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Is being elite the same as living an easy life? Two distinct ways of experiencing subjective socioeconomic status. 精英就等于生活轻松吗?体验主观社会经济地位的两种不同方式。
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000453
Kristin Laurin, Holly R Engstrom, Adam Alic, Jessica L Tracy

Socioeconomic status (SES) predicts a large number of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors; here, we build on these findings to try to paint a comprehensive picture of what people who occupy different SES ranks are like. Existing findings attribute a mixed set of psychological patterns to people who consider themselves near the top of the socioeconomic hierarchy; these individuals are variously portrayed as selfish yet generous, entitled yet happy, and narcissistic yet tolerant. Building on previous efforts to characterize distinct dimensions of SES, we wondered whether there might be distinct but overlapping ways of experiencing one's status in the socioeconomic hierarchy, each linked to a different psychological profile, and each potentially corresponding to a different theoretical approach to the study of SES. We employed a bottom-up, participant-driven approach (total N = 3,338) to identify the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that factor into people's subjective SES. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that these experiences are best represented by two distinct dimensions-a sense that one belongs to a historical cultural elite (corresponding to SES as early life cultural context) and a sense that one's life is easy (corresponding, though less conclusively, to SES as current rank). We developed scales to measure each dimension and, using these scales, found that the two dimensions help categorize the known correlates of SES into two separate but internally coherent sets of psychological patterns-one magnanimous and one self-focused. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

社会经济地位(SES)可以预测大量的思想、情感和行为;在此,我们以这些研究结果为基础,试图描绘出一幅不同社会经济地位等级的人的综合图景。现有的研究结果表明,那些自认为处于社会经济地位顶端的人具有各种不同的心理模式;这些人被描绘成自私而又慷慨、有权而又快乐、自恋而又宽容的人。在以往对社会经济地位的不同维度进行描述的基础上,我们想知道是否会有不同但又相互重叠的方式来体验一个人在社会经济等级中的地位,每种方式都与不同的心理特征相关联,并且每种方式都可能与研究社会经济地位的不同理论方法相对应。我们采用了一种自下而上、以参与者为主导的方法(总人数 = 3338 人)来确定影响人们主观社会经济地位的思想、情感和行为因素。探索性和确认性因素分析表明,这些体验最好地体现在两个不同的维度上--一种感觉是自己属于历史上的文化精英(与作为早期生活文化背景的社会经济地位相对应),另一种感觉是自己的生活很轻松(与作为当前等级的社会经济地位相对应,但不那么确定)。我们开发了测量每个维度的量表,并通过使用这些量表发现,这两个维度有助于将已知的 SES 相关因素归类为两套独立但内在一致的心理模式--一套宽宏大量,另一套以自我为中心。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
I think you might like me: Emergence and change of meta-liking in initial social interactions. 我想你可能会喜欢我初始社交互动中元喜欢的出现和变化。
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000496
Eva Bleckmann, Richard Rau, Erika N Carlson, Jenny Wagner

Feeling accepted by others is a fundamental human motive and an important marker of successful social interactions. This interpersonal perception, known as meta-liking, is especially relevant during adolescence, when peer relationships deepen and expand. However, knowledge is limited regarding meta-liking formation in initial social interactions. This study investigated whether adolescents (N = 293, Mage = 15.48, 61.10% female) have default expectations for meta-liking at zero acquaintance and how these judgments are updated during initial group interactions. Specifically, we used latent change models to examine how personality traits predicted initial meta-liking and whether personality and social interaction experiences were linked to changes in meta-liking judgments throughout an interaction. Our findings revealed three key insights: First, meta-liking increased gradually over the course of the interaction, with substantial individual differences in both default meta-liking and change scores. Second, extraversion, neuroticism, and self-esteem predicted initial meta-liking. Third, liking others was also linked to initial meta-liking and early changes, while meta-liking changes toward the end of the interaction occurred independent of all these features and were not predicted by expressive behaviors of interaction partners. This study represents a first empirical test of default expectations and updates in meta-liking based on personality characteristics and social interaction experiences in initial social interactions. We discuss our results in terms of a broader framework for understanding how metaperceptions are formed and updated early in the acquaintance process. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

