K. Raman, K. Rajagopal, G. Swaminathan, S. Jupudi, K. Dhama, R. Barua, T. Emran, Hamid Osman, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
Natural products and their derivatives have traditionally been used as a source of therapeutic agents. Their beneficial properties are due to large varieties in their chemical structures and biochemical actions. The discovery of natural products such as phytoconstituents have crucial role in the development of less toxic and more effective drugs. Phytoconstituents have shown to be beneficial in treating viral diseases such as the previous chikungunya virus, hepatitis C virus, SARS, and MERS viral diseases. Flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and other group of compounds combat against COVID-19 in several ways like by protease inhibition, spike protein inhibition, Nrf2 inhibition. The accumulation of NRF2 inhibits the development of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and stimulates anti-inflammatory action. The present review highlights the therapeutic importance of compounds isolated from medicinal plants and/or herbs, such as crude extracts of Curcumin I-III, Leptodactylone, Ginsenoside-Rb1, Lycorine, Reserpine, Saikosaponin B2, Cepharanthine, Withanoside V, Gingerol, Piperanine, chromans, flavonoids, Amentoflavone etc. against SARS-CoV-2. Natural products are typically safe, stable, and dependable source for finding drugs to control the current pandemic. Antiviral secondary metabolites many medicinal plants have given ingredients that were isolated. The selected plants based phytoconstituents may potentially be used against viruses’ development on anti-SARS-CoV-2 to offer a reference point in this field.
{"title":"A Critical Review on the Potency of Phytoconstituents in the Management of COVID-19","authors":"K. Raman, K. Rajagopal, G. Swaminathan, S. Jupudi, K. Dhama, R. Barua, T. Emran, Hamid Osman, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker","doi":"10.22207/jpam.17.3.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.17.3.38","url":null,"abstract":"Natural products and their derivatives have traditionally been used as a source of therapeutic agents. Their beneficial properties are due to large varieties in their chemical structures and biochemical actions. The discovery of natural products such as phytoconstituents have crucial role in the development of less toxic and more effective drugs. Phytoconstituents have shown to be beneficial in treating viral diseases such as the previous chikungunya virus, hepatitis C virus, SARS, and MERS viral diseases. Flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and other group of compounds combat against COVID-19 in several ways like by protease inhibition, spike protein inhibition, Nrf2 inhibition. The accumulation of NRF2 inhibits the development of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and stimulates anti-inflammatory action. The present review highlights the therapeutic importance of compounds isolated from medicinal plants and/or herbs, such as crude extracts of Curcumin I-III, Leptodactylone, Ginsenoside-Rb1, Lycorine, Reserpine, Saikosaponin B2, Cepharanthine, Withanoside V, Gingerol, Piperanine, chromans, flavonoids, Amentoflavone etc. against SARS-CoV-2. Natural products are typically safe, stable, and dependable source for finding drugs to control the current pandemic. Antiviral secondary metabolites many medicinal plants have given ingredients that were isolated. The selected plants based phytoconstituents may potentially be used against viruses’ development on anti-SARS-CoV-2 to offer a reference point in this field.","PeriodicalId":16968,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42107810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gordonia sp., Rhodococcus, Paenibaccilus, Mycobacterium and many other desulfurizing strains have shown good potential for dibenzothiophene (DBT), 4, 6-Dimethyldibenzothiophene (4-6-Dimethyl dibenzothiophene) and other organosulfur biodesulfurization. These are microbes which have 4S pathway to remove S from remaining calcitarant organosulfur compounds even after deep desulfurization. Sulfur compounds present in crude oils, diesel and petrol when combust in engines they emerge out in the form of elemental Sulfur, which causes environmental and health problems. Therefore, efforts are going to remove this Sulfur compounds by Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) treatment. Some organosulfur compounds remain there even after HDS, which can only remove by highly evolved microbes residing nearby petroleum-contaminated areas in refineries zone. Nature has such adopted and evolved microbes for the bioremediation of such toxic substances. Here we have isolated and characterized highly evolved and adopted Biodesulfurizing microbes present around oil refineries in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and prepare the culture collection of such highly evolved and adopted biodesulfurization microorganisms for future application of applied Industrial petroleum refineries, which can reduce the Sulfur load in the petroleum products. The several (10 different types) microbes have been reported in these soils to grow in sulfur compounds. Out of these microbes one microbe desulfurizes by 4S pathway. It was identified to be Rhodococcus erythropolis type named as Rhodococcus erythroplis KAU10. They show good potential for various organosulfur compounds (DBT, 2,4,6-Trimethyl Benzothiophene, Benzothiophene, Dibenzyl sulfide, Benzonaphthothiophene, Dibenzothiophene sulfone, along with crude oil and Petrol and Diesel. Isolated strain Rhodococcus erythroplis KAU10 have good potential for Biodesulfurization.
