Nicolas Fay, Keith J Ransom, Bradley Walker, Piers D L Howe, Andrew Perfors, Yoshihisa Kashima
The English poet John Milton portrayed truth as a powerful warrior capable of defeating falsehood in open combat. The spread of false information online suggests otherwise. Here, we test the persuasive power and transmission potential of true versus false messages in a controlled experimental setting, free from the effects of social media algorithms and bot amplification. Across four experiments (combined N = 4,607), we tested how perceived veracity affects message persuasion and shareability, using messages generated by both humans and large language models. Experiments 1 and 2 (persuasion game) involved participants creating and evaluating persuasive messages; Experiments 3 and 4 (attention game) focused on messages optimized to capture attention. Our findings consistently show that messages created with the intention of being truthful were more persuasive and more likely to be shared than those designed to be false. While perceived message truth was the main driver of persuasion, message transmission was primarily driven by positive emotion and social engagement, indicating that social connection is prioritized during information sharing. These results suggest that truth holds a competitive edge in the marketplace of ideas. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
英国诗人约翰·弥尔顿将真理描绘成一个强大的战士，能够在公开的战斗中击败谎言。网上虚假信息的传播表明情况并非如此。在这里，我们在一个受控的实验环境中测试了真实与虚假信息的说服力和传播潜力，不受社交媒体算法和机器人放大的影响。在四个实验中（合计N = 4,607），我们使用人类和大型语言模型生成的消息来测试感知真实性如何影响消息说服力和可共享性。实验1和2（说服游戏）涉及参与者创造和评估有说服力的信息；实验3和实验4（注意力游戏）关注的是吸引注意力的优化信息。我们的研究结果一致表明，以真实为目的的信息比那些设计为虚假的信息更有说服力，更容易被分享。感知信息真实性是说服的主要驱动力，而信息传播主要受积极情绪和社会参与的驱动，这表明在信息共享过程中，社会联系是优先考虑的。这些结果表明，真理在思想市场中具有竞争优势。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Truth over falsehood: Experimental evidence on what persuades and spreads.","authors":"Nicolas Fay, Keith J Ransom, Bradley Walker, Piers D L Howe, Andrew Perfors, Yoshihisa Kashima","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000467","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pspa0000467","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The English poet John Milton portrayed truth as a powerful warrior capable of defeating falsehood in open combat. The spread of false information online suggests otherwise. Here, we test the persuasive power and transmission potential of true versus false messages in a controlled experimental setting, free from the effects of social media algorithms and bot amplification. Across four experiments (combined <i>N</i> = 4,607), we tested how perceived veracity affects message persuasion and shareability, using messages generated by both humans and large language models. Experiments 1 and 2 (persuasion game) involved participants creating and evaluating persuasive messages; Experiments 3 and 4 (attention game) focused on messages optimized to capture attention. Our findings consistently show that messages created with the intention of being truthful were more persuasive and more likely to be shared than those designed to be false. While perceived message truth was the main driver of persuasion, message transmission was primarily driven by positive emotion and social engagement, indicating that social connection is prioritized during information sharing. These results suggest that truth holds a competitive edge in the marketplace of ideas. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145191646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-29DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000579.supp
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Knowing Yourself and Your Partner: Accuracy of Personality Judgment in Recently Cohabiting Couples","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000579.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000579.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145254880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-24DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000461.supp
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Downward Spiral: Police-Threat Associations and Perceptions of Aggression During Arrests Are Mutually Reinforcing","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000461.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000461.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145134630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chau B Tran,Katya Ivanova,Olga Stavrova,Anne K Reitz
Becoming a parent is a major life event associated with changes in psychological well-being. Existing research has often focused on the long-term development of trait well-being, leaving several gaps unaddressed. The current preregistered study employed three waves of intensive longitudinal data, including 7-day experience sampling data per wave, to investigate psychological well-being trajectories across the transition to motherhood. This approach provides novel, detailed insights into the timing of well-being changes (beyond traditional annual assessments), explores developments in different change indicators (mean-level, intraindividual variability, and individual differences), and various well-being components (affective, cognitive, and meaning in life) during this critical life transition. Following 161 first-time Dutch mothers from 20 weeks of pregnancy to 6 months postpartum, we observed increases in positive affect and meaning in life, along with decreases in life and relationship satisfaction