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Antecedents and consequences of LGBT individuals' perceptions of straight allyship. LGBT个人对直接盟友关系的认知的前因和后果。
IF 7.6 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000422
Jacqueline M Chen, Samantha Joel, Daphne Castro Lingl

People often self-identify as allies to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community. This research examined on what basis LGBT individuals perceive others to be allies and documents the consequences of perceived allyship. Studies 1a (n = 40) and 1b (n = 69) collected open-ended descriptions of allyship provided by LGBT participants. Coding of the responses suggested multiple components to being an ally: (a) being nonprejudiced toward the group, (b) taking action against discrimination and inequality, and (c) having humility about one's perspective in discussions about LGBT issues. In Studies 2a (n = 161) and 2b (n = 319, with nationally representative characteristics), an allyship scale was developed and validated for general and specific relational contexts, respectively. Study 2b also showed that LGBT individuals' perceptions of close others' allyship were positively associated with their own well-being and relationship quality with the close other. Study 3, an experiment, demonstrated that nonprejudice and action had an interactive effect on perceived allyship, such that action increased perceived allyship more when prejudice was low (vs. high). Study 4 was a weekly experience study of LGBT participants and an outgroup roommate. Perceiving one's roommate to be a good ally predicted higher self-esteem, greater subjective well-being, and better relationship quality with the roommate, both between and within participants. Furthermore, perceived allyship in 1 week was associated with increases in LGBT individuals' mental health and relationship quality with the roommate the following week. This research advances knowledge about what allyship means to LGBT individuals and identifies intra- and interpersonal benefits of allyship. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

人们经常自我认同为女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和跨性别者(LGBT)群体的盟友。这项研究考察了LGBT个人在什么基础上认为他人是盟友,并记录了感知盟友关系的后果。研究1a(n=40)和1b(n=69)收集了LGBT参与者对盟友关系的开放式描述。对回应的编码表明了成为盟友的多个组成部分:(a)对群体不受欢迎,(b)采取行动反对歧视和不平等,以及(c)在讨论LGBT问题时对自己的观点保持谦逊。在研究2a(n=161)和2b(n=319,具有全国代表性特征)中,分别针对一般和特定的关系背景制定并验证了盟友关系量表。研究2b还表明,LGBT个体对亲密他人盟友关系的感知与他们自己的幸福感和与亲密他人的关系质量呈正相关。研究3是一项实验,表明非偏见和行动对感知到的盟友关系有交互作用,因此当偏见较低(与偏见较高)时,行动会更多地增加感知到的联盟关系。研究4是一项针对LGBT参与者和一名校外室友的每周体验研究。认为自己的室友是一个好盟友可以预测参与者之间和内部更高的自尊、更大的主观幸福感以及更好的关系质量。此外,在一周内感知到的盟友关系与LGBT个体的心理健康以及接下来一周与室友的关系质量的提高有关。这项研究进一步了解了结盟对LGBT个人意味着什么,并确定了结盟的内部和人际利益。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c)2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Needing everything (or just one thing) to go right: Myopic preferences for consolidating or spreading risks. 需要一切(或只需要一件事)都做好:巩固或传播风险的近视偏好。
IF 7.6 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000343
Yilu Wang, Stephen M Baum, Clayton R Critcher

Succeeding at a task often depends on the success or failure of component events. Such multicomponent risks can take one of two general forms. Disjunctive risks require the success of just one such component; conjunctive risks, all of them. Seven studies converge to show people prefer to consolidate disjunctive risks into fewer components and to spread conjunctive risks across more components, independent of the objective or subjective implications for the probability of overall success. These tendencies were reflected in preferences for how to approach potential investors, decisions about how much to invest in different business opportunities, and gamble valuations. Such preferences were specific to multicomponent risks as compared to single-component risks whose overall prospects for success were yoked to participants' own perceptions of a matched multicomponent risk. Participants confronted multicomponent risks myopically, swayed by whether positive or disappointing news would likely be delivered at a single point in time instead of by the overall prospects for success. Supporting this account, these preferences for consolidating or spreading risks were reduced when the components' outcomes would be revealed at once. Anticipated confidence while proceeding through the risk (even controlling for perceived probabilities of success) explained these preferences. After all, these preferred risk structures actually do allow people to traverse a multicomponent risk with more confidence that the next piece of news they receive will be positive (or not negative), though such myopic perspectives neglect just how many components will offer a chance for success (disjunctive risks) or the potential for failure (conjunctive risks). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