{"title":"Biodesulfurizing Microbes in the Petroleum Refinery Areas of Saudi Arabia","authors":"Abrar Ahmad, O. Baothman, M. Nadeem, Varish Ahmad","doi":"10.22207/jpam.17.3.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.17.3.39","url":null,"abstract":"Gordonia sp., Rhodococcus, Paenibaccilus, Mycobacterium and many other desulfurizing strains have shown good potential for dibenzothiophene (DBT), 4, 6-Dimethyldibenzothiophene (4-6-Dimethyl dibenzothiophene) and other organosulfur biodesulfurization. These are microbes which have 4S pathway to remove S from remaining calcitarant organosulfur compounds even after deep desulfurization. Sulfur compounds present in crude oils, diesel and petrol when combust in engines they emerge out in the form of elemental Sulfur, which causes environmental and health problems. Therefore, efforts are going to remove this Sulfur compounds by Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) treatment. Some organosulfur compounds remain there even after HDS, which can only remove by highly evolved microbes residing nearby petroleum-contaminated areas in refineries zone. Nature has such adopted and evolved microbes for the bioremediation of such toxic substances. Here we have isolated and characterized highly evolved and adopted Biodesulfurizing microbes present around oil refineries in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and prepare the culture collection of such highly evolved and adopted biodesulfurization microorganisms for future application of applied Industrial petroleum refineries, which can reduce the Sulfur load in the petroleum products. The several (10 different types) microbes have been reported in these soils to grow in sulfur compounds. Out of these microbes one microbe desulfurizes by 4S pathway. It was identified to be Rhodococcus erythropolis type named as Rhodococcus erythroplis KAU10. They show good potential for various organosulfur compounds (DBT, 2,4,6-Trimethyl Benzothiophene, Benzothiophene, Dibenzyl sulfide, Benzonaphthothiophene, Dibenzothiophene sulfone, along with crude oil and Petrol and Diesel. Isolated strain Rhodococcus erythroplis KAU10 have good potential for Biodesulfurization.","PeriodicalId":16968,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47867021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Dillirani, J. Jayachitra, K. Chandrasekaran, T. Monisha
Acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) is a life threatening infection in children, associated with long term complications and high mortality rate.1,2 Gram staining and culture are routinely used for diagnosis of ABM. Antigen detection by latex agglutination can provide prompt results thereby facilitating early initiation of empirical antibiotic treatment. To estimate the proportion of Laboratory confirmed cases among children admitted with clinical suspicion of acute bacterial meningitis in a tertiary care hospital. To compare and analyse the diagnostic efficacy of Culture, Gram stain and antigen detection by Latex agglutination in Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples for laboratory detection of Acute bacterial meningitis. CSF samples from pediatric patients with clinical suspicion of ABM were analysed by Gram stain, culture and Antigen detection by Latex agglutination method. Results were recorded and analysed. Of the 50 clinically suspected cases, 13(26%) were confirmed as Acute bacterial meningitis by laboratory investigations. Among the organisms identified, Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common isolate in 5(38.46%) cases followed by Neisseria meningitidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii in 2(15.38%) cases each and Escherichia coli and Group B Streptococcus in 1(7.69%) case each. Among the confirmed cases, 7(53%) samples showed culture positivity while Gram stain identified 8(61.53%)cases. Latex agglutination test showed positivity in 9(69.23%) cases. In life threatening infections like acute bacterial meningitis, where early diagnosis and prompt treatment is of utmost importance, Latex agglutination test can provide results within minutes facilitating early initiation of empirical therapy, making it an effective adjunct to gram stain and culture.