Whitney R Ringwald,Katherine M Lawson,Aleksandra Kaurin,Richard W Robins
Theories of personality development emphasize the continuity between who we are as a child and who we are as an adult. The conceptual overlap in influential trait taxonomies designed for children (Rothbart's temperament model) and adults (the Big Five personality) has reinforced theories about developmental continuity, but key hypotheses remain untested because no studies have linked these trait models longitudinally. To bridge this divide, the present study used longitudinal data from a sample of 674 Mexican-origin youth who completed assessments of Rothbart's temperament traits (i.e., Negative Emotionality, Surgency, Affiliation, Effortful Control) from ages 10 to 16 and assessments of Big Five personality traits from ages 14 to 26. Leveraging two waves of overlapping temperament/personality trait assessments at ages 14 and 16, we found the following: (a) continuity between childhood/adolescent temperament and age 26 personality, with the strongest associations between conceptually similar traits, and Effortful Control predicting all Big Five traits (except Extraversion), suggesting self-regulation broadly promotes maturation; (b) temperament starts predicting adult personality traits by age 12-14, consistent with theory positing the temperamental foundations of adult personality crystallize in adolescence; (c) conceptually similar temperament/personality traits reflect different expressions of the same underlying trait from age 10 to 26, established by latent growth models of joint temperament/personality factors; and (d) mean-level personality development across late childhood to adulthood showing that all joint traits maintain consistent rank-order stability and youth increase in Effortful Control/Conscientiousness, decrease in Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism and Surgency/Extraversion, and do not change in Affiliation/Agreeableness. Findings add novel support for widely accepted-yet largely untested-theories, although some unexpected results undermine prevailing assumptions about personality trait development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
人格发展理论强调我们作为一个孩子和我们作为一个成年人之间的连续性。为儿童（罗斯巴特的气质模型）和成人（大五人格）设计的有影响力的特质分类概念上的重叠强化了关于发展连续性的理论，但关键的假设仍然未经检验，因为没有研究将这些特质模型纵向地联系起来。为了弥合这一鸿沟，本研究使用了674名墨西哥裔青年样本的纵向数据，这些青年在10至16岁期间完成了罗斯巴特气质特征（即消极情绪、急躁、隶属、努力控制）的评估，并在14至26岁期间完成了五大人格特征的评估。利用14岁和16岁两波重叠的气质/人格特质评估，我们发现：(a)童年/青少年气质与26岁人格之间存在连续性，其中概念相似的特质与努力控制之间的相关性最强，而努力控制预测了所有五大特质（外向性除外），表明自我调节在很大程度上促进了成熟；(b)气质在12-14岁时开始预测成年人的性格特征，这与成人性格的气质基础在青春期形成的理论一致；(c)概念相似的气质/人格特质反映了10 ~ 26岁同一潜在特质的不同表达，这是由气质/人格联合因素潜在增长模型建立的；(d)从童年晚期到成年的平均水平人格发展表明，所有联合特征保持一致的等级顺序稳定性，青少年在努力控制/尽责性方面增加，消极情绪/神经质和急躁/外向性方面减少，而在亲和性/亲和性方面没有变化。尽管一些意想不到的结果削弱了关于人格特质发展的普遍假设，但这些发现为广泛接受但基本上未经检验的理论提供了新的支持。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Linking temperament and personality traits from late childhood to adulthood by examining continuity, stability, and change.","authors":"Whitney R Ringwald,Katherine M Lawson,Aleksandra Kaurin,Richard W Robins","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000576","url":null,"abstract":"Theories of personality development emphasize the continuity between who we are as a child and who we are as an adult. The conceptual overlap in influential trait taxonomies designed for children (Rothbart's temperament model) and adults (the Big Five personality) has reinforced theories about developmental continuity, but key hypotheses remain untested because no studies have linked these trait models longitudinally. To bridge this divide, the present study used longitudinal data from a sample of 674 Mexican-origin youth who completed assessments of Rothbart's temperament traits (i.e., Negative Emotionality, Surgency, Affiliation, Effortful Control) from ages 10 to 16 and assessments of Big Five personality traits from ages 14 to 26. Leveraging two waves of overlapping temperament/personality trait assessments at ages 14 and 16, we found the following: (a) continuity between childhood/adolescent temperament and age 26 personality, with the strongest associations between conceptually similar traits, and Effortful Control predicting all Big Five traits (except Extraversion), suggesting self-regulation broadly promotes maturation; (b) temperament starts predicting adult personality traits by age 12-14, consistent with theory positing the temperamental foundations of adult personality crystallize in adolescence; (c) conceptually similar temperament/personality traits reflect different expressions of the same underlying trait from age 10 to 26, established by latent growth models of joint temperament/personality factors; and (d) mean-level personality development across late childhood to adulthood showing that all joint traits maintain consistent rank-order stability and youth increase in Effortful Control/Conscientiousness, decrease in Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism and Surgency/Extraversion, and do not change in Affiliation/Agreeableness. Findings add novel support for widely accepted-yet largely untested-theories, although some unexpected results undermine prevailing assumptions about personality trait development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-18DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000467.supp
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Truth Over Falsehood: Experimental Evidence on What Persuades and Spreads","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000467.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000467.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145083927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-15DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000465.supp