that occurred between pregnancy and 2-3 months postpartum, with no significant changes afterward. In contrast, no significant changes in intraindividual variability in well-being (i.e., well-being fluctuations from moment to moment and day to day) were observed throughout the transition. There were both similarities and differences between the trajectories of trait and mean-state measures of different well-being outcomes, and additional exploratory analyses highlighted how various daily predictors (e.g., sleep quality, infant crying) became more (or less) important for mothers' well-being as they moved across the transition. The present study contributed to a better understanding of how the changes in a broad range of well-being components and other parameters unfold across the transition to motherhood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
为人父母是与心理健康变化相关的重大生活事件。现有的研究往往集中在特质幸福感的长期发展上，留下了一些空白。目前的预登记研究采用了三波密集的纵向数据，包括每波7天的经验抽样数据，以调查过渡到母亲的心理健康轨迹。这种方法为幸福感变化的时间（超越传统的年度评估）提供了新颖、详细的见解，探索了在这一关键的生命转变过程中不同变化指标（平均水平、个体内部变异和个体差异）和各种幸福感组成部分（情感、认知和生活意义）的发展。从怀孕20周到产后6个月，我们观察了161位荷兰母亲，她们的积极情绪和生活意义有所增加，同时在怀孕到产后2-3个月期间，生活和关系满意度有所下降，之后没有明显变化。相比之下，在整个过渡期间，没有观察到幸福感的个人内部变异性（即幸福感每时每刻和每天的波动）发生重大变化。不同幸福结果的特征和平均状态测量的轨迹之间既有相似之处，也有差异，另外的探索性分析强调了不同的日常预测因素（例如，睡眠质量，婴儿哭泣）如何在过渡期间对母亲的幸福变得更重要（或更不重要）。本研究有助于更好地理解在过渡到母亲的过程中，广泛的幸福成分和其他参数的变化是如何展开的。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Changes in psychological well-being across the transition to motherhood: Combining longitudinal and experience sampling methods.","authors":"Chau B Tran,Katya Ivanova,Olga Stavrova,Anne K Reitz","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000573","url":null,"abstract":"Becoming a parent is a major life event associated with changes in psychological well-being. Existing research has often focused on the long-term development of trait well-being, leaving several gaps unaddressed. The current preregistered study employed three waves of intensive longitudinal data, including 7-day experience sampling data per wave, to investigate psychological well-being trajectories across the transition to motherhood. This approach provides novel, detailed insights into the timing of well-being changes (beyond traditional annual assessments), explores developments in different change indicators (mean-level, intraindividual variability, and individual differences), and various well-being components (affective, cognitive, and meaning in life) during this critical life transition. Following 161 first-time Dutch mothers from 20 weeks of pregnancy to 6 months postpartum, we observed increases in positive affect and meaning in life, along with decreases in life and relationship satisfaction that occurred between pregnancy and 2-3 months postpartum, with no significant changes afterward. In contrast, no significant changes in intraindividual variability in well-being (i.e., well-being fluctuations from moment to moment and day to day) were observed throughout the transition. There were both similarities and differences between the trajectories of trait and mean-state measures of different well-being outcomes, and additional exploratory analyses highlighted how various daily predictors (e.g., sleep quality, infant crying) became more (or less) important for mothers' well-being as they moved across the transition. The present study contributed to a better understanding of how the changes in a broad range of well-being components and other parameters unfold across the transition to motherhood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel J Chiacchia,George E Newman,Rachel L Ruttan
Which mental process reveals one's authentic preference-deliberative reasoning or one's gut impulses? The existing literature offers conflicting answers to this question: Some research suggests that people generally see deliberation as more fundamental, while other work suggests that people see intuition as more fundamental. This article argues that belief in a true self provides a unifying framework to explain when participants will attribute one's authentic preference to either System 1 or System 2. In line with predictions made by our theory, the results from four experiments (N = 3,399 American adults) show that attributions about others' authentic preferences vary predictably across normative and nonnormative contexts. Further, we show that the more participants report believing in a good true self, the more their judgments about others adhere to a predictable pattern, and directly manipulating information about a target's true self changes people's judgments about a target's authentic preferences. By integrating theories of decision conflict and existing research on the true self, this work advances our understanding of how people reason about others' minds, revealing how lay theories about identity can systematically shape social prediction and judgment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
