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The interplay of multiple unconditioned stimuli in evaluative conditioning: A weighted averaging framework for attitude formation via stimulus co-occurrences. 评价性条件反射中多重非条件刺激的相互作用:通过刺激共现形成态度的加权平均框架。
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000401
Moritz Ingendahl, Tobias Vogel, Johanna Woitzel, Nike Bücker, Jule Boers, Hans Alves

Evaluative conditioning (EC) is a key effect in attitude formation, leading to changes in the liking of neutral attitude objects due to their pairing with positive or negative stimuli. Despite EC's significance, current theories and most empirical findings are limited to stimulus pairings with a single affective stimulus at a time. In contrast, social environments often involve more complex combinations of affective stimuli. In this article, we introduce a novel framework grounded in information integration research to understand how conditioned attitudes develop in the presence of multiple affective stimuli. Through 10 experiments with different designs, measures, materials, and pairing procedures, we find that individuals' conditioned attitudes follow the average valence of all affective stimuli present with a stronger weighting of negative stimuli. This weighted averaging rule bears two implications for EC in more complex stimulus combinations. First, EC effects are nonmonotonous, such that additional stimuli of the same valence do not produce incremental EC effects. Second, EC effects are interdependent, such that the impact of one stimulus is weakest when accompanied by another negative stimulus and strongest when no other affective stimulus is present. We examine different cognitive processes underlying this weighted averaging rule, including potential differences in pairing memory or changes in the affective stimuli's valence when other stimuli are present. Our findings present a novel theoretical perspective on EC and offer valuable insights into attitude change from stimulus co-occurrences in stimulus-rich environments. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

评价性条件反射(EC)是态度形成过程中的一个关键效应,它通过将中性态度对象与正面或负面刺激配对,导致中性态度对象的喜好发生变化。尽管评价性条件反射具有重要意义,但目前的理论和大多数实证研究结果都仅限于刺激与单一情感刺激的配对。相比之下,社会环境中的情感刺激组合往往更为复杂。在本文中,我们引入了一个基于信息整合研究的新框架,以了解在多重情感刺激下条件态度是如何形成的。通过 10 个不同设计、不同测量方法、不同材料和不同配对程序的实验,我们发现个体的条件态度会跟随所有情感刺激的平均效价,而负面刺激的权重更高。这种加权平均法则对更复杂的刺激组合中的EC有两个影响。首先,EC效应是非单调的,因此额外的相同情绪刺激不会产生递增的EC效应。其次,EC效应是相互依存的,当一个刺激伴随着另一个负面刺激时,EC效应最弱,而当没有其他情感刺激时,EC效应最强。我们研究了这一加权平均规则背后的不同认知过程,包括配对记忆的潜在差异或其他刺激出现时情感刺激价态的变化。我们的研究结果提出了一个关于情感共振的新的理论视角,并为在刺激丰富的环境中通过刺激共现来改变态度提供了有价值的见解。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Creative ideation activates disinhibited reward-seeking and indulgent choices. 创造性的构思会激活不受约束的追求回报和放纵的选择。
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000408
Verena Krause, Lynne C Vincent, Jack A Goncalo

Given that creative ideation has been widely characterized as involving disinhibition, we tested whether a brief creative ideation effort increased subsequent indulgence through the choice of real or imagined rewards. Across 10 experiments (and an additional four in the Supplemental Material) and 3,412 participants (including the ones in the Supplemental Material), we show that a short creative ideation (vs. control) task led to more indulgent eating, drinking, and exercise choices and behaviors. Participants who generated creative ideas subsequently assembled burgers with higher calorie content (Studies 1a, 3a, 3b, 4), proposed cocktails with higher alcohol content (Study 1b), planned workouts that burned fewer calories (Study 1c), chose candy more often (Study 1d), and ate more candy (Study 2) than participants who engaged in control tasks. In line with the perspective that creativity involves disinhibition, these effects were mediated by the behavioral activation system, which is thought to underlie the uninhibited pursuit of desires and rewards (Studies 2, 3a, 4). Furthermore, an experiment in which we manipulated the behavioral activation system showed a causal effect on indulgent eating choices (Study 5). We discuss the implications for future research on the consequences of creativity as well as the possibility that creative work might lead to indulgent, potentially unhealthy choices and behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