感觉被他人接受是人类的基本动机,也是成功社会交往的重要标志。这种被称为 "元喜欢"(meta-liking)的人际感知在青春期尤为重要,因为此时同伴关系会加深和扩大。然而,关于在初始社会交往中形成元喜欢的知识却很有限。本研究调查了青少年(人数 = 293,年龄 = 15.48,女性占 61.10%)在零认识时是否对元喜欢有默认期望,以及这些判断在最初的群体互动中是如何更新的。具体来说,我们使用潜在变化模型来研究人格特质如何预测最初的元喜好,以及人格和社会互动经历是否与整个互动过程中元喜好判断的变化有关。我们的研究结果揭示了三个关键问题:首先,元喜好在互动过程中逐渐增加,默认元喜好和变化分数都存在很大的个体差异。第二,外向性、神经质和自尊预测了最初的元喜欢。第三,喜欢他人也与最初的元喜欢和早期的变化有关,而互动结束时元喜欢的变化则与所有这些特征无关,并且不受互动伙伴表达行为的影响。本研究首次对基于初始社会互动中的人格特征和社会互动经验的元喜欢默认预期和更新进行了实证检验。我们将从一个更广泛的框架来讨论我们的研究结果,以了解元认知是如何在相识过程的早期形成和更新的。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Rejecting an intergroup apology attenuates perceived differences between victim and perpetrator groups in morality and power. 拒绝群体间道歉会减弱受害者群体和施暴者群体在道德和权力方面的认知差异。
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000456
Fiona Kazarovytska, Roland Imhoff

Intergroup crimes are a ubiquitous element of our political reality, as are attempts to redress these crimes through apologies. Six experiments (N = 2,432) demonstrate that the victim group's response to an offered apology has the power to shape uninvolved third parties' impressions of the conflicting groups and influence their willingness to support the victim group. Across a variety of intergroup contexts, a victim group's apology rejection attenuated perceived differences between the victim and perpetrator groups by diminishing the morality but increasing the power of the victim group while simultaneously reducing the power of the perpetrator group in the eyes of third parties (Experiments 1-4). These judgments, particularly the less favorable morality judgments of the victim group, suppressed the allocation of valued goods (Experiment 3a), political support (Experiments 3b-4), and actual donations (Experiment 4) granted to the victim group. Regarding the social costs imposed on the perpetrator group, we found mixed evidence. Taken together, these findings highlight the relevance of victim group responses in navigating posttransgression reactions and offer implications for understanding apologetic interactions from the perspective of uninvolved observers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

在我们的政治现实中,群体间犯罪无处不在,通过道歉来纠正这些犯罪的尝试也是如此。六个实验(N = 2,432)表明,受害群体对道歉的反应能够影响无关第三方对冲突群体的印象,并影响他们支持受害群体的意愿。在不同的群体间情境中,受害者群体拒绝道歉会削弱受害者群体和施暴者群体之间的感知差异,降低受害者群体的道德感,但同时增强施暴者群体在第三方眼中的力量(实验 1-4)。这些判断,尤其是对受害者群体较差的道德判断,抑制了对受害者群体的有价物品分配(实验 3a)、政治支持(实验 3b-4)和实际捐赠(实验 4)。至于加诸于加害者群体的社会成本,我们发现的证据不一。总之,这些研究结果强调了受害者群体的反应在引导侵犯后反应中的相关性,并为从非参与观察者的角度理解道歉互动提供了启示。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Does primary treatment of proximal humerus fractures show favourable functional outcomes over secondary treatment with reverse shoulder arthroplasty? 肱骨近端骨折的初级治疗效果优于反向肩关节置换术的二级治疗效果吗?
IF 1.5 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-28 DOI: 10.1177/17585732231190038
Leanne S Blaas, Charlotte M Lameijer, Tjarco Dw Alta, Jian Z Yuan, Susan van Dieren, Frank W Bloemers, Arthur van Noort, Robert Jan Derksen

Background: This multicentre retrospective cohort study assessed whether functional outcomes after primary reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) are favourable compared to secondary placement in elderly patients with displaced proximal humerus fractures (PHFs).