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Gram Stain, Culture and Bacterial Antigen Detection in Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples for Laboratory Diagnosis of Acute Bacterial Meningitis in Pediatric Population in A Tertiary Care Hospital","authors":"V. Dillirani, J. Jayachitra, K. Chandrasekaran, T. Monisha","doi":"10.22207/jpam.17.3.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.17.3.36","url":null,"abstract":"Acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) is a life threatening infection in children, associated with long term complications and high mortality rate.1,2 Gram staining and culture are routinely used for diagnosis of ABM. Antigen detection by latex agglutination can provide prompt results thereby facilitating early initiation of empirical antibiotic treatment. To estimate the proportion of Laboratory confirmed cases among children admitted with clinical suspicion of acute bacterial meningitis in a tertiary care hospital. To compare and analyse the diagnostic efficacy of Culture, Gram stain and antigen detection by Latex agglutination in Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples for laboratory detection of Acute bacterial meningitis. CSF samples from pediatric patients with clinical suspicion of ABM were analysed by Gram stain, culture and Antigen detection by Latex agglutination method. Results were recorded and analysed. Of the 50 clinically suspected cases, 13(26%) were confirmed as Acute bacterial meningitis by laboratory investigations. Among the organisms identified, Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common isolate in 5(38.46%) cases followed by Neisseria meningitidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii in 2(15.38%) cases each and Escherichia coli and Group B Streptococcus in 1(7.69%) case each. Among the confirmed cases, 7(53%) samples showed culture positivity while Gram stain identified 8(61.53%)cases. Latex agglutination test showed positivity in 9(69.23%) cases. In life threatening infections like acute bacterial meningitis, where early diagnosis and prompt treatment is of utmost importance, Latex agglutination test can provide results within minutes facilitating early initiation of empirical therapy, making it an effective adjunct to gram stain and culture.","PeriodicalId":16968,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47190941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current work was done to analyse the bioremediation and plant growth promotion (PGP) traits of endophytic bacteria isolated from Alternanthera philoxeroides from Bellandur Lake, Bangalore, India. Twenty-nine endophytic bacteria were isolated and tested for their PGP traits like indole acetic acid (IAA), ammonia, nitrogen fixation, 1-aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylate (ACC) deaminase production, phosphate solubilization etc. Endophytic bacterium, BEBAphL1 obtained from leaves of A. philoxeroides exhibited significant plant growth promotion properties and the isolate was identified as Bacillus velezensis OQ874364 using 16S rRNA sequencing. The bacterium showed potential IAA, ammonia production, nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and ACC deaminase production. The results indicate that this endophyte is promising as a growth-promoting inoculant, reducing the reliance on chemical inputs in conventional agricultural practices while enhancing nutrient uptake and stress resilience in plants. B. velezensis exhibited tolerance to high levels of chromium (500 mg/L) and NaCl (15%) and was also able to decolourize Congo red by 70% at 0.005% concentration of dye. Characterization of dye samples pre- and post-bacterial treatment was done using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The findings of the study indicate that B. velezensis shows promise as a plant growth stimulator capable of withstanding heavy metal exposure and breaking down dyes.