鉴于创造性构思被广泛认为是一种抑制行为,我们测试了短暂的创造性构思是否会通过选择真实或想象中的奖励而增加随后的放纵行为。在 10 项实验(另外 4 项实验见补充材料)和 3412 名参与者(包括补充材料中的参与者)中,我们发现短暂的创意构思(与对照组相比)任务会导致更放纵的饮食和运动选择及行为。与参与对照任务的参与者相比,产生创意想法的参与者随后会组装热量更高的汉堡(研究 1a、3a、3b、4)、提议调制酒精含量更高的鸡尾酒(研究 1b)、计划消耗热量更少的锻炼(研究 1c)、更频繁地选择糖果(研究 1d)以及吃更多的糖果(研究 2)。与创造力涉及抑制的观点一致,这些效应是由行为激活系统介导的,而行为激活系统被认为是不受抑制地追求欲望和奖励的基础(研究 2、3a、4)。此外,在一项实验中,我们操纵了行为激活系统,结果显示该系统对放纵饮食的选择产生了因果效应(研究 5)。我们讨论了未来研究创造性后果的意义,以及创造性工作可能导致放纵、潜在不健康选择和行为的可能性。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Individual differences in the forms of personality trait trajectories. 个性特征轨迹形式的个体差异。
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000520
Amanda J Wright, Joshua J Jackson

Changes in personality are often modeled linearly or curvilinearly. It is a simplifying-yet untested-assumption that the chosen sample-level model form accurately depicts all person-level trajectories within the sample. Given the complexity of personality development, it seems unlikely that imposing a single model form across all individuals is appropriate. Although typical growth models can estimate individual trajectories that deviate from the average via random effects, they do not explicitly test whether people differ in the forms of their trajectories. This heterogeneity is valuable to uncover, though, as it may imply that different processes are driving change. The present study uses data from four longitudinal data sets (N = 26,469; Mage = 47.55) to empirically test the degree that people vary in best-fitting model forms for their Big Five personality development. Across data sets, there was substantial heterogeneity in best-fitting forms. Moreover, the type of form someone had was directly associated with their net and total amount of change across time, and these changes were substantially misquantified when a worse-fitting form was used. Variables such as gender, age, trait levels, and number of waves were also associated with people's types of forms. Lastly, comparisons of best-fitting forms from individual- and sample-level models indicated that consequential discrepancies arise from different levels of analysis (i.e., individual vs. sample) and alternative modeling choices (e.g., choice of time metric). Our findings highlight the importance of these individual differences for understanding personality change processes and suggest that a flexible, person-level approach to understanding personality development is necessary. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

人格变化通常以线性或曲线方式建模。一个简化但未经验证的假设是,所选择的样本水平模型形式能准确描述样本中所有个人水平的轨迹。鉴于人格发展的复杂性,在所有个体中强加一种单一的模型形式似乎并不合适。虽然典型的成长模型可以通过随机效应估算出偏离平均值的个体轨迹,但它们并不能明确检验出人们的轨迹形式是否存在差异。不过,这种异质性的揭示很有价值,因为它可能意味着不同的过程在推动变化。本研究利用四个纵向数据集(N = 26,469; Mage = 47.55)的数据,实证检验了人们在大五人格发展的最佳拟合模型形式上的差异程度。在所有数据集中,最佳拟合形式存在很大的异质性。此外,一个人所拥有的模型类型与其在不同时期的净变化量和总变化量直接相关,而当使用拟合度较差的模型时,这些变化会被严重误量化。性别、年龄、特质水平和波数等变量也与人们的表格类型有关。最后,对个人和样本模型的最佳拟合形式进行比较表明,不同的分析水平(即个人与样本)和不同的建模选择(如时间度量的选择)会产生相应的差异。我们的研究结果凸显了这些个体差异对于理解人格变化过程的重要性,并表明有必要采用灵活的、个人层面的方法来理解人格发展。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
From inspiration to restoration: Moral elevation as a catalyst for improving intergroup relations in contexts of conflict. 从激励到恢复:道德提升是改善冲突背景下群体间关系的催化剂。
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000469
Sabina Čehajić-Clancy, Nida Jamshed, Andreas Olsson, Andrea Momčilović