Methods: Fifty-three patients with primary and 32 with secondary RSA were included. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were assessed: Constant-Murley Score (CMS), Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score, and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). In addition, range of motion (ROM) was compared between groups.

Result: For PROMs, the means (SD) for primary versus secondary were 25.4 (17.7), 29.4 (19.2) for DASH; 38 (8.6), 38 (9.1) for OSS; 63 (19.8), 59 (22.0) for CMS and 2 (2.0), 3 (2.3) for VAS. For ROM, the means were the following: forward flexion 113° (33.6), 106° (34.1); abduction 103° (33.4), 96° (37.3) and external rotation 20° (19.1), 20° (17.8). There were significant differences in favour of primary treatment in forward flexion (p = 0.003, B 19.85) and abduction (p = 0.034, B 17.34).

Discussion: ROM in patients with complex displaced PHFs after primary RSA is slightly better than that after secondary treatment. Therefore, RSA could be considered primary treatment, especially when optimal ROM is of great importance to the patient.

Level of evidence: level III, retrospective comparative study treatment study.

背景:这项多中心回顾性队列研究评估了在肱骨近端骨折(PHF)移位的老年患者中,初次反向肩关节置换术(RSA)后的功能预后是否优于二次置换:方法:纳入了53名初次RSA患者和32名二次RSA患者。对患者报告的结果指标(PROMs)进行了评估:康斯坦茨-默里评分(CMS)、牛津肩部评分(OSS)、手臂、肩部和手部残疾(DASH)评分以及视觉模拟量表(VAS)。此外,还对两组患者的活动范围(ROM)进行了比较:在 PROMs 方面,主治与次治的平均值(标度)分别为:DASH 为 25.4 (17.7),29.4 (19.2);OSS 为 38 (8.6),38 (9.1);CMS 为 63 (19.8),59 (22.0);VAS 为 2 (2.0),3 (2.3)。ROM 的平均值如下:前屈 113°(33.6)、106°(34.1);外展 103°(33.4)、96°(37.3);外旋 20°(19.1)、20°(17.8)。在前屈(P = 0.003,B 19.85)和外展(P = 0.034,B 17.34)方面,主要治疗方法的优势明显:讨论:复杂移位PHF患者在接受初级RSA治疗后的活动度略好于二级治疗。因此,RSA可被视为主要治疗方法,尤其是当最佳ROM对患者非常重要时。
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引用次数: 0
Creative ideation activates disinhibited reward-seeking and indulgent choices. 创造性的构思会激活不受约束的追求回报和放纵的选择。
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000408
Verena Krause, Lynne C Vincent, Jack A Goncalo

Given that creative ideation has been widely characterized as involving disinhibition, we tested whether a brief creative ideation effort increased subsequent indulgence through the choice of real or imagined rewards. Across 10 experiments (and an additional four in the Supplemental Material) and 3,412 participants (including the ones in the Supplemental Material), we show that a short creative ideation (vs. control) task led to more indulgent eating, drinking, and exercise choices and behaviors. Participants who generated creative ideas subsequently assembled burgers with higher calorie content (Studies 1a, 3a, 3b, 4), proposed cocktails with higher alcohol content (Study 1b), planned workouts that burned fewer calories (Study 1c), chose candy more often (Study 1d), and ate more candy (Study 2) than participants who engaged in control tasks. In line with the perspective that creativity involves disinhibition, these effects were mediated by the behavioral activation system, which is thought to underlie the uninhibited pursuit of desires and rewards (Studies 2, 3a, 4). Furthermore, an experiment in which we manipulated the behavioral activation system showed a causal effect on indulgent eating choices (Study 5). We discuss the implications for future research on the consequences of creativity as well as the possibility that creative work might lead to indulgent, potentially unhealthy choices and behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