哪个心理过程揭示了一个人真正的偏好——深思熟虑的推理还是直觉的冲动？现有的文献对这个问题给出了相互矛盾的答案：一些研究表明，人们通常认为深思熟虑更基本，而另一些研究表明，人们认为直觉更基本。本文认为，对真实自我的信念提供了一个统一的框架来解释参与者何时将自己的真实偏好归因于系统1或系统2。与我们的理论预测一致，四个实验（N = 3399名美国成年人）的结果表明，在规范和非规范环境中，对他人真实偏好的归因是可以预测的。此外，我们发现，越多的参与者报告相信一个好的真实自我，他们对他人的判断就越遵循一个可预测的模式，并且直接操纵关于目标真实自我的信息会改变人们对目标真实偏好的判断。通过整合决策冲突理论和对真实自我的现有研究，这项工作促进了我们对人们如何推断他人思想的理解，揭示了关于身份的非专业理论如何系统地塑造社会预测和判断。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"The head, heart, and soul: Lay theories of decision conflict and the role of the true self.","authors":"Daniel J Chiacchia,George E Newman,Rachel L Ruttan","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000465","url":null,"abstract":"Which mental process reveals one's authentic preference-deliberative reasoning or one's gut impulses? The existing literature offers conflicting answers to this question: Some research suggests that people generally see deliberation as more fundamental, while other work suggests that people see intuition as more fundamental. This article argues that belief in a true self provides a unifying framework to explain when participants will attribute one's authentic preference to either System 1 or System 2. In line with predictions made by our theory, the results from four experiments (N = 3,399 American adults) show that attributions about others' authentic preferences vary predictably across normative and nonnormative contexts. Further, we show that the more participants report believing in a good true self, the more their judgments about others adhere to a predictable pattern, and directly manipulating information about a target's true self changes people's judgments about a target's authentic preferences. By integrating theories of decision conflict and existing research on the true self, this work advances our understanding of how people reason about others' minds, revealing how lay theories about identity can systematically shape social prediction and judgment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Whitney R Ringwald,Katherine M Lawson,Aleksandra Kaurin,Richard W Robins
Theories of personality development emphasize the continuity between who we are as a child and who we are as an adult. The conceptual overlap in influential trait taxonomies designed for children (Rothbart's temperament model) and adults (the Big Five personality) has reinforced theories about developmental continuity, but key hypotheses remain untested because no studies have linked these trait models longitudinally. To bridge this divide, the present study used longitudinal data from a sample of 674 Mexican-origin youth who completed assessments of Rothbart's temperament traits (i.e., Negative Emotionality, Surgency, Affiliation, Effortful Control) from ages 10 to 16 and assessments of Big Five personality traits from ages 14 to 26. Leveraging two waves of overlapping temperament/personality trait assessments at ages 14 and 16, we found the following: (a) continuity between childhood/adolescent temperament and age 26 personality, with the strongest associations between conceptually similar traits, and Effortful Control predicting all Big Five traits (except Extraversion), suggesting self-regulation broadly promotes maturation; (b) temperament starts predicting adult personality traits by age 12-14, consistent with theory positing the temperamental foundations of adult personality crystallize in adolescence; (c) conceptually similar temperament/personality traits reflect different expressions of the same underlying trait from age 10 to 26, established by latent growth models of joint temperament/personality factors; and (d) mean-level personality development across late childhood to adulthood showing that all joint traits maintain consistent rank-order stability and youth increase in Effortful Control/Conscientiousness, decrease in Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism and Surgency/Extraversion, and do not change in Affiliation/Agreeableness. Findings add novel support for widely accepted-yet largely untested-theories, although some unexpected results undermine prevailing assumptions about personality trait development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
人格发展理论强调我们作为一个孩子和我们作为一个成年人之间的连续性。为儿童（罗斯巴特的气质模型）和成人（大五人格）设计的有影响力的特质分类概念上的重叠强化了关于发展连续性的理论，但关键的假设仍然未经检验，因为没有研究将这些特质模型纵向地联系起来。为了弥合这一鸿沟，本研究使用了674名墨西哥裔青年样本的纵向数据，这些青年在10至16岁期间完成了罗斯巴特气质特征（即消极情绪、急躁、隶属、努力控制）的评估，并在14至26岁期间完成了五大人格特征的评估。利用14岁和16岁两波重叠的气质/人格特质评估，我们发现：(a)童年/青少年气质与26岁人格之间存在连续性，其中概念相似的特质与努力控制之间的相关性最强，而努力控制预测了所有五大特质（外向性除外），表明自我调节在很大程度上促进了成熟；(b)气质在12-14岁时开始预测成年人的性格特征，这与成人性格的气质基础在青春期形成的理论一致；(c)概念相似的气质/人格特质反映了10 ~ 26岁同一潜在特质的不同表达，这是由气质/人格联合因素潜在增长模型建立的；(d)从童年晚期到成年的平均水平人格发展表明，所有联合特征保持一致的等级顺序稳定性，青少年在努力控制/尽责性方面增加，消极情绪/神经质和急躁/外向性方面减少，而在亲和性/亲和性方面没有变化。尽管一些意想不到的结果削弱了关于人格特质发展的普遍假设，但这些发现为广泛接受但基本上未经检验的理论提供了新的支持。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Linking temperament and personality traits from late childhood to adulthood by examining continuity, stability, and change.","authors":"Whitney R Ringwald,Katherine M Lawson,Aleksandra Kaurin,Richard W Robins","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000576","url":null,"abstract":"Theories of personality development emphasize the continuity between who we are as a child and who we are as an adult. The conceptual overlap in influential trait taxonomies designed for children (Rothbart's temperament model) and adults (the Big Five personality) has reinforced theories about developmental continuity, but key hypotheses remain untested because no studies have linked these trait models longitudinally. To bridge this divide, the present study used longitudinal data from a sample of 674 Mexican-origin youth who completed assessments of Rothbart's temperament traits (i.e., Negative Emotionality, Surgency, Affiliation, Effortful Control) from ages 10 to 16 and assessments of Big Five personality traits from ages 14 to 26. Leveraging two waves of overlapping temperament/personality trait assessments at ages 14 and 16, we found the following: (a) continuity between childhood/adolescent temperament and age 26 personality, with the strongest associations between