Existing research examining the creation of positive and prosocial interpersonal relations has established moral elevation as an approach-oriented emotion to be associated with a range of positive and prosocial outcomes. In this article and with the goal to identify emotional mechanism for improving intergroup relations in contexts of conflict, we examined the effects of moral elevation on enhancing intergroup relations. Across four experimental studies (Ns = 1,131), conducted in four understudied countries directly affected or threatened by intergroup conflict, we demonstrated that induced moral elevation elicits important cognitive and emotional shifts toward adversarial groups, resulting in improved intergroup relations. Specifically, we show that inducing moral elevation through stories of outgroup moral exemplars (individuals who have risked their life to save the life of an outgroup member) enhanced perceptions of intergroup moral similarity and positive emotions toward the outgroup, consequently fostering greater approach and prosocial intergroup behaviors. This pattern proved consistent across four distinct contexts: nonconflict (Sweden), ongoing conflict (Pakistan), protracted conflict (Serbia), and postconflict (Bosnia and Herzegovina). This article advances existing theory on positive emotions by identifying a novel emotional mechanism conducive to improving intergroup relations in contexts of conflict and extends the impact of learning about exemplary moral behaviors performed by relevant others. Ultimately, this article underscores the relevance of moral elevation in mitigating intergroup conflicts using intergroup interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

关于建立积极的和亲社会的人际关系的现有研究已经证实,道德高尚是一种以接近为导向的情绪,它与一系列积极的和亲社会的结果相关联。在本文中,为了确定在冲突背景下改善群体间关系的情感机制,我们研究了道德提升对改善群体间关系的影响。通过在四个直接受群体间冲突影响或威胁的国家进行的四项实验研究(Ns = 1,131),我们证明了诱导道德提升会引起对敌对群体的重要认知和情感转变,从而改善群体间关系。具体来说,我们表明,通过讲述外群体道德模范(冒着生命危险拯救外群体成员生命的人)的故事来诱导道德提升,会增强对群体间道德相似性的认知和对外群体的积极情绪,从而促进更多的接近和亲社会的群体间行为。事实证明,这种模式在四种不同的背景下是一致的:非冲突(瑞典)、持续冲突(巴基斯坦)、长期冲突(塞尔维亚)和冲突后(波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那)。本文通过确定一种有利于改善冲突背景下群体间关系的新型情感机制,推进了现有的积极情绪理论,并扩大了学习相关他人模范道德行为的影响。最终,这篇文章强调了道德提升在使用群体间干预措施缓解群体间冲突中的相关性。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Ostracism in everyday life: A framework of threat and behavioral responses in real life. 日常生活中的排斥现象:现实生活中的威胁和行为反应框架。
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000471
Christiane M Büttner, Dongning Ren, Olga Stavrova, Selma C Rudert, Kipling D Williams, Rainer Greifeneder