鉴于创造性构思被广泛认为是一种抑制行为,我们测试了短暂的创造性构思是否会通过选择真实或想象中的奖励而增加随后的放纵行为。在 10 项实验(另外 4 项实验见补充材料)和 3412 名参与者(包括补充材料中的参与者)中,我们发现短暂的创意构思(与对照组相比)任务会导致更放纵的饮食和运动选择及行为。与参与对照任务的参与者相比,产生创意想法的参与者随后会组装热量更高的汉堡(研究 1a、3a、3b、4)、提议调制酒精含量更高的鸡尾酒(研究 1b)、计划消耗热量更少的锻炼(研究 1c)、更频繁地选择糖果(研究 1d)以及吃更多的糖果(研究 2)。与创造力涉及抑制的观点一致,这些效应是由行为激活系统介导的,而行为激活系统被认为是不受抑制地追求欲望和奖励的基础(研究 2、3a、4)。此外,在一项实验中,我们操纵了行为激活系统,结果显示该系统对放纵饮食的选择产生了因果效应(研究 5)。我们讨论了未来研究创造性后果的意义,以及创造性工作可能导致放纵、潜在不健康选择和行为的可能性。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA,保留所有权利)。
{"title":"Creative ideation activates disinhibited reward-seeking and indulgent choices.","authors":"Verena Krause, Lynne C Vincent, Jack A Goncalo","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000408","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pspa0000408","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given that creative ideation has been widely characterized as involving disinhibition, we tested whether a brief creative ideation effort increased subsequent indulgence through the choice of real or imagined rewards. Across 10 experiments (and an additional four in the Supplemental Material) and 3,412 participants (including the ones in the Supplemental Material), we show that a short creative ideation (vs. control) task led to more indulgent eating, drinking, and exercise choices and behaviors. Participants who generated creative ideas subsequently assembled burgers with higher calorie content (Studies 1a, 3a, 3b, 4), proposed cocktails with higher alcohol content (Study 1b), planned workouts that burned fewer calories (Study 1c), chose candy more often (Study 1d), and ate more candy (Study 2) than participants who engaged in control tasks. In line with the perspective that creativity involves disinhibition, these effects were mediated by the behavioral activation system, which is thought to underlie the uninhibited pursuit of desires and rewards (Studies 2, 3a, 4). Furthermore, an experiment in which we manipulated the behavioral activation system showed a causal effect on indulgent eating choices (Study 5). We discuss the implications for future research on the consequences of creativity as well as the possibility that creative work might lead to indulgent, potentially unhealthy choices and behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":"796-821"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142108495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Persons in contexts: The role of social networks and social density for the dynamic regulation of face-to-face interactions in daily life. 情境中的人:社交网络和社交密度对日常生活中面对面互动的动态调节作用。
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000512
Yannick Roos, Michael D Krämer, David Richter, Cornelia Wrzus

Current psychological theories on daily social interactions emphasize individual differences yet are underspecified regarding contextual factors. We aim to extend this research by examining how two context factors shape social interactions in daily life: how many relationships people maintain and how densely people live together. In Study 1, 307 German participants (Mage = 39.44 years, SDage = 14.14) answered up to 20 experience sampling questionnaires regarding their social interactions over 2 days. In Study 2, 313 German participants (Mage = 48.96 years, SDage = 15.54) summarized their daily interactions in daily diaries for 14 days. Participants reported on their social network size and the social density (i.e., household and neighborhood density) of their living situations. Mobile sensing provided additional measures of social interactions and network size. The results showed that participants living in densely populated households transitioned faster from solitude to social interactions but slower from social interactions to solitude. Participants living in dwellings with more homes also transitioned slower from solitude to social interactions. Contrary to the hypothesis, social network size was inconsistently linked with transitions from solitude to social interactions and vice versa. Furthermore, current social desires predicted subsequent social interactions within days, but not across days-irrespective of individuals' social network size or social density. Together the results point out that people live their daily life in social contexts, which contribute to how they engage in social interactions. The findings thus call for a greater integration of contextual factors in personality theories of social interactions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

