduced sensitivity to face ethnicity and enhanced sensitivity to other dimensions. These findings seem broadly inconsistent with exemplar-based coding accounts and offer relative support for norm-based coding. We discuss the implications of these findings for Valentine's face space framework and for face perception in intergroup contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"The mental representation of ingroup and outgroup faces.","authors":"Joshua Correll,Anjana Lakshmi,Bernd Wittenbrink,Debbie S Ma,Balbir Singh,Emil Bansemer,Lewis O Harvey","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000442","url":null,"abstract":"Ethnicity critically impacts perceivers' ability to individuate and recognize faces. Valentine (1991) proposed a face space model in part to account for these effects, and although it has received significant attention, basic questions derived from that model have yet to be satisfactorily tested. Across three large-scale studies, over 10,000 human participants provided similarity judgments of pairs of faces. All studies used a full ingroup-outgroup design, such that participants rated both ingroup and outgroup faces. From these ratings, we estimate the configuration of an empirical multidimensional face space. Based on these configurations, we test five questions central to the face space model and to underlying mechanisms like perceptual expertise. We find that eight dimensions capture most of the variation in ratings and that these dimensions correspond to existing models of face perception. Contrary to widespread hypotheses, we find no evidence that perception is \"tuned\" based on ethnicity. Rather, perceivers of different ethnic groups demonstrate very similar configurations of face space. Also surprisingly, we observe evidence of outgroup homogeneity in only one study, when intergroup contact is particularly low. Finally, we find that sensitivity to face ethnicity is negatively correlated with sensitivity to variation on other dimensions and that greater intergroup contact is associated with reduced sensitivity to face ethnicity and enhanced sensitivity to other dimensions. These findings seem broadly inconsistent with exemplar-based coding accounts and offer relative support for norm-based coding. We discuss the implications of these findings for Valentine's face space framework and for face perception in intergroup contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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