Ostracism-being ignored and excluded-is part of many individuals' daily lives. Yet, ostracism is often studied in laboratory settings and rarely in natural settings. Here, we report one of the first investigations into ostracism in everyday life by documenting how often and where ostracism occurs; who the sources of ostracism are; and how ostracism affects targets' feelings and behaviors. Two experience sampling studies using event-contingent (N = 323, k = 1,107 ostracism experiences in 14 days) and time-signaling sampling approaches (N = 272, k = 7,943 assessments including 767 ostracism experiences in 7 days) show that ostracism is an aversive experience that takes place in a range of contexts and relationships, as often as two to three times per week on average. Reconciling previously mixed findings regarding ostracism's effects on behavior and extending existing theory, we propose a novel framework of behavioral reactions based on need-threat levels: When psychological needs are severely threatened, individuals react to everyday ostracism with avoidance (i.e., withdrawal) and antisocial inclinations (i.e., they exhibit significantly stronger antisocial intentions, although they do not engage in antisocial behavior more frequently). Conversely, when psychological needs are threatened to a lesser extent, individuals are more likely to adopt approach behaviors (i.e., prosocial behavior, talking to others, or connecting with them on social media). Our findings considerably extend present theorizing in ostracism research as they allow to understand when and how individuals experience everyday ostracism and how behavioral reactions after ostracism form in real life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

排斥--被忽视和排斥--是许多人日常生活的一部分。然而,人们通常在实验室环境中研究排斥现象,而很少在自然环境中进行研究。在此,我们报告了对日常生活中排斥现象的首次调查,记录了排斥现象发生的频率和地点、排斥现象的来源以及排斥现象如何影响排斥对象的情感和行为。两项经验取样研究分别采用了事件条件取样法(N = 323,k = 1,107 次排斥经验,历时 14 天)和时间信号取样法(N = 272,k = 7,943 次评估,包括 767 次排斥经验,历时 7 天),结果表明,排斥是一种在各种环境和关系中发生的厌恶经验,平均每周发生 2 到 3 次。为了调和之前关于排斥对行为影响的混合研究结果并扩展现有理论,我们提出了一个基于需求-威胁水平的行为反应新框架:当心理需求受到严重威胁时,个体会以回避(即退缩)和反社会倾向(即表现出明显更强烈的反社会意图,尽管他们并没有更频繁地参与反社会行为)来应对日常的排斥行为。相反,当心理需求受到较小程度的威胁时,个体更有可能采取接近行为(即亲社会行为、与他人交谈或在社交媒体上与他人联系)。我们的研究结果极大地扩展了目前排斥研究的理论,因为它们有助于了解个体何时、如何经历日常排斥,以及排斥后的行为反应在现实生活中是如何形成的。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
How virtue, competence, and dominance conjointly shape status attainment at work: Integrating person-centered and variable-centered approaches. 美德、能力和支配地位如何共同塑造工作中的地位成就:整合以人为本和以变量为本的方法。
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-15 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000403
Feng Bai, Katrina Jia Lin, Jin Yan, Huisi Jessica Li

Status researchers have recognized virtue, competence, and dominance as distinct, viable routes to attaining status. While acknowledging that these routes could be compatible and may not operate independently, prior research relying on a variable-centered perspective has largely neglected their potentially complex interactions. This article integrates a person-centered perspective with the variable-centered perspective to explore how different routes conjointly shape workplace status. Study 1A (N = 537) employs latent profile analysis, an inductive person-centered method, to re-analyze existing survey data, identifying seven distinct profiles of virtue, competence, and dominance that people use to attain status. Study 1B (N = 988) confirms the existence of these profiles in an independent sample of full-time U.S. workers, albeit with nuanced differences in levels. Across our initial studies, these profiles differ in status attainment, with a profile characterized by high virtue and competence but low dominance associated with the highest status-a key discovery challenging to uncover using the variable-centered approach alone. Study 2 (N = 792), a preregistered experiment manipulating the three routes in hypothetical scenarios, gathers causal evidence confirming these profiles' varying effectiveness. Study 3 (N = 785), another preregistered experiment using refined manipulations, corroborates the findings of Study 2 and provides evidence for the relevance of these causal insights to real-life workplace contexts. This research has several crucial implications: reaching the top requires a combination of multiple routes; conflating virtue and competence under the umbrella of "prestige" obscures their unique contributions; and dominance's positive effect on status is not universally applicable. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