当前关于日常社会互动的心理学理论强调个体差异,但对环境因素的阐述却不够明确。我们旨在通过研究日常生活中影响社会交往的两个背景因素:人们维持的关系数量和人们居住的密集程度,来扩展这项研究。在研究 1 中,307 名德国参与者(平均年龄为 39.44 岁,最小年龄为 14.14 岁)回答了多达 20 份有关他们两天内社会交往的经验取样问卷。在研究 2 中,313 名德国参与者(平均年龄 48.96 岁,平均年龄 15.54 岁)在 14 天的每日日记中总结了他们的日常互动情况。参与者报告了他们的社交网络规模和生活环境的社交密度(即家庭和邻里密度)。移动传感提供了社交互动和网络规模的额外测量指标。结果显示,居住在人口密度高的家庭中的参与者从独处过渡到社交互动的速度更快,但从社交互动过渡到独处的速度较慢。居住在有更多住宅的参与者从独处过渡到社会交往的速度也更慢。与假设相反,社交网络的规模与从独处到社交互动的过渡并不一致,反之亦然。此外,当前的社交欲望能预测随后几天内的社交互动,但不能预测跨天的社交互动--与个人的社交网络规模或社交密度无关。总之,这些结果表明,人们的日常生活是在社会环境中进行的,而社会环境又会影响他们参与社会交往的方式。因此,研究结果呼吁在社会交往的人格理论中更多地考虑情境因素。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Are state-trait fit and state-situation fit relevant for within-person dynamics of personality states? 状态-特质契合度和状态-情境契合度与人格状态的人际动态相关吗?
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000519
Sarah Kritzler, Kai T Horstmann, Martin Quintus, Boris Egloff, Cornelia Wrzus, Maike Luhmann

Fit hypotheses are a common theme in psychological theories. Various theoretical approaches postulate that fit is also relevant for the within-person dynamics of personality states. A better understanding of these dynamics is important to comprehend the functioning of personality and its relations to relevant life outcomes. Two forms of fit are relevant for personality states: personality states that fit with characteristics of the current situation (state-situation fit) and personality states that fit with personality trait levels (state-trait fit). Both forms of fit are assumed to be related to more positive affect. In three intensive longitudinal studies (Sample 1: N = 194, 4,244 observations; Sample 2: N = 254, 7,667 observations; Sample 3: N = 374, 16,418 observations), we conducted moderated multilevel polynomial regression and response surface analysis to examine whether trait-state fit and state-situation fit were associated with state affect. Generally, there was no consistent evidence for state-trait fit, state-situation fit, or interactions between personality traits, personality states, and situation characteristics predicting momentary state affect. The analyses yielded several spurious significant fit and interaction effects that could however not be replicated in the other samples. Taken together, in one of the most comprehensive attempts to demonstrate fit effects in personality states to date, we could not find any consistent evidence for fit or interactions between personality traits, personality states, and situation characteristics predicting momentary affect. Furthermore, these findings emphasize the importance of replications and robustness checks when examining complex personality dynamics such as fit or interactions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

契合假说是心理学理论的一个常见主题。各种理论方法都假设,契合度也与人格状态的人内动态相关。更好地理解这些动态对于理解人格的功能及其与相关生活结果的关系非常重要。与人格状态相关的契合有两种形式:与当前情境特征契合的人格状态(状态-情境契合)和与人格特质水平契合的人格状态(状态-特质契合)。这两种契合形式都被认为与更积极的情感有关。在三项深入的纵向研究中(样本 1:N = 194,4244 次观察;样本 2:N = 254,7667 次观察;样本 3:N = 374,16418 次观察),我们进行了调节多水平多项式回归和反应曲面分析,以检验特质-状态契合度和状态-情境契合度是否与状态情感相关。一般来说,没有一致的证据表明状态-特质契合度、状态-情境契合度或人格特质、人格状态和情境特征之间的交互作用会预测瞬间的状态情感。分析还发现了一些虚假的显著拟合效应和交互效应,但这些效应无法在其他样本中复制。综上所述,在迄今为止最全面的人格状态拟合效应尝试中,我们没有发现任何一致的证据表明人格特质、人格状态和情境特征之间存在拟合或交互作用,从而预测了瞬间情绪。此外,这些发现还强调了在研究复杂的人格动态(如契合或交互)时进行复制和稳健性检查的重要性。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
The delusion of the disappearing self? Attachment avoidance and the experience of externally invisible self-loss in romantic relationships. 自我消失的错觉?依恋回避与恋爱关系中外部不可见的自我丧失体验。
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000468
Erin K Hughes, Lydia F Emery, Emma L McGorray, Wendi L Gardner, Eli J Finkel