{"title":"Supplemental Material for The Head, Heart, and Soul: Lay Theories of Decision Conflict and the Role of the True Self","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000465.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000465.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine the equality preferences of resource allocators, finding that a ubiquitous situational factor-the mere number of recipients (N)-shapes the trade-offs these allocators make between their equality concerns and other considerations. Specifically, our studies offer evidence for an N-Equality effect: Third-party allocators become less concerned about inequality as the number of recipients increases. A pilot study illustrates the N-Equality effect with university faculty salaries, showing that the variance in faculty salaries increases with department size. Study 1 offers experimental evidence that allocators facing a trade-off between equality and the distributive principles of efficiency and equity give less weight to equality as the number of recipients increases, and supplemental experiments replicate the effect with different equality-efficiency trade-offs. Study 2 reveals the N-Equality effect in allocators' choice that requires an equality-equity trade-off between low variance and high variance distributions. Studies 3a-c implicate the contribution of social comparison to the N-Equality effect, linking allocators' preferences to their concerns over social comparison among recipients (Studies 3a and 3c) and showing this concern mediates the N-Equality effect (Study 3b). We conclude with implications for inequality research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"N-equality: Inequality increases with the number of allocation recipients.","authors":"Stephen M Garcia,Avishalom Tor","doi":"10.1037/pspi0000504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000504","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the equality preferences of resource allocators, finding that a ubiquitous situational factor-the mere number of recipients (N)-shapes the trade-offs these allocators make between their equality concerns and other considerations. Specifically, our studies offer evidence for an N-Equality effect: Third-party allocators become less concerned about inequality as the number of recipients increases. A pilot study illustrates the N-Equality effect with university faculty salaries, showing that the variance in faculty salaries increases with department size. Study 1 offers experimental evidence that allocators facing a trade-off between equality and the distributive principles of efficiency and equity give less weight to equality as the number of recipients increases, and supplemental experiments replicate the effect with different equality-efficiency trade-offs. Study 2 reveals the N-Equality effect in allocators' choice that requires an equality-equity trade-off between low variance and high variance distributions. Studies 3a-c implicate the contribution of social comparison to the N-Equality effect, linking allocators' preferences to their concerns over social comparison among recipients (Studies 3a and 3c) and showing this concern mediates the N-Equality effect (Study 3b). We conclude with implications for inequality research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145058957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-15DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000573.supp
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Changes in Psychological Well-Being Across the Transition to Motherhood: Combining Longitudinal and Experience Sampling Methods","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000573.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000573.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-11DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000504.supp
{"title":"Supplemental Material for N-Equality: Inequality Increases With the Number of Allocation Recipients","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/pspi0000504.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000504.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145056746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alice Lee-Yoon,Sherry J Wu,Jason C Chin,Heather M Caruso,Eugene M Caruso
For the past decade, the United States spent hundreds of billions of dollars annually on public welfare programs, yet over 30% of eligible individuals do not access benefits distributed through these programs. We propose that a key barrier to program participation is miscalibrated perception of public stigma-individuals' pessimistic impressions of the stigma with which the general public regards welfare-eligible people. First, we examine how people's own attitudes toward a welfare-eligible individual compare to their estimates of parallel attitudes among their peers and among the general public. Study 1 specifically categorizes spontaneous reactions to learning someone is eligible for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits: stigma, negativity about help-seeking, pity, envy, willingness to help, happiness, and admiration. Using these seven dimensions, Studies 1 and 2 demonstrate widespread pluralistic ignorance of welfare stigma: Participants believed that they held more positive, and less negative, attitudes toward SNAP-eligible individuals than did their peers or the American public. Studies 3A and 3B utilize established, incentive-compatible designs from the pluralistic ignorance literature to reveal that participants held less negative personal views about the SNAP-eligible population than they believed others did. Study 4 demonstrates the causal potential of perceived public stigma to reduce individuals' intentions to apply for SNAP and to refer the program to peers. Study 5 tests an intervention with a SNAP-eligible population to demonstrate that perceived public stigma can indeed be decreased, although the observed decreases were not sufficient to increase near-term SNAP application or referral tendencies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