{"title":"Exploring the Potential of Bacillus velezensis, an Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Alternanthera philoxeroides for Plant Growth Promotion and Bioremediation Properties","authors":"Indhu Philip, Suma Sarojini, Soma Biswas, Saranya Jayaram","doi":"10.22207/jpam.17.3.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.17.3.40","url":null,"abstract":"The current work was done to analyse the bioremediation and plant growth promotion (PGP) traits of endophytic bacteria isolated from Alternanthera philoxeroides from Bellandur Lake, Bangalore, India. Twenty-nine endophytic bacteria were isolated and tested for their PGP traits like indole acetic acid (IAA), ammonia, nitrogen fixation, 1-aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylate (ACC) deaminase production, phosphate solubilization etc. Endophytic bacterium, BEBAphL1 obtained from leaves of A. philoxeroides exhibited significant plant growth promotion properties and the isolate was identified as Bacillus velezensis OQ874364 using 16S rRNA sequencing. The bacterium showed potential IAA, ammonia production, nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and ACC deaminase production. The results indicate that this endophyte is promising as a growth-promoting inoculant, reducing the reliance on chemical inputs in conventional agricultural practices while enhancing nutrient uptake and stress resilience in plants. B. velezensis exhibited tolerance to high levels of chromium (500 mg/L) and NaCl (15%) and was also able to decolourize Congo red by 70% at 0.005% concentration of dye. Characterization of dye samples pre- and post-bacterial treatment was done using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The findings of the study indicate that B. velezensis shows promise as a plant growth stimulator capable of withstanding heavy metal exposure and breaking down dyes.","PeriodicalId":16968,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49563989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antimicrobial agents are widely used for treatment of animal and human diseases. Heavy use of antimicrobial agents permits bacteria to develop resistance to these agents specifically when a dose of antibiotic is insufficient or course of treatment is incomplete. Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) are usually associated with mobile genetic elements (MGEs) including Integron therefore; these genes can transmit among bacteria via horizontal transmission. The current study was conducted to assess the possible role of manure in dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. The presence, quantitate, and diversity of resistance genes associated with Integron class 1 have been assessed using conventional and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with sequencing of gene cassette within Integron and analysis of sequenced data by blast tool. Thirty-eight samples were found a positive for Integron and concentration of Integron in positive sample ranged from from 106-1010 copies/g of manure. High frequencies were detected to genes that encoded to sulphonamide and ammonium compound resistance. These genes were detected in 25% and 23% respectively of the total manure samples. In general, the detected genes in manure functionally belong to five protein families including Efflux pump, DNA repair, heavy metal resistance, membrane protein, and antibiotic resistance. Manure might act as a hotspot from which ARGs emerge and transfer to the environment and then to the animal and human environments.
{"title":"Using of Integrons as Biomarker to Assess Dissemination and Diversity of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Farm Animal Manure","authors":"Yathrib Al-Ubaidy, Amjed Alsultan","doi":"10.22207/jpam.17.3.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.17.3.35","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial agents are widely used for treatment of animal and human diseases. Heavy use of antimicrobial agents permits bacteria to develop resistance to these agents specifically when a dose of antibiotic is insufficient or course of treatment is incomplete. Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) are usually associated with mobile genetic elements (MGEs) including Integron therefore; these genes can transmit among bacteria via horizontal transmission. The current study was conducted to assess the possible role of manure in dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. The presence, quantitate, and diversity of resistance genes associated with Integron class 1 have been assessed using conventional and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with sequencing of gene cassette within Integron and analysis of sequenced data by blast tool. Thirty-eight samples were found a positive for Integron and concentration of Integron in positive sample ranged from from 106-1010 copies/g of manure. High frequencies were detected to genes that encoded to sulphonamide and ammonium compound resistance. These genes were detected in 25% and 23% respectively of the total manure samples. In general, the detected genes in manure functionally belong to five protein families including Efflux pump, DNA repair, heavy metal resistance, membrane protein, and antibiotic resistance. Manure might act as a hotspot from which ARGs emerge and transfer to the environment and then to the animal and human environments.","PeriodicalId":16968,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45603959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muneerah Hamad Aldubaie, Prarthana M. Suryavamshi, Uma M. Irfan, Hamad A. Al-Hamed, T. AlMogbel, Ahmad Almatroudi, Faris A Alrumaihi, K. Allemailem
The worldwide prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) associated with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection are reported with higher rates of morbidity and mortality. The frequency of HCV is approximately 3-4 million cases each year and in parallel the incidence of DM is increasing alarmingly. World Health Organization (WHO) has specified that DM will be the 7th leading cause of mortality by 2030. The increasing association between HCV and DM has been indicated by some significant reports recently. HCV infection leads to hepatic steatosis and rapid insulin resistance, which in turn upsurges the risk factors for hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This study is designed to examine the association between HCV and DM, and different risk factors associated with HCV infection in Qassim region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A total of 634 blood samples were obtained from diabetic and non-diabetic patients. These blood samples were first screened for HCV infection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and positive samples were again confirmed by TaqMan HCV quantitative test and the viral load in different samples was estimated. The HCV prevalence was identified as 2.5% in diabetic patients with a positive association between HCV and DM (RR= 1.24, OR= 1.77) which is not significant statistically. However, the HCV prevalence among diabetic females was significantly different from males (p<0.05). The behavioural factors had no significant impact to acquire HCV infection. This study indicated a positive association between HCV and DM. Gender was an association factor in the HCV and DM status. Further studies with larger sample size is significant to properly assess the temporal relationship between HCV and DM.