conceptually similar traits, and Effortful Control predicting all Big Five traits (except Extraversion), suggesting self-regulation broadly promotes maturation; (b) temperament starts predicting adult personality traits by age 12-14, consistent with theory positing the temperamental foundations of adult personality crystallize in adolescence; (c) conceptually similar temperament/personality traits reflect different expressions of the same underlying trait from age 10 to 26, established by latent growth models of joint temperament/personality factors; and (d) mean-level personality development across late childhood to adulthood showing that all joint traits maintain consistent rank-order stability and youth increase in Effortful Control/Conscientiousness, decrease in Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism and Surgency/Extraversion, and do not change in Affiliation/Agreeableness. Findings add novel support for widely accepted-yet largely untested-theories, although some unexpected results undermine prevailing assumptions about personality trait development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-18DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000467.supp
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Truth Over Falsehood: Experimental Evidence on What Persuades and Spreads","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000467.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000467.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145083927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-15DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000465.supp
{"title":"Supplemental Material for The Head, Heart, and Soul: Lay Theories of Decision Conflict and the Role of the True Self","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000465.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000465.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine the equality preferences of resource allocators, finding that a ubiquitous situational factor-the mere number of recipients (N)-shapes the trade-offs these allocators make between their equality concerns and other considerations. Specifically, our studies offer evidence for an N-Equality effect: Third-party allocators become less concerned about inequality as the number of recipients increases. A pilot study illustrates the N-Equality effect with university faculty salaries, showing that the variance in faculty salaries increases with department size. Study 1 offers experimental evidence that allocators facing a trade-off between equality and the distributive principles of efficiency and equity give less weight to equality as the number of recipients increases, and supplemental experiments replicate the effect with different equality-efficiency trade-offs. Study 2 reveals the N-Equality effect in allocators' choice that requires an equality-equity trade-off between low variance and high variance distributions. Studies 3a-c implicate the contribution of social comparison to the N-Equality effect, linking allocators' preferences to their concerns over social comparison among recipients (Studies 3a and 3c) and showing this concern mediates the N-Equality effect (Study 3b). We conclude with implications for inequality research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"N-equality: Inequality increases with the number of allocation recipients.","authors":"Stephen M Garcia,Avishalom Tor","doi":"10.1037/pspi0000504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000504","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the equality preferences of resource allocators, finding that a ubiquitous situational factor-the mere number of recipients (N)-shapes the trade-offs these allocators make between their equality concerns and other considerations. Specifically, our studies offer evidence for an N-Equality effect: Third-party allocators become less concerned about inequality as the number of recipients increases. A pilot study illustrates the N-Equality effect with university faculty salaries, showing that the variance in faculty salaries increases with department size. Study 1 offers experimental evidence that allocators facing a trade-off between equality and the distributive principles of efficiency and equity give less weight to equality as the number of recipients increases, and supplemental experiments replicate the effect with different equality-efficiency trade-offs. Study 2 reveals the N-Equality effect in allocators' choice that requires an equality-equity trade-off between low variance and high variance distributions. Studies 3a-c implicate the contribution of social comparison to the N-Equality effect, linking allocators' preferences to their concerns over social comparison among recipients (Studies 3a and 3c) and showing this concern mediates the N-Equality effect (Study 3b). We conclude with implications for inequality research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145058957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-15DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000573.supp
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Changes in Psychological Well-Being Across the Transition to Motherhood: Combining Longitudinal and Experience Sampling Methods","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000573.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000573.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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