在过去的十年里，美国每年在公共福利项目上花费数千亿美元，但超过30%的符合条件的个人无法获得这些项目分配的福利。我们提出，参与项目的一个关键障碍是对公众耻辱的错误看法——个人对公众对符合福利条件的人的耻辱的悲观印象。首先，我们研究了人们自己对符合福利条件的个人的态度与他们对同龄人和公众中类似态度的估计进行了比较。研究1特别将得知某人有资格获得补充营养援助计划（SNAP）福利时的自发反应分类为：耻辱，对寻求帮助的消极态度，同情，嫉妒，愿意帮助，幸福和钦佩。使用这七个维度，研究1和2显示了对福利耻辱的普遍多元无知：参与者认为，与同龄人或美国公众相比，他们对符合snap条件的个人持更积极、更少消极的态度。研究3A和3B利用多元无知文献中建立的、激励相容的设计，揭示了参与者对符合snap条件的人群持有的负面个人观点比他们认为其他人持有的负面个人观点要少。研究4表明，感知到的公众耻辱感可能会降低个人申请SNAP的意愿，并将该计划推荐给同龄人。研究5对符合SNAP条件的人群进行干预，以证明感知到的公众耻辱确实可以减少，尽管观察到的减少不足以增加近期SNAP应用或转诊倾向。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Pluralistic ignorance of stigma impedes take-up of welfare benefits.","authors":"Alice Lee-Yoon,Sherry J Wu,Jason C Chin,Heather M Caruso,Eugene M Caruso","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000466","url":null,"abstract":"For the past decade, the United States spent hundreds of billions of dollars annually on public welfare programs, yet over 30% of eligible individuals do not access benefits distributed through these programs. We propose that a key barrier to program participation is miscalibrated perception of public stigma-individuals' pessimistic impressions of the stigma with which the general public regards welfare-eligible people. First, we examine how people's own attitudes toward a welfare-eligible individual compare to their estimates of parallel attitudes among their peers and among the general public. Study 1 specifically categorizes spontaneous reactions to learning someone is eligible for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits: stigma, negativity about help-seeking, pity, envy, willingness to help, happiness, and admiration. Using these seven dimensions, Studies 1 and 2 demonstrate widespread pluralistic ignorance of welfare stigma: Participants believed that they held more positive, and less negative, attitudes toward SNAP-eligible individuals than did their peers or the American public. Studies 3A and 3B utilize established, incentive-compatible designs from the pluralistic ignorance literature to reveal that participants held less negative personal views about the SNAP-eligible population than they believed others did. Study 4 demonstrates the causal potential of perceived public stigma to reduce individuals' intentions to apply for SNAP and to refer the program to peers. Study 5 tests an intervention with a SNAP-eligible population to demonstrate that perceived public stigma can indeed be decreased, although the observed decreases were not sufficient to increase near-term SNAP application or referral tendencies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145018269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lisa R O'Bryan,Madeline Navarro,Juan Segundo Hevia,Santiago Segarra
Predicting team dynamics from personality traits remains a fundamental challenge for the psychological sciences and team-based organizations. Understanding how team composition shapes team processes can significantly advance team-based research along with providing practical guidelines for team staffing and training. Although the input-process-output model has been a useful theoretical framework for studying these connections, the complex nature of team member interactions demands a more dynamic approach. We develop a computational model of conversational turn-taking within self-organized teams that can provide insight into the relationships between team member characteristics and team communication dynamics. We focus on turn-taking patterns between team members, independent of content, which can significantly influence team emergent states and outcomes while being objectively measurable and quantifiable. As our ML-SPEAK model is trained on conversational data from teams of given trait compositions, it can learn the relationships between individual traits and speaking behaviors and predict group-wide patterns of communication based on team trait composition alone. We first evaluate the performance of our model using simulated data and then apply it to real-world data collected from self-organized student teams. In comparison to baselines, our model is more accurate at predicting speaking turn sequences and can reveal new relationships between team members' traits and their communication patterns. Our approach offers a data-driven and dynamic understanding of team processes. By bridging the gap between individual characteristics and team communication patterns, our model has the potential to inform theories of team processes and provide powerful insights into optimizing team staffing and training. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