All of us experience self-change in relationships, but our subjective experiences of change may not always align with external metrics of such change. We hypothesized that people with higher attachment avoidance are more likely to experience self-change as a loss, which in turn predicts lower relationship commitment. We further hypothesized, however, that there would be a disparity in perceptions, such that avoidant people will experience self-loss that external metrics-including their own behaviors and ratings from third-party coders-do not detect. Results from four studies, which employed a variety of cross-sectional (Studies 1 and 4) and longitudinal (Studies 2 and 3) methods, demonstrated that higher attachment avoidance predicted greater experienced loss of self, which in turn predicted lower commitment. Studies 2-4 also revealed evidence for the hypothesized disparity in perceptions: Avoidantly attached individuals' experience of greater self-loss failed to emerge when using a variety of external metrics of self-loss, producing Avoidance × Loss Type (experienced vs. external metric) interaction effects. These studies suggest that avoidantly attached people, who tend to be vigilant to autonomy threats in relationships, experience relationship-linked changes as losses, even though external metrics fail to detect such loss. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

我们每个人都会在人际关系中经历自我改变,但我们对改变的主观体验可能并不总是与这种改变的外部指标相一致。我们假设,依恋回避程度较高的人更有可能将自我改变体验为一种损失,这反过来又预示着较低的关系承诺。然而,我们进一步假设,在感知上会存在差异,比如回避型的人会体验到自我损失,而外部指标--包括他们自己的行为和第三方编码员的评分--并不能检测到这种损失。四项研究采用了多种横断面(研究 1 和 4)和纵断面(研究 2 和 3)方法,研究结果表明,依恋回避程度越高,预示着体验到的自我损失越大,进而预示着承诺越低。研究 2-4 还揭示了假设的认知差异的证据:当使用各种外部自我损失指标时,回避型依恋者对更大自我损失的体验未能显现出来,从而产生了回避×损失类型(经验与外部指标)的交互效应。这些研究表明,回避型依恋者倾向于对人际关系中的自主性威胁保持警惕,他们会将与人际关系相关的变化体验为损失,即使外部指标无法检测到这种损失。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Like yourself, and others will follow: The role of target self-esteem in the association between being seen accurately and being liked in platonic and romantic first impressions. 喜欢自己,别人就会喜欢你:在柏拉图式和浪漫式第一印象中,目标自尊在被准确看待与被喜欢之间的关联中的作用。
IF 7.6 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000521
Lauren Gazzard Kerr,Lauren J Human
When meeting people for the first time, we often strive to perceive others and express our own personalities accurately. Does this benefit social connection by promoting greater perceiver liking of targets, or might it instead hinder liking for some targets and in some contexts? In the present studies, we examined whether the links between accuracy and perceiver liking differ as a function of target self-esteem across two first impression contexts: a speed-dating context (N = 378, N = 4,797 dyads) and a platonic getting-acquainted context (exploratory sample: N = 557, N = 2,924 dyads; preregistered direct replication sample: N = 306, N = 1,683 dyads). In all samples and contexts, target self-esteem significantly moderated the association between accuracy and perceiver liking, such that accuracy was either positively related (platonic context) or unrelated (romantic context) to perceiver liking when targets were higher in self-esteem, yet accuracy was negatively related to perceiver liking when targets were lower in self-esteem, regardless of context. In sum, being seen accurately may have negative social implications for some targets and, especially, in higher stakes getting-acquainted contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
初次见面时,我们通常会努力准确地感知他人并表达自己的个性。这是否会通过提高感知者对目标的好感而有利于社会联系,还是反而会在某些情况下阻碍对某些目标的好感?在本研究中,我们考察了在两种第一印象情境中,准确性和感知者喜好之间的联系是否因目标自尊的不同而不同:快速约会情境(N = 378,N = 4,797 对)和柏拉图式的相识情境(探索性样本,N = 557,N = 2,797 对):N = 557,N = 2,924 对;预先登记的直接复制样本:N = 306,N = 1,683 对)。在所有样本和情境中,目标对象的自尊明显调节了准确性与感知者喜好之间的关系,因此,当目标对象的自尊较高时,准确性与感知者喜好呈正相关(柏拉图情境)或不相关(浪漫情境),而当目标对象的自尊较低时,准确性与感知者喜好呈负相关,无论情境如何。总之,被准确地看到可能会对某些目标产生负面的社会影响,尤其是在风险较高的结识情境中。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Nonlinear relationships between eye gaze and recognition accuracy for ethnic ingroup and outgroup faces. 眼睛注视与识别本族面孔和外族面孔准确率之间的非线性关系
IF 6.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000395
Joshua Correll, Joana Quarenta, Tomás A Palma, Balbir Singh, Michael J Bernstein, Omar Hidalgo Vargas