{"title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis C Viral Infection among Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia","authors":"Muneerah Hamad Aldubaie, Prarthana M. Suryavamshi, Uma M. Irfan, Hamad A. Al-Hamed, T. AlMogbel, Ahmad Almatroudi, Faris A Alrumaihi, K. Allemailem","doi":"10.22207/jpam.17.3.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.17.3.37","url":null,"abstract":"The worldwide prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) associated with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection are reported with higher rates of morbidity and mortality. The frequency of HCV is approximately 3-4 million cases each year and in parallel the incidence of DM is increasing alarmingly. World Health Organization (WHO) has specified that DM will be the 7th leading cause of mortality by 2030. The increasing association between HCV and DM has been indicated by some significant reports recently. HCV infection leads to hepatic steatosis and rapid insulin resistance, which in turn upsurges the risk factors for hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This study is designed to examine the association between HCV and DM, and different risk factors associated with HCV infection in Qassim region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A total of 634 blood samples were obtained from diabetic and non-diabetic patients. These blood samples were first screened for HCV infection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and positive samples were again confirmed by TaqMan HCV quantitative test and the viral load in different samples was estimated. The HCV prevalence was identified as 2.5% in diabetic patients with a positive association between HCV and DM (RR= 1.24, OR= 1.77) which is not significant statistically. However, the HCV prevalence among diabetic females was significantly different from males (p<0.05). The behavioural factors had no significant impact to acquire HCV infection. This study indicated a positive association between HCV and DM. Gender was an association factor in the HCV and DM status. Further studies with larger sample size is significant to properly assess the temporal relationship between HCV and DM.","PeriodicalId":16968,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43932505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infections diagnosed in clinical practice. Treatment is often initiated before microbiological confirmation and anti-microbial susceptibility testing. With the rapidly rising antibiotic resistance treatment failures are not uncommon. Beta-lactamase production by gram-negative bacteria causing UTI is the commonest mode of drug resistance. The aim of current study was to detect and determine the hospital based prevalence of UTI, causative uropathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. A total of 9,518 clean catch, mid stream urine samples were processed over 2 years. Semi-quantitative urine cultures and AST were performed. Diverse underlying resistance mechanisms were determined by detecting ESBLs, Carbapenemases, AmpC b-Lactamases, and Metallo-b-Lactamases through various standardized phenotypic methods. Out of the 9,518 samples tested 1171 (12.3%) were culture positive. Majority (66.7%) were from female patients. Highest prevalence (60%) was seen in patients > 40 years of age. E. coli (48%) was the predominant causative organism, followed by Enterococcus spp. (23%). Among GNB high resistance rates were observed against Beta-lactams, Beta-lactam/b-lactamase inhibitor combinations, and fluoroquinolones. 34.5% of GNB were confirmed as ESBL, 40% as carbapenemase, 36.5% as AmpC b-Lactamase, and 41.5% as MBL producers. We found very high levels of resistance against a broad range of antibiotics including the most widely used b-lactam group. With the resistance slopes getting steeper and steeper empirical treatment of UTIs might be fraught with the danger of many failures. Culturing and performing AST for all patients with UTI might be a prudent step for their rationale treatment and a step forward in halting the emergence of further resistance.