地位研究者认为,美德、能力和支配地位是获得地位的不同可行途径。虽然承认这些途径可能相互兼容,也可能不是独立运行的,但之前的研究依赖于以变量为中心的视角,在很大程度上忽视了它们之间潜在的复杂互动。本文将以人为中心的视角与以变量为中心的视角相结合,探讨不同途径如何共同塑造职场地位。研究 1A(N = 537)采用以人为中心的归纳法--潜在特征分析法,重新分析了现有的调查数据,确定了人们用来获得地位的美德、能力和主导地位等七个不同特征。研究 1B(N = 988)证实了这些特征在独立的美国全职工作者样本中的存在,尽管在水平上存在细微差别。在我们的初步研究中,这些特征在获得地位方面存在差异,其中以高尚品德和能力但低支配力为特征的特征与最高地位相关--这是以变量为中心的方法难以发现的关键发现。研究 2(N = 792)是一项预先登记的实验,在假设情景中操纵三种途径,收集因果证据,证实这些特征的不同有效性。研究 3(N = 785)是另一项预先登记的实验,采用了细化的操作方法,证实了研究 2 的结果,并提供了这些因果关系见解与现实工作环境相关性的证据。这项研究有几个重要的意义:达到顶峰需要多种途径的结合;将美德和能力混淆在 "声望 "的大标题下,掩盖了它们的独特贡献;支配地位对地位的积极影响并不是普遍适用的。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Why we do what we do matters for how we feel: Links among autonomous goal regulation, need fulfillment, and well-being in daily life. 我们为什么要做我们所做的事,这关系到我们的感受:日常生活中自主目标调节、需求满足和幸福感之间的联系。
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000522
Anne Sosin, Andreas B Neubauer

Reasons for pursuing self-set goals have been linked to well-being. The present article examines the link between autonomous goal regulation (the why of goal pursuit) and well-being, considering the role of the basic psychological needs, effort, and goal progress. Three studies were conducted using experience sampling methods in which German-speaking participants (Study 1: N = 207, Study 2: N = 717, Study 3: N = 703) completed 1-4 daily questionnaires over 21 consecutive days. Multilevel structural equation models were used to capture the structure of autonomous goal regulation and need fulfillment on the within-person (moment-to-moment/day-to-day), the between-goal, and the between-person levels. Additionally, the links among the degree of relative autonomous goal regulation, need fulfillment, and well-being were investigated on all three levels. Relative autonomous goal regulation was consistently linked to need fulfillment, which in turn was associated with well-being on the within-person level. On the between-goal and between-person levels, results differed slightly between the three studies but overall suggested similar results as on the within-person level. These findings highlight the central role of the why of goal pursuit for individual's daily well-being. Understanding the link between individual goals and well-being in everyday life may be an important step in helping individuals make better choices about their goals, which in turn could improve their overall well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

追求自我设定目标的原因与幸福感有关。本文探讨了自主目标调节(追求目标的原因)与幸福感之间的联系,并考虑了基本心理需求、努力和目标进展的作用。我们采用经验取样法进行了三项研究,德语参与者(研究 1:207 人;研究 2:717 人;研究 3:703 人)在连续 21 天内每天填写 1-4 份问卷。研究采用了多层次结构方程模型来捕捉自主目标调节和需求满足在人内(瞬间到瞬间/日常)、目标间和人与人之间的结构。此外,还在所有三个层面上研究了相对自主目标调节程度、需求满足和幸福感之间的联系。在人内层面上,相对自主的目标调控与需求满足始终相关,而需求满足又与幸福感相关。在目标间和人与人之间的层面上,三项研究的结果略有不同,但总体上与人内层面的结果相似。这些发现凸显了目标追求对于个人日常幸福感的核心作用。了解个人目标与日常生活幸福感之间的联系可能是帮助个人更好地选择目标的重要一步,这反过来又能提高他们的整体幸福感。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Growing up to be mature and confident? The longitudinal interplay between the Big Five and self-esteem in adolescence. 成长为成熟自信的人?青春期五大特征与自尊之间的纵向相互作用。
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000518
Kristina Bien, Jenny Wagner, Naemi D Brandt