Researchers have used eye-tracking measures to explore the relationship between face encoding and recognition, including the impact of ethnicity on this relationship. Previous studies offer a variety of conflicting conclusions. This confusion may stem from misestimation of the relationship between encoding and recognition. First, most previous models fail to account for the structure of eye-tracking data, potentially falling prey to Simpson's paradox. Second, previous models assume a linear relationship between attention (e.g., the number of fixations to a to-be-remembered face) and recognition accuracy. Two eye-tracking studies (Ns = 41, 59), one online experiment that manipulates exposure (N = 150), and a mega-analysis examine the effects of ethnicity using what we believe to be more appropriate analytical models. Across studies and measures, we document a novel, critical pattern: The relationship between attention and recognition is nonlinear and negatively accelerating. At low levels of baseline attention, a small increment in attention improves recognition. However, as attention increases further, increments yield smaller and smaller benefits. This finding parallels work in learning and memory. In models that allow for nonlinearity, we find evidence that central features (eyes, nose, and mouth) generally contribute to recognition accuracy, potentially resolving disagreements in the field. We also find that the effects of attention on recognition are similar for ingroup and outgroup faces, which have important implications for theories of perceptual expertise. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

研究人员使用眼动跟踪测量来探索人脸编码和识别之间的关系,包括种族对这种关系的影响。以往的研究得出了各种相互矛盾的结论。这种混乱可能源于对编码和识别之间关系的错误估计。首先,以前的大多数模型都没有考虑眼动跟踪数据的结构,可能会陷入辛普森悖论。其次,以往的模型假定注意力(如对待记忆人脸的固定次数)与识别准确率之间存在线性关系。两项眼动跟踪研究(Ns = 41、59)、一项操纵暴露的在线实验(Ns = 150)和一项大型分析使用我们认为更合适的分析模型来研究种族的影响。在所有的研究和测量中,我们发现了一种新颖而关键的模式:注意和识别之间的关系是非线性的,而且是负加速的。在基线注意力水平较低的情况下,注意力的小幅增加会提高识别能力。然而,随着注意力的进一步提高,增量带来的益处越来越小。这一发现与学习和记忆方面的研究结果相似。在允许非线性的模型中,我们发现有证据表明,中心特征(眼睛、鼻子和嘴巴)通常有助于提高识别准确率,从而有可能解决该领域的分歧。我们还发现,对于内群和外群人脸,注意力对识别的影响是相似的,这对知觉专业理论具有重要意义。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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Journal of personality and social psychology
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