{"title":"Microbial Etiology and Resistance Patterns of Urinary Tract Infection at a Tertiary Care Centre – A Hospital based Study","authors":"Shoaib Khan, P. Maroof, Umara Amin","doi":"10.22207/jpam.17.3.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.17.3.28","url":null,"abstract":"Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infections diagnosed in clinical practice. Treatment is often initiated before microbiological confirmation and anti-microbial susceptibility testing. With the rapidly rising antibiotic resistance treatment failures are not uncommon. Beta-lactamase production by gram-negative bacteria causing UTI is the commonest mode of drug resistance. The aim of current study was to detect and determine the hospital based prevalence of UTI, causative uropathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. A total of 9,518 clean catch, mid stream urine samples were processed over 2 years. Semi-quantitative urine cultures and AST were performed. Diverse underlying resistance mechanisms were determined by detecting ESBLs, Carbapenemases, AmpC b-Lactamases, and Metallo-b-Lactamases through various standardized phenotypic methods. Out of the 9,518 samples tested 1171 (12.3%) were culture positive. Majority (66.7%) were from female patients. Highest prevalence (60%) was seen in patients > 40 years of age. E. coli (48%) was the predominant causative organism, followed by Enterococcus spp. (23%). Among GNB high resistance rates were observed against Beta-lactams, Beta-lactam/b-lactamase inhibitor combinations, and fluoroquinolones. 34.5% of GNB were confirmed as ESBL, 40% as carbapenemase, 36.5% as AmpC b-Lactamase, and 41.5% as MBL producers. We found very high levels of resistance against a broad range of antibiotics including the most widely used b-lactam group. With the resistance slopes getting steeper and steeper empirical treatment of UTIs might be fraught with the danger of many failures. Culturing and performing AST for all patients with UTI might be a prudent step for their rationale treatment and a step forward in halting the emergence of further resistance.","PeriodicalId":16968,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41658323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sudipta Patra, Muneera M. Sahib, G. Shanmugam, Somy Skariah, S. Shamshad, Nagalingam Mohandoss, B. Shome, R. Shome
Brucellosis caused by various species of the genus Brucella is one of the most important zoonotic diseases of global importance with veterinary, public health, and economic concerns. The study aimed to standardize IgM and IgG-based iELISA to detect anti-Brucella antibodies for serodiagnosis of acute and chronic human brucellosis. The test was standardized using 1:320 dilution of smooth lipopolysaccharide (sLPS) antigen from B. abortus S99 strain, 1:80 serum dilution, 1:4000 anti-human IgM and IgG conjugates, respectively for both IgM and IgG iELISA. The cut-off using 50 each brucellosis positive and negative human sera panel samples was set at ≥ 42 for both IgM and IgG iELISA. A total of 700 human sera samples were evaluated (137 veterinary doctors, 157 artificial inseminators, and 406 veterinary assistants). Overall, the study detected 8.3%, 8.1%, 8%, and 6.1% positivity by in-house IgG iELISA, RBPT, IgM iELISA, and SAT tests, respectively. Considering commercial iELISA kit as a gold standard, the sensitivities of IgM and IgG iELISA were 90% and 97.9%, respectively, whereas, specificities were >99%. The study established >98% specificity and >90% sensitivity for differential detection of immunoglobulin classes in the standardized iELISA. The developed assay outperformed the other evaluated tests with a shorter assay time and can be implemented in both endemic and non-endemic regions for surveillance and diagnosis of human brucellosis.