任务的成功与否通常取决于组件事件的成败。这种多成分风险可以采取两种常见形式之一。虚拟风险只需要一个这样的组成部分的成功;连带风险,所有这些。七项研究表明,人们更喜欢将分离风险整合到更少的组成部分中,并将结合风险分散到更多的组成部分,而与整体成功概率的客观或主观影响无关。这些趋势反映在如何接近潜在投资者的偏好、对不同商机投资多少的决定以及赌博估值上。与单一成分风险相比,这种偏好是多成分风险特有的,单一成分风险的成功前景与参与者自己对匹配的多成分风险的看法有关。参与者面对多因素风险时目光短浅,受是否可能在某个时间点发布积极或令人失望的消息的影响,而不是受成功的整体前景的影响。支持这一账户的是,当各组成部分的结果立即公布时,这些对合并或分散风险的偏好就减少了。在经历风险时的预期信心(甚至控制感知的成功概率)解释了这些偏好。毕竟,这些首选的风险结构实际上确实让人们能够更自信地穿越多成分风险,相信他们收到的下一条消息将是积极的(或不是消极的),尽管这种短视的观点忽略了有多少成分会提供成功的机会(分离风险)或失败的可能性(结合风险)。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c)2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Seeing your life story as a Hero's Journey increases meaning in life. 把你的人生故事看作英雄之旅,会增加生活的意义。
IF 7.6 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000341
Benjamin A Rogers, Herrison Chicas, John Michael Kelly, Emily Kubin, Michael S Christian, Frank J Kachanoff, Jonah Berger, Curtis Puryear, Dan P McAdams, Kurt Gray

Meaning in life is tied to the stories people tell about their lives. We explore whether one timeless story-the Hero's Journey-might make people's lives feel more meaningful. This enduring story appears across history and cultures and provides a template for ancient myths (e.g., Beowulf) and blockbuster books and movies (e.g., Harry Potter). Eight studies reveal that the Hero's Journey predicts and can causally increase people's experience of meaning in life. We first distill the Hero's Journey into seven key elements-protagonist, shift, quest, allies, challenge, transformation, legacy-and then develop a new measure that assesses the perceived presence of the Hero's Journey narrative in people's life stories: the Hero's Journey Scale. Using this scale, we find a positive relationship between the Hero's Journey and meaning in life with both online participants (Studies 1-2) and older adults in a community sample (Study 3). We then develop a restorying intervention that leads people to see the events of their life as a Hero's Journey (Study 4). This intervention causally increases meaning in life (Study 5) by prompting people to reflect on important elements of their lives and connecting them into a coherent and compelling narrative (Study 6). This Hero's Journey restorying intervention also increases the extent to which people perceive meaning in an ambiguous grammar task (Study 7) and increases their resilience to life's challenges (Study 8). These results provide initial evidence that enduring cultural narratives like the Hero's Journey both reflect meaningful lives and can help to create them. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

生活的意义与人们讲述的生活故事息息相关。我们探讨一个永恒的故事——英雄之旅——是否会让人们的生活更有意义。这个经久不衰的故事出现在历史和文化中,为古代神话(如《贝奥武夫》)和畅销书和电影(如《哈利·波特》)提供了模板。八项研究表明,《英雄游记》预测并能增加人们对生命意义的体验。我们首先将《英雄之旅》提炼为七个关键元素——主角、转变、追求、盟友、挑战、转变、遗产,然后开发了一种新的衡量标准,来评估人们对英雄之旅叙事在生活故事中的感知:英雄之旅量表。使用这个量表,我们发现在线参与者(研究1-2)和社区样本中的老年人(研究3)的英雄之旅与生活意义之间存在积极关系。然后,我们开发了一种补充库存的干预措施,引导人们将他们生活中的事件视为英雄之旅(研究4)。这种干预通过促使人们反思生活中的重要元素,并将其连接成连贯而引人注目的叙事,从而增加了生活的意义(研究5)(研究6)。这种英雄之旅的补充干预也增加了人们在模糊语法任务中感知意义的程度(研究7),并增加了他们对生活挑战的应变能力(研究8)。这些结果提供了初步证据,证明像《英雄之旅》这样经久不衰的文化叙事既反映了有意义的生活,也有助于创造这些生活。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c)2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
"Zooming" in on positive and accurate metaperceptions in first impressions: Examining the links with social anxiety and liking in online video interactions. “放大”第一印象中积极和准确的元知觉:研究在线视频互动中社交焦虑和喜欢的联系。
IF 7.6 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-01-05 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000457
Hasagani Tissera, Marie-Catherine Mignault, Lauren J Human