Adolescence is a formative life phase for the development of personality characteristics. Although past findings suggest Big Five traits alongside self-esteem as indicators for successful development, little is known about their longitudinal interplay. We addressed this research gap by integrating data from three longitudinal studies (NT1 = 1,088; Mage = 16.02 years, 72% female). We apply continuous time modeling to investigate longitudinal associations between Big Five traits and self-esteem in a period of up to 1 year. Results illustrate four main findings: First, rank-order stabilities were overall high for all personality characteristics. Second, longitudinal associations between Big Five traits and self-esteem were reciprocal for extraversion, neuroticism, and openness but one-sided for agreeableness and conscientiousness on self-esteem. Effects peaked within the first month and mostly faded after 2 months. Third, the majority of cross-effects were similar in size; however, the effect from neuroticism on later values of self-esteem was stronger than vice versa. Fourth, most effects were robust against influences of gender, age, and study characteristics. Analyses with acquaintance-reports supported the results but suggested stronger effects that lasted longer than effects of self-reports. We conclude that the development of personality characteristics acts as possible sources of development for each other. All in all, the interplay between Big Five and self-esteem development appears reciprocal for some traits but was most often driven by Big Five traits. We integrate our findings into three contrasting theoretical perspectives and discuss the importance of time for a better understanding of personality development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

青春期是人格特征发展的形成期。尽管过去的研究结果表明,大五特质和自尊是成功发展的指标,但人们对它们之间的纵向相互作用知之甚少。针对这一研究空白,我们整合了三项纵向研究的数据(NT1 = 1,088; 年龄 = 16.02 岁,72% 为女性)。我们采用连续时间模型来研究大五特质与自尊之间长达一年的纵向关联。结果显示了四个主要发现:首先,所有人格特征的秩序稳定性都很高。其次,外向性、神经质和开放性的大五特质与自尊之间的纵向联系是互惠的,而宜人性和自觉性对自尊的影响则是单向的。影响在第一个月内达到顶峰,两个月后大部分消失。第三,大多数交叉效应的大小相似;然而,神经质对后来自尊值的影响比反之更强。第四,大多数效应不受性别、年龄和研究特征的影响。对熟人报告的分析支持上述结果,但与自我报告的影响相比,熟人报告的影响更强,持续时间更长。我们的结论是,人格特征的发展可能是彼此发展的源泉。总而言之,对于某些特质而言,大五人格和自尊发展之间的相互作用似乎是互惠的,但大多数情况下是由大五人格特质驱动的。我们将研究结果整合到三种不同的理论视角中,并讨论了时间对于更好地理解人格发展的重要性。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Living while fat: Development and validation of the Fat Microaggressions Scale. 在肥胖中生活:开发并验证了 "脂肪微诽谤量表"。
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000450
Megan R Lindloff, Angela Meadows, Rachel M Calogero

Fat microaggressions are microlevel social practices in the form of commonplace everyday indignities that insult fat people and have been documented anecdotally and qualitatively. However, no psychometrically validated scale exists for measuring fat microaggressions, despite decades of microaggression research demonstrating their negative health associations. This research describes the development and construct validation of the Fat Microaggressions Scale across four studies. Study 1 focused on item development through a systematic review, qualitative analysis of Tweets using #fatmicroaggressions, and a Delphi review. Study 2 (N = 343) determined that a four-factor structure was appropriate in an online community sample of fat adults. Study 3 (N = 410) confirmed the factor structure in a new online sample of fat adults and provided initial evidence of construct validity. Study 4 (N = 197) found evidence of test-retest reliability and demonstrated additional construct validity. Our findings offer a newly validated quantitative measure of fat microaggressions and an initial framework for naming and categorizing these experiences, which may be used to advance the study of fat microaggressions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