从人格特征预测团队动态仍然是心理科学和团队型组织面临的一个基本挑战。了解团队组成如何塑造团队过程，可以显著推进基于团队的研究，并为团队人员配备和培训提供实用的指导方针。虽然输入-过程-输出模型是研究这些联系的一个有用的理论框架，但团队成员互动的复杂性需要一个更动态的方法。我们开发了一个自组织团队中会话轮换的计算模型，该模型可以深入了解团队成员特征与团队沟通动态之间的关系。我们专注于团队成员之间的轮流模式，独立于内容，可以显着影响团队的紧急状态和结果，同时客观地可测量和量化。由于我们的ML-SPEAK模型是基于给定特征组成的团队的会话数据进行训练的，因此它可以学习个体特征与说话行为之间的关系，并仅基于团队特征组成来预测整个群体的沟通模式。我们首先使用模拟数据评估模型的性能，然后将其应用于从自组织学生团队收集的真实数据。与基线相比，我们的模型在预测说话回合序列方面更准确，并且可以揭示团队成员特征和他们的沟通模式之间的新关系。我们的方法提供了对团队过程的数据驱动和动态理解。通过弥合个人特征和团队沟通模式之间的差距，我们的模型有可能为团队流程理论提供信息，并为优化团队人员配备和培训提供强有力的见解。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"ML-SPEAK: A theory-guided machine learning method for studying and predicting conversational turn-taking patterns.","authors":"Lisa R O'Bryan,Madeline Navarro,Juan Segundo Hevia,Santiago Segarra","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000575","url":null,"abstract":"Predicting team dynamics from personality traits remains a fundamental challenge for the psychological sciences and team-based organizations. Understanding how team composition shapes team processes can significantly advance team-based research along with providing practical guidelines for team staffing and training. Although the input-process-output model has been a useful theoretical framework for studying these connections, the complex nature of team member interactions demands a more dynamic approach. We develop a computational model of conversational turn-taking within self-organized teams that can provide insight into the relationships between team member characteristics and team communication dynamics. We focus on turn-taking patterns between team members, independent of content, which can significantly influence team emergent states and outcomes while being objectively measurable and quantifiable. As our ML-SPEAK model is trained on conversational data from teams of given trait compositions, it can learn the relationships between individual traits and speaking behaviors and predict group-wide patterns of communication based on team trait composition alone. We first evaluate the performance of our model using simulated data and then apply it to real-world data collected from self-organized student teams. In comparison to baselines, our model is more accurate at predicting speaking turn sequences and can reveal new relationships between team members' traits and their communication patterns. Our approach offers a data-driven and dynamic understanding of team processes. By bridging the gap between individual characteristics and team communication patterns, our model has the potential to inform theories of team processes and provide powerful insights into optimizing team staffing and training. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145018159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-04DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000575.supp
{"title":"Supplemental Material for ML-SPEAK: A Theory-Guided Machine Learning Method for Studying and Predicting Conversational Turn-Taking Patterns","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000575.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000575.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144995363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000475
Ranran Li, Daniel Balliet, Isabel Thielmann, Reinout E de Vries
The idea that strong situations restrict variance in behaviors has been treated as a maxim in psychology. Prior work has, however, offered inconclusive support for this proposition. We aimed to overcome the limitations of prior research to conclusively test the restricted variance hypothesis derived from the situational strength framework. Specifically, we conducted a preregistered meta-analysis (k = 301, N = 25,670) in the context of cooperative behavior observed within the standard social dilemma paradigm. We found that strong, compared with weak, situations (theorized and validated via perception ratings) indeed restricted variance in behaviors. Moreover, ratings on perceived situational strength of specific experimental conditions (k = 138, nstudies = 41) further supported the hypothesis that higher levels of perceived situational strength were associated with less variance in behavior. Our findings have important theoretical implications for understanding the situational forces shaping social behavior and for advancing research on person-situation interactions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Revisiting situational strength: Do strong situations restrict variance in behaviors?","authors":"Ranran Li, Daniel Balliet, Isabel Thielmann, Reinout E de Vries","doi":"10.1037/pspi0000475","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pspi0000475","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The idea that strong situations restrict variance in behaviors has been treated as a maxim in psychology. Prior work has, however, offered inconclusive support for this proposition. We aimed to overcome the limitations of prior research to conclusively test the restricted variance hypothesis derived from the situational strength framework. Specifically, we conducted a preregistered meta-analysis (<i>k</i> = 301, <i>N</i> = 25,670) in the context of cooperative behavior observed within the standard social dilemma paradigm. We found that strong, compared with weak, situations (theorized and validated via perception ratings) indeed restricted variance in behaviors. Moreover, ratings on perceived situational strength of specific experimental conditions (<i>k</i> = 138, <i>n</i><sub>studies</sub> = 41) further supported the hypothesis that higher levels of perceived situational strength were associated with less variance in behavior. Our findings have important theoretical implications for understanding the situational forces shaping social behavior and for advancing research on person-situation interactions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":"551-575"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142391330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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