Many of us rely on online communication methods, such as videoconferencing, to connect with each other. However, less is known about how interpersonal processes unfold in this novel context. For example, do people believe others view them positively, displaying meta-positivity, and realize others' unique impression of them, displaying distinctive meta-accuracy, and do these processes have implications for liking in social interactions? And, do the same characteristics that predict lower meta-positivity and distinctive meta-accuracy in-person, such as being more socially anxious, predict similar difficulties in video interactions? We examined these questions in an online first impressions context using a videoconferencing platform, Zoom (N = 555; NDyads = 3,068), and compared them against an in-person sample (N = 305; NDyads = 1,683). People believed others saw them positively and understood others' unique impressions of them, displaying similar degrees of meta-positivity and distinctive meta-accuracy in video interactions as in in-person interactions. In both contexts, meta-positivity was related to liking others more, whereas distinctive meta-accuracy was related to being liked more by others. Further, social anxiety seemed to impair meta-positivity, which in turn contributed to why they liked others less in both contexts. In contrast to in-person interactions, social anxiety did not impair distinctive meta-accuracy in video interactions. Therefore, distinctive meta-accuracy did not account for the links between social anxiety and being liked in the video interaction context. Overall, metaperception processes generally operated very similarly online as in-person, though there were some noteworthy exceptions, in turn potentially bearing important implications for those with higher social anxiety. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

我们中的许多人依靠视频会议等在线交流方式来相互联系。然而,人们对人际交往过程如何在这种新颖的背景下展开知之甚少。例如,人们是否相信他人积极看待他们,表现出元积极性,并意识到他人对他们的独特印象,表现出独特的元准确性,这些过程是否对社交互动中的喜好有影响?而且,预测较低的元积极性和独特的元准确性的相同特征,比如社交焦虑,是否预测了视频互动中的类似困难?我们使用视频会议平台Zoom(N=555;NDyads=3068)在在线第一印象环境中研究了这些问题,并将其与现场样本(N=305;NDyads=1683)进行了比较。人们相信他人对他们有积极的看法,并理解他人对他们的独特印象,在视频互动中表现出与面对面互动相似的元积极性和独特的元准确性。在这两种情况下,元积极性与更喜欢他人有关,而独特的元准确性与更受他人喜欢有关。此外,社交焦虑似乎会削弱元积极性,这反过来又导致他们在这两种情况下都不太喜欢别人。与面对面的互动相比,社交焦虑并没有损害视频互动中独特的元准确性。因此,在视频互动环境中,独特的元准确性并没有解释社交焦虑和被喜欢之间的联系。总的来说,元感知过程通常在网上和面对面的操作非常相似,尽管也有一些值得注意的例外,这反过来可能对那些社交焦虑较高的人产生重要影响。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c)2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
The psychology of negative-sum competition in strategic interactions. 战略互动中的负和竞争心理。
IF 7.6 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-13 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000344
Christopher K Hsee, Ying Zeng, Xilin Li, Alex Imas

Many real-life examples-from interpersonal rivalries to international conflicts-suggest that people actively engage in competitive behavior even when it is negative sum (benefiting the self at a greater cost to others). This often leads to loss spirals where everyone-including the winner-ends up losing. Our research seeks to understand the psychology of such negative-sum competition in a controlled setting. To do so, we introduce an experimental paradigm in which paired participants have the option to repeatedly perform a behavior that causes a relatively small gain for the self and a larger loss to the other. Although they have the freedom not to engage in the behavior, most participants actively do so and incur substantial losses. We propose that an important reason behind the phenomena is shallow thinking-focusing on the immediate benefit to the self while overlooking the downstream consequences of how the behavior will influence their counterparts' actions. In support of the proposition, we find that participants are less likely to engage in negative-sum behavior, if they are advised to consider the downstream consequences of their actions, or if they are put in a less frenzied decision environment, which facilitates deeper thinking (acting in discrete vs. continuous time). We discuss how our results differ from prior findings and the implications of our research for mitigating negative-sum competition and loss spirals in real life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