微胖侵害是一种微观层面的社会行为,其形式是日常侮辱胖子的常见侮辱行为,已有轶事和定性记录。然而,尽管数十年的微侵害研究表明,微侵害对健康有负面影响,但目前还没有经过心理计量学验证的量表来测量脂肪微侵害。本研究通过四项研究介绍了脂肪微小诽谤量表的开发和结构验证。研究 1 的重点是通过系统回顾、对使用 #fatmicroaggressions 的推文进行定性分析以及德尔菲审查来开发项目。研究 2(样本数 = 343)确定了四因素结构适合肥胖成人在线社区样本。研究 3(样本数 = 410)在一个新的肥胖成人在线样本中确认了因子结构,并提供了构建有效性的初步证据。研究 4(N = 197)发现了测试-再测试可靠性的证据,并证明了更多的构建有效性。我们的研究结果提供了一种新近验证的脂肪微小诽谤定量测量方法,以及命名和分类这些经历的初步框架,可用于推进脂肪微小诽谤的研究。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Perilous and unaccountable: The positive relationship between dominance and moral hazard behaviors. 危险和不负责任:支配地位与道德风险行为之间的正相关关系。
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000448
Garrett L Brady, Hemant Kakkar, Niro Sivanathan

Moral hazard involves a context where decision-makers engage in behaviors that prioritize self-interest while allowing the associated risk to be primarily borne by others. Such decision making can lead to catastrophic consequences, as seen in the 2008 global financial crisis after hedge fund managers indiscriminately invested their clients' money in subprime mortgages. This research examines which decision-makers are most likely to engage in moral hazard decision making and the psychological mechanism driving this behavior. Drawing on the dual model of social influence, we posit that individuals associated with dominance, but not prestige, will engage in greater moral hazard behaviors. We further contend that these behaviors are driven by dominant decision-makers' enhanced focus on end goals (outcomes) rather than the means (process) that they use to pursue such goals. We find support for our hypotheses across 13 studies (NObservations = 26,880; of which eight were preregistered and six studies are reported in the Supplemental Materials), using both correlational and experimental designs. Additionally, we vary the moral hazard context (e.g., a financial setting, a health and safety issue, etc.) and capture both behavioral intentions and actual behaviors, while also ruling out several alternative explanations. These findings demonstrate that dominant decision-makers engage in moral hazard behaviors because of their tendency to prioritize outcomes over processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

道德风险是指决策者的行为优先考虑自身利益,而让他人承担相关风险。这种决策可能会导致灾难性后果,2008 年全球金融危机中,对冲基金经理不加区分地将客户的资金投资于次级抵押贷款就是一例。本研究探讨了哪些决策者最有可能做出道德风险决策,以及驱动这种行为的心理机制。借鉴社会影响的双重模型,我们认为,与支配地位相关的个体会做出更多道德风险行为,而与威望无关。我们进一步认为,这些行为的驱动因素是占主导地位的决策者更加关注最终目标(结果),而不是他们追求这些目标所使用的手段(过程)。我们通过 13 项研究(NObservations = 26,880;其中 8 项是预先登记的,6 项研究的报告见补充材料),采用相关性和实验性设计,为我们的假设找到了支持。此外,我们还改变了道德风险的背景(如金融环境、健康和安全问题等),并捕捉了行为意图和实际行为,同时还排除了几种替代解释。这些研究结果表明,占主导地位的决策者之所以会做出道德风险行为,是因为他们倾向于优先考虑结果而不是过程。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of personality and social psychology
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