{"title":"Evaluation of an In-house Indirect ELISA for Differential Detection of IgM and IgG anti-Brucella Antibodies in Human Brucellosis","authors":"Sudipta Patra, Muneera M. Sahib, G. Shanmugam, Somy Skariah, S. Shamshad, Nagalingam Mohandoss, B. Shome, R. Shome","doi":"10.22207/jpam.17.3.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.17.3.27","url":null,"abstract":"Brucellosis caused by various species of the genus Brucella is one of the most important zoonotic diseases of global importance with veterinary, public health, and economic concerns. The study aimed to standardize IgM and IgG-based iELISA to detect anti-Brucella antibodies for serodiagnosis of acute and chronic human brucellosis. The test was standardized using 1:320 dilution of smooth lipopolysaccharide (sLPS) antigen from B. abortus S99 strain, 1:80 serum dilution, 1:4000 anti-human IgM and IgG conjugates, respectively for both IgM and IgG iELISA. The cut-off using 50 each brucellosis positive and negative human sera panel samples was set at ≥ 42 for both IgM and IgG iELISA. A total of 700 human sera samples were evaluated (137 veterinary doctors, 157 artificial inseminators, and 406 veterinary assistants). Overall, the study detected 8.3%, 8.1%, 8%, and 6.1% positivity by in-house IgG iELISA, RBPT, IgM iELISA, and SAT tests, respectively. Considering commercial iELISA kit as a gold standard, the sensitivities of IgM and IgG iELISA were 90% and 97.9%, respectively, whereas, specificities were >99%. The study established >98% specificity and >90% sensitivity for differential detection of immunoglobulin classes in the standardized iELISA. The developed assay outperformed the other evaluated tests with a shorter assay time and can be implemented in both endemic and non-endemic regions for surveillance and diagnosis of human brucellosis.","PeriodicalId":16968,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46042565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hamid Ahmad Shah, Arshi Syed, M. A. Bhat, D. Kakru, S. Farooq, S. Qureshi, Azhar Shafi, Burhan Nabi, Anil Taku
The growing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a worldwide public health apprehension, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the most commonly implicated bacterial species. Among E. coli isolates, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains have been identified as a key contributor to antibiotic resistance. Penicillin’s, cephalosporins, and monobactams are only a few of the β-lactam antibiotics that can be rendered inactive by ESBLs. This investigation’s goals were to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates found in clinical samples and to analyze the distribution of the blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M genes among them. Additionally, we aimed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of these isolates to other antibiotics. Clinical isolates from urine, ear swab, and wound/pus swabs were collected from patients with suspected E. coli bacterial infections from different regions of north India viz., SKIMS-JVC medical college and NABL accredited Dr. Qadri’s Lab both from Srinagar Kashmir valley region and SMSR, SU from Greater Noida UP. Standard laboratory techniques were used to identify E. coli isolates, and the combined disc method and other phenotypic confirmation techniques were used to confirm ESBL formation. PCR amplification and sequencing were used to find the blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M genes. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of various bacteria to different antibiotics. A total of 210 E. coli isolates were collected from different clinical samples and only 158 isolates showed positive results for ESBL by DDST and phenotypic confirmatory tests. Of these, 124 (78.48%) were ESBL-producing isolates. We found that blaTEM was the most prevalent gene (45.16%), followed by blaCTX-M (34.16%) and blaSHV (12.09%). Antimicrobial resistance profiles were assessed for each of the 120 isolates. Ampicillin and Cefepime were the most resistant drugs to ESBL-producing isolates, followed by Gentamicin, Ceftriaxone, and Cefixime.
{"title":"Genomic Determinants and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Clinical Isolates of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli","authors":"Hamid Ahmad Shah, Arshi Syed, M. A. Bhat, D. Kakru, S. Farooq, S. Qureshi, Azhar Shafi, Burhan Nabi, Anil Taku","doi":"10.22207/jpam.17.3.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.17.3.32","url":null,"abstract":"The growing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a worldwide public health apprehension, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the most commonly implicated bacterial species. Among E. coli isolates, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains have been identified as a key contributor to antibiotic resistance. Penicillin’s, cephalosporins, and monobactams are only a few of the β-lactam antibiotics that can be rendered inactive by ESBLs. This investigation’s goals were to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates found in clinical samples and to analyze the distribution of the blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M genes among them. Additionally, we aimed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of these isolates to other antibiotics. Clinical isolates from urine, ear swab, and wound/pus swabs were collected from patients with suspