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Dynamics of narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability in naturalistic and experimental settings. 自然和实验环境中自恋的自大和脆弱性的动态变化。
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000510
Elizabeth A Edershile, Anna Szücs, Alexandre Y Dombrovski, Aidan G C Wright

Theoretical accounts of narcissism emphasize the dynamic shifting of self-states in response to social feedback. Status threats are thought to set narcissism's dynamics in motion. Naturalistic ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies have characterized dynamics of narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability in relation to perceptions of the interpersonal environment. Experimental studies have emphasized the behavioral responses of narcissistic individuals to putative threats to status. Naturalistic and experimental studies suffer from opposing limitations, namely, a potential for confounding variables to impact results versus ambiguous generalizability to real-life and longer time scales, respectively. Integrating naturalistic and experimental studies has the potential to provide a comprehensive model of how dynamics within narcissism unfold in response to status threat. The present study examined shifts in grandiosity and vulnerability in both naturalistic EMA and experimentally controlled (rigged tournament game) social interactions (N = 437). Grandiosity decreased and vulnerability increased in response to both naturalistic and experimental status threats. Further, the same people who responded with decreased grandiosity in response to status threat in daily life responded with similar decreases in grandiosity to experimental defeat. Trait narcissistic agency amplified many of the observed links between narcissism and status threat experimentally and naturalistically. Given that warmth (in addition to dominance) emerged as an important predictor of shifts in narcissism, implications for status-threatening environments are discussed. The present study elucidates important differences with respect to expressions of grandiosity and vulnerability across naturalistic and experimental methods. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

自恋的理论解释强调自我状态在社会反馈中的动态变化。地位威胁被认为是自恋的动力源泉。自然生态瞬间评估(EMA)研究描述了与人际环境感知相关的自恋自大和脆弱的动态特征。实验研究强调了自恋者对可能威胁其地位的行为反应。自然研究和实验研究存在相反的局限性,即混杂变量可能会影响研究结果,而对现实生活和更长时间尺度的普适性则模糊不清。将自然研究和实验研究结合起来,有可能提供一个全面的模型,说明自恋中的动态变化是如何对地位威胁做出反应的。本研究考察了在自然的 EMA 和实验控制的(被操纵的锦标赛游戏)社会互动(N = 437)中自大和脆弱的变化。在自然状态和实验状态威胁下,自大感都有所下降,而脆弱性则有所上升。此外,在日常生活中对地位威胁作出自大感下降反应的人,在实验失败时也会作出类似的自大感下降反应。特质自恋代理放大了许多在实验和自然中观察到的自恋与地位威胁之间的联系。鉴于温情(除支配地位外)成为自恋转变的重要预测因素,本研究讨论了自恋对地位威胁环境的影响。本研究阐明了自然法和实验法在自大和脆弱表现方面的重要差异。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
The Implicit Association Test and its difficulty(ies): Introducing the test difficulty concept to increase the true-score variance and, consequently, the predictive power of implicit association tests. 内隐联想测验及其难度:引入测验难度概念,增加真实分数方差,从而提高内隐联想测验的预测能力。
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000391
Merlin Urban, Tobias Koch, Klaus Rothermund

We introduce the test difficulty concept from classical test theory to tackle the issue of low predictive power of implicit association tests (IATs). Following classical test theory, we argue that IATs of moderate difficulty (defined as mean IAT scores of zero) have more predictive power than IATs of extreme difficulties (defined as mean IAT scores deviating strongly from zero). Furthermore, we assume this relationship to be mediated by the true-score variance in IAT scores, with moderate difficulty resulting in more true-score variance. To test our hypotheses, we used nonexperimental (Studies 1 and 2) and experimental designs (Study 3). In Studies 1 and 2, we compared IATs of different test difficulties with regard to their ability to predict direct attitude measures, drawing on the Attitudes, Identities, and Individual Differences study. In Study 1, a subset of 95 attitude IATs (n = 127,259) was analyzed using multilevel structural equation models. As expected, IAT test difficulty strongly moderated the predictive power of IATs, and this effect was mediated by IAT true-score variance. In Study 2, we replicated the results with the same analyses but a different subset of 95 identity IATs (n = 43,745). In Study 3, we experimentally manipulated the IAT test difficulty. In total, three IATs (n = 480) were analyzed using multigroup structural equation models. Again, the IAT closer to moderate difficulty had more true-score variance and predictive power than the IATs of extreme difficulty. Accordingly, for correlational research, we recommend developing moderately difficult IATs to maximize IAT true-score variance and provide suggestions on how to achieve that. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

我们从经典测验理论中引入了测验难度概念,以解决内隐联想测验(IAT)预测能力低的问题。根据经典测验理论,我们认为中等难度的内隐联想测验(定义为内隐联想测验平均分数为零)比极端困难的内隐联想测验(定义为内隐联想测验平均分数严重偏离零)更有预测能力。此外,我们假定这种关系是由 IAT 分数的真实分数方差中介的,中等难度会导致更多的真实分数方差。为了验证我们的假设,我们采用了非实验设计(研究 1 和研究 2)和实验设计(研究 3)。在研究 1 和研究 2 中,我们利用 "态度、身份和个体差异 "研究,比较了不同难度的 IAT 预测直接态度测量的能力。在研究 1 中,我们使用多层次结构方程模型对 95 个态度 IAT 子集(n = 127 259)进行了分析。不出所料,IAT 测试难度在很大程度上调节了 IAT 的预测能力,而这种影响是由 IAT 真实分数方差中介的。在研究 2 中,我们用相同的分析方法重复了上述结果,但使用了不同的 95 个身份 IAT 子集(n = 43 745)。在研究 3 中,我们通过实验操纵了 IAT 测试难度。我们总共使用多组结构方程模型分析了三种 IAT(n = 480)。同样,与难度极高的 IAT 相比,接近中等难度的 IAT 具有更大的真分方差和预测能力。因此,对于相关研究,我们建议开发难度适中的 IAT,以最大限度地提高 IAT 真分方差,并就如何实现这一目标提出了建议。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Narcissists' affective well-being: Associations of grandiose narcissism with state affect level and variability. 自恋者的情感幸福:冠冕堂皇的自恋与状态情感水平和变异性的关联。
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000495
Julian Scharbert, Lisa M Dein, Lara Kroencke, Steffen Nestler, Mitja D Back, Katharina Utesch

Whereas grandiose narcissism has generally been found to be related to adaptive affective experiences (i.e., positive affective states), many theoretical conceptualizations have emphasized its associations with characteristics of low affective well-being (i.e., unstable, highly variable affective states). Empirical research on the association of grandiose narcissism with the mean level of and variability in affective states has been inconclusive, as studies have differed considerably in their conceptualizations and measurement of narcissism and affect dynamics and have suffered from methodological limitations. Here, we offer conceptual explanations for previously inconsistent findings, derive diverging hypotheses about different aspects of narcissism and affective well-being, and investigate these hypotheses in two daily diary and three experience-sampling data sets (overall N = 2,125; total measurements = 116,336). As hypothesized, we found diverging associations between agentic and antagonistic aspects of narcissism with affect levels: Whereas narcissistic admiration was related to more pleasant affective states, narcissistic rivalry was related to less pleasant ones. We also obtained some support for diverging effects of admiration and rivalry on affect variability. However, these associations were largely reduced when we corrected for (squared) mean levels of affective valence and arousal. In combination, these findings suggest that only the agentic aspect of grandiose narcissism is conducive to affective well-being, whereas its antagonistic aspect negatively influences affective well-being. Moreover, the assumed associations of grandiose narcissism with volatile affectivity seem to rely heavily on mean-level effects and primarily manifest in experiences of more diverse affective states rather than stronger or more frequent affective fluctuations in general. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

人们发现,傲慢自恋通常与适应性情感体验(即积极的情感状态)有关,而许多理论概念则强调其与低情感幸福感特征(即不稳定、多变的情感状态)有关。关于自恋与情感状态的平均水平和可变性之间关系的实证研究一直没有定论,因为这些研究在自恋和情感动态的概念化和测量方面存在很大差异,并且受到方法论的限制。在此,我们对之前不一致的研究结果提出了概念性解释,对自恋和情感幸福的不同方面提出了不同的假设,并在两个每日日记和三个经验抽样数据集(总人数 = 2,125;总测量 = 116,336)中对这些假设进行了研究。正如假设的那样,我们发现自恋的代理性和对抗性与情感水平之间存在着不同的关联:自恋崇拜与较愉快的情感状态有关,而自恋竞争则与较不愉快的情感状态有关。我们还得到了一些支持,证明钦佩和竞争对情感变异性有不同的影响。然而,当我们对情感价位和唤醒的(平方)平均水平进行校正时,这些关联在很大程度上被削弱了。综合来看,这些研究结果表明,只有傲慢自恋的代理方面才有利于情感幸福感,而其对抗方面则会对情感幸福感产生负面影响。此外,假定的傲慢自恋与情感波动性之间的联系似乎在很大程度上依赖于平均水平效应,主要表现为情感状态更加多样化,而不是情感波动更强烈或更频繁。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Determinants of consensus in person judgments: The joint influence of information overlap, information quantity, cross-situational consistency, and shared meaning. 个人判断中达成共识的决定因素:信息重叠、信息数量、跨情境一致性和共同意义的共同影响。
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000494
Anne Wiedenroth, Nele M Wessels, Daniel Leising

This study investigated the effects and interplay of several core determinants of consensus in person perception: information overlap, information quantity, cross-situational consistency, and shared meaning. Targets (N = 200) were filmed in different standardized situations. Perceivers either watched the same target in different situations (N = 1,395 perceivers) or different targets in the same situation (N = 3,963 perceivers) and then rated the targets' personalities after each video. Overlap of the observed situations was systematically varied across perceivers. Consensus was higher when perceivers (a) observed a target in more overlapping situations, (b) observed a target in more situations overall, judged characteristics (c) for which between-target differences were more consistent across situations, or (d) for which perceivers had more similar meaning systems. The effect of overlap was more important with low consistency or information quantity, but moderate in size overall. In light of prior research failing to adequately operationalize overlap and consider its interplay with other factors, this study presents the strongest evidence to date on these issues. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

本研究调查了人的感知中达成共识的几个核心决定因素的影响和相互作用:信息重叠、信息数量、跨情境一致性和共同意义。在不同的标准化情境中拍摄目标(200 人)。感知者在不同情境下观看同一目标(1,395 名感知者),或在同一情境下观看不同目标(3,963 名感知者),然后在每段视频后对目标的个性进行评分。不同感知者所观察到的情境的重叠程度存在系统性差异。当感知者(a)在更多重叠情境中观察到目标,(b)在更多情境中观察到目标,(c)在不同情境中目标之间的差异更一致,或(d)感知者的意义系统更相似时,他们对目标特征的一致性更高。在一致性或信息量较低的情况下,重叠的影响更为重要,但总体上影响不大。鉴于之前的研究未能充分操作重叠性并考虑其与其他因素的相互作用,本研究提供了迄今为止有关这些问题的最有力证据。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Deconstructing the gender-equality paradox. 解构性别平等悖论。
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000508
Ville-Juhani Ilmarinen, Jan-Erik Lönnqvist

Studies advancing the hypothesis of a "gender-equality paradox" have found that societies with more gender equality demonstrate larger gender differences across a range of phenomena. In doing so, they rely on that practice of predicting an algebraic difference score-calculated from mean scores for men and women across a set of countries-with an index of gender equality or some related concept. We argue that direct difference score predictions of this type are impossible to interpret because very different combinations of constituents-mean scores of men and women and properties of these means-can produce identical direct difference score predictions. We reanalyzed three large cross-cultural data sets with 15 variables from three different domains-attitudes toward science and technology, economic preferences, and personality traits-to showcase our method of deconstructing difference score predictions and to investigate to what extent the rhetoric of the gender-equality paradox describes a real phenomenon. The results were highly heterogeneous. For some characteristics, men's and women's country-level means varied identically as a function of country-level gender equality (no paradox). For other characteristics, there were differences in how men's and women's means varied. Whether these differences could be described in the rhetoric of the paradox varied. More pertinent is the necessity of deconstructing difference score predictions into their constituent components before attempting to answer questions regarding a paradox. It is in the terminology of these components and their properties that future hypotheses should be tested. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

提出 "性别平等悖论 "假设的研究发现,性别平等程度较高的社会在一系列现象中表现出较大的性别差异。在这样做的过程中,他们依赖于用性别平等指数或一些相关概念来预测代数差异分值--根据一组国家中男性和女性的平均分值计算得出。我们认为,这种类型的直接差异分数预测是无法解释的,因为非常不同的成分组合--男性和女性的平均分数以及这些平均分数的属性--可以产生相同的直接差异分数预测。我们重新分析了三个大型跨文化数据集,其中包含来自三个不同领域的 15 个变量--对科学技术的态度、经济偏好和人格特质--以展示我们解构差异分数预测的方法,并研究性别平等悖论在多大程度上描述了真实的现象。结果差异很大。就某些特征而言,男性和女性的国家级平均值与国家级性别平等的函数变化相同(无悖论)。就其他特征而言,男性和女性的平均值在变化方式上存在差异。这些差异是否可以用悖论的修辞来描述也不尽相同。更相关的是,在试图回答有关悖论的问题之前,有必要将差异分值预测解构为其组成成分。未来的假设应该在这些组成部分及其属性的术语中进行检验。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Persons in contexts: The role of social networks and social density for the dynamic regulation of face-to-face interactions in daily life. 情境中的人:社交网络和社交密度对日常生活中面对面互动的动态调节作用。
IF 7.6 1区 心理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000512
Yannick Roos, Michael D Krämer, David Richter, Cornelia Wrzus

Current psychological theories on daily social interactions emphasize individual differences yet are underspecified regarding contextual factors. We aim to extend this research by examining how two context factors shape social interactions in daily life: how many relationships people maintain and how densely people live together. In Study 1, 307 German participants (Mage = 39.44 years, SDage = 14.14) answered up to 20 experience sampling questionnaires regarding their social interactions over 2 days. In Study 2, 313 German participants (Mage = 48.96 years, SDage = 15.54) summarized their daily interactions in daily diaries for 14 days. Participants reported on their social network size and the social density (i.e., household and neighborhood density) of their living situations. Mobile sensing provided additional measures of social interactions and network size. The results showed that participants living in densely populated households transitioned faster from solitude to social interactions but slower from social interactions to solitude. Participants living in dwellings with more homes also transitioned slower from solitude to social interactions. Contrary to the hypothesis, social network size was inconsistently linked with transitions from solitude to social interactions and vice versa. Furthermore, current social desires predicted subsequent social interactions within days, but not across days-irrespective of individuals' social network size or social density. Together the results point out that people live their daily life in social contexts, which contribute to how they engage in social interactions. The findings thus call for a greater integration of contextual factors in personality theories of social interactions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

当前关于日常社会互动的心理学理论强调个体差异,但对环境因素的阐述却不够明确。我们旨在通过研究日常生活中影响社会交往的两个背景因素:人们维持的关系数量和人们居住的密集程度,来扩展这项研究。在研究 1 中,307 名德国参与者(平均年龄为 39.44 岁,最小年龄为 14.14 岁)回答了多达 20 份有关他们两天内社会交往的经验取样问卷。在研究 2 中,313 名德国参与者(平均年龄 48.96 岁,平均年龄 15.54 岁)在 14 天的每日日记中总结了他们的日常互动情况。参与者报告了他们的社交网络规模和生活环境的社交密度(即家庭和邻里密度)。移动传感提供了社交互动和网络规模的额外测量指标。结果显示,居住在人口密度高的家庭中的参与者从独处过渡到社交互动的速度更快,但从社交互动过渡到独处的速度较慢。居住在有更多住宅的参与者从独处过渡到社会交往的速度也更慢。与假设相反,社交网络的规模与从独处到社交互动的过渡并不一致,反之亦然。此外,当前的社交欲望能预测随后几天内的社交互动,但不能预测跨天的社交互动--与个人的社交网络规模或社交密度无关。总之,这些结果表明,人们的日常生活是在社会环境中进行的,而社会环境又会影响他们参与社会交往的方式。因此,研究结果呼吁在社会交往的人格理论中更多地考虑情境因素。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Supplemental Material for The Fill-Mask Association Test (FMAT): Measuring Propositions in Natural Language 填充-掩码联想测试 (FMAT) 补充材料:测量自然语言中的命题
IF 7.6 1区 心理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-13 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000396.supp
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引用次数: 0
Signaling safety and fostering fairness: Exploring the psychological processes underlying (in)congruent cues among Black women. 传递安全信号,促进公平:探索黑人女性(不)一致暗示背后的心理过程。
IF 7.6 1区 心理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-13 DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000466
India R Johnson, Evava S Pietri