许多现实生活中的例子,从人际竞争到国际冲突,都表明人们积极参与竞争行为,即使是负和行为(以更大的代价造福自己)。这通常会导致亏损螺旋上升,包括赢家在内的所有人最终都会亏损。我们的研究试图了解在受控环境中这种负和竞争的心理。为此,我们引入了一种实验范式,在该范式中,配对参与者可以选择重复进行一种行为,这种行为会给自己带来相对较小的收益,而给另一方带来较大的损失。尽管他们有不参与这种行为的自由,但大多数参与者都会积极参与,并遭受巨大损失。我们认为,这种现象背后的一个重要原因是肤浅的思维,专注于对自身的直接利益,而忽视了行为将如何影响对方行为的下游后果。为了支持这一命题,我们发现,如果参与者被建议考虑其行为的下游后果,或者如果他们被置于一个不那么疯狂的决策环境中,这有助于更深层次的思考(在离散时间与连续时间中行动),他们就不太可能参与负和行为。我们讨论了我们的研究结果与之前的研究结果有何不同,以及我们的研究对缓解现实生活中的负和竞争和损失螺旋的影响。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c)2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Honesty-humility negatively correlates with dishonesty in romantic relationships. 在浪漫关系中,诚实谦逊与不诚实呈负相关。
IF 7.6 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-01-09 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000456
Nina Reinhardt, Marc-André Reinhard

Despite the clear existing theoretical links, ours is the first direct systematic series of studies investigating a potential negative association between Honesty-Humility and general dishonesty in romantic relationships. Eleven preregistered online studies with community samples were run (total N = 5,677). For a first test of our hypothesis, we conducted a series of seven cross-sectional studies based on self-reports; these studies used different methodological approaches to assess relationship-based dishonesty (i.e., closed-ended self-report scales, scenarios, and direct frequency measures). This was followed by one diary study and three studies that base their assessment on more behavioral measurements of relationship-based dishonesty (e.g., a dice roll task and an anagram task). In line with our hypothesis, all studies reliably revealed that participants higher in Honesty-Humility reported less relationship-based dishonesty. The classification of the found results to past research and the general relevance of the Honesty-Humility factor for romantic relationships are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

尽管存在明显的理论联系,但我们的研究是第一个直接系统的系列研究,调查了浪漫关系中诚实谦逊和普遍不诚实之间的潜在负面联系。使用社区样本进行了11项预先注册的在线研究(总N=5677)。作为对我们假设的第一次检验,我们基于自我报告进行了一系列七项横断面研究;这些研究使用了不同的方法来评估基于关系的不诚实(即封闭式自我报告量表、情景和直接频率测量)。随后进行了一项日记研究和三项研究,这些研究的评估基于对基于关系的不诚实的更多行为测量(例如,掷骰子任务和字谜任务)。根据我们的假设,所有研究都可靠地表明,诚实-谦逊程度越高的参与者报告的基于关系的不诚实程度越低。讨论了研究结果与以往研究的分类,以及诚实谦逊因素与浪漫关系的普遍相关性。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c)2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Tying the value of goals to social class. 将目标的价值与社会阶层挂钩。
IF 7.6 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-18 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000346
Sara Wingrove, Jessica Jee Won Paek, Rebecca Ponce de Leon, Gráinne M Fitzsimons

Although everyone strives toward valued goals, we suggest that not everyone will be perceived as doing so equally. In this research, we examine the tendency to use social class as a cue to understand the importance of others' goals. Six studies find evidence of a goal-value bias: Observers perceive goals across a variety of domains as more valuable to higher class than to lower class individuals (Studies 1-6). These perceptions do not appear to reflect reality (pilot study), and those who are strongly motivated to justify inequality show the bias to a greater extent (Studies 5 and 6), suggesting a motivated pathway. We also explore implications of the bias, finding that Americans tend to offer better opportunities to, and prefer to collaborate with, higher class than lower class others, revealing discriminatory outcomes that are partially driven by perceived goal value (Studies 2, 3, 4, 6). Results suggest that Americans expect higher class individuals to value achieving goals more than their lower class counterparts, fueling increased support for those who are already ahead. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

尽管每个人都在努力实现有价值的目标,但我们建议,并不是每个人都会被认为是平等的。在这项研究中,我们考察了利用社会阶层作为线索来理解他人目标重要性的倾向。六项研究发现了目标价值偏见的证据:观察者认为,不同领域的目标对更高阶层的人来说比对低阶层的人更有价值(研究1-6)。这些看法似乎没有反映现实(试点研究),那些有强烈动机为不平等辩护的人在更大程度上表现出了偏见(研究5和6),表明这是一条有动机的途径。我们还探讨了偏见的含义,发现美国人往往比低阶级的其他人提供更好的机会,更喜欢与高阶级合作,这揭示了部分由感知目标价值驱动的歧视性结果(研究2、3、4、6)。研究结果表明,美国人期望更高阶层的人比低阶层的人更重视实现目标,这增加了对那些已经领先的人的支持。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c)2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Supplemental Material for Using Within-Person Change in Three Large Panel Studies to Estimate Personality Age Trajectories 在三项大型小组研究中使用人内变化来估计个性年龄轨迹的补充材料
IF 7.6 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000482.supp
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引用次数: 0
Supplemental Material for Examining Individual Differences in Metaperceptive Accuracy Using the Social Meta-Accuracy Model 使用社会元准确性模型检验元知觉准确性个体差异的补充材料
IF 7.6 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000479.supp
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引用次数: 0
Neither Eastern nor Western: Patterns of independence and interdependence in Mediterranean societies. 既非东方也非西方:地中海社会的独立与相互依存模式。
IF 7.6 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000342
Ayse K Uskul, Alexander Kirchner-Häusler, Vivian L Vignoles, Rosa Rodriguez-Bailón, Vanessa A Castillo, Susan E Cross, Meral Gezici Yalçın, Charles Harb, Shenel Husnu, Keiko Ishii, Shuxian Jin, Panagiota Karamaouna, Konstantinos Kafetsios, Evangelia Kateri, Juan Matamoros-Lima, Daqing Liu, Rania Miniesy, Jinkyung Na, Zafer Özkan, Stefano Pagliaro, Charis Psaltis, Dina Rabie, Manuel Teresi, Yukiko Uchida

Social science research has highlighted "honor" as a central value driving social behavior in Mediterranean societies, which requires individuals to develop and protect a sense of their personal self-worth and their social reputation, through assertiveness, competitiveness, and retaliation in the face of threats. We predicted that members of Mediterranean societies may exhibit a distinctive combination of independent and interdependent social orientation, self-construal, and cognitive style, compared to more commonly studied East Asian and Anglo-Western cultural groups. We compared participants from eight Mediterranean societies (Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus [Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot communities], Lebanon, Egypt) to participants from East Asian (Korea, Japan) and Anglo-Western (the United Kingdom, the United States) societies, using six implicit social orientation indicators, an eight-dimensional self-construal scale, and four cognitive style indicators. Compared with both East Asian and Anglo-Western samples, samples from Mediterranean societies distinctively emphasized several forms of independence (relative intensity of disengaging [vs. engaging] emotions, happiness based on disengaging [vs. engaging] emotions, dispositional [vs. situational] attribution style, self-construal as different from others, self-directed, self-reliant, self-expressive, and consistent) and interdependence (closeness to in-group [vs. out-group] members, self-construal as connected and committed to close others). Our findings extend previous insights into patterns of cultural orientation beyond commonly examined East-West comparisons to an understudied world region. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

社会科学研究强调,"荣誉 "是地中海社会中驱动社会行为的核心价值观,它要求个人通过自信、竞争和面对威胁时的报复来发展和保护个人的自我价值感和社会声誉。我们预测,与研究较多的东亚和英美文化群体相比,地中海社会的成员可能会在独立和相互依存的社会取向、自我结构和认知风格方面表现出独特的组合。我们将来自八个地中海社会(西班牙、意大利、希腊、土耳其、塞浦路斯[土族塞人和希族塞人社区]、黎巴嫩、埃及)的参与者与来自东亚(韩国、日本)和盎格鲁-西方(英国、美国)社会的参与者进行了比较,使用了六个内隐社会取向指标、一个八维自我结构量表和四个认知风格指标。与东亚和盎格鲁-西方社会的样本相比,地中海社会的样本特别强调几种形式的独立性(脱离[与投入]情绪的相对强度、基于脱离[与投入]情绪的幸福感、处置[与情境]归因风格、自我建构为不同于他人、自我导向、自我依赖、自我表达和一致)和相互依存性(与内群体[与外群体]成员的亲近程度、自我建构为与亲密的人有联系和承诺)。我们的研究结果拓展了以往对文化取向模式的认识,将东西方比较的常见研究扩展到了一个研究不足的世界地区。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of personality and social psychology
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