Exposure to an organizational diversity cue may help attract Black women to professional spaces. The cue transfer framework contends that because intergroup attitudes co-occur, both cues congruent or incongruent with one's minoritized identity signal an environment that welcomes all minoritized persons. Critically, the utility of such cues had yet to be explored among Black women. Integrating cue transfer with social identity complexity theory, across six studies (N = 2,167), we tested the novel prediction that Black women utilize a racial dominance identity structure and investigated the benefits of organizational diversity cues congruent and incongruent with Black women's identities. We also drew from stigma solidarity and examined whether perceiving an outgroup associated with an incongruent cue as experiencing similar bias (i.e., shared discrimination) facilitated cue efficacy. Ultimately, only racially congruent cues encouraged organizational safety (Studies 1, 2, and 6) and procedural fairness (Studies 2, 4, and 6), while cues aimed at lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or Latino individuals (Studies 1-4) were ineffective. Moreover, despite reporting greater shared discrimination with Latino than lesbian, gay, bisexual & transgender persons (Study 4), shared discrimination was inconsequential for cue efficacy (Study 3). Black women's lay theories revealed that although they perceived negative intergroup attitudes as co-occurring, positive attitudes toward other minoritized groups were seen as unrelated to attitudes toward Black individuals (Studies 5a/5b). Finally, racially (but not gender) congruent cues mitigated organizational invisibility (Study 6). Collectively, the present investigation supports our assertion that Black women adopt a racial dominance lens and, more broadly, underscores the necessity of an intersectional framework when examining cue efficacy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

接触组织多样性线索可能有助于吸引黑人女性进入职业空间。线索转移框架认为,由于群体间的态度同时存在,与一个人的少数群体身份一致或不一致的线索都预示着一个欢迎所有少数群体的环境。重要的是,这种线索在黑人妇女中的效用还有待探索。结合线索转移和社会身份复杂性理论,我们在六项研究(N = 2,167 )中检验了黑人女性利用种族主导身份结构的新预测,并调查了与黑人女性身份一致和不一致的组织多样性线索的益处。我们还借鉴了成见团结,研究了将与不一致提示相关的外群体视为经历类似偏见(即共同歧视)是否会促进提示效力。最终,只有种族一致的提示能促进组织安全(研究 1、2 和 6)和程序公平(研究 2、4 和 6),而针对女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋、变性人或拉丁裔个人的提示(研究 1-4)则无效。此外,尽管拉美裔比女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性者受到更多的共同歧视(研究 4),但共同歧视对提示效果并无影响(研究 3)。黑人妇女的非专业理论显示,虽然她们认为群体间的消极态度是共同存在的,但对其他少数群体的积极态度被认为与对黑人个人的态度无关(研究 5a/5b)。最后,种族(而非性别)一致的线索减轻了组织的不可见性(研究 6)。总之,本研究支持了我们的观点,即黑人女性采用种族主导视角,并从更广泛的角度强调了在研究提示效力时采用交叉框架的必要性。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Supplemental Material for Dynamics of Narcissistic Grandiosity and Vulnerability in Naturalistic and Experimental Settings 自然和实验环境中自恋型自大与脆弱性的动态变化》补充材料
IF 7.6 1区 心理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000510.supp
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引用次数: 1
Supplemental Material for The Person-Environment Fit of Immigrants to the United States: A Registered Report 美国移民的人与环境适应性补充材料:注册报告
IF 7.6 1区 心理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000504.supp
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引用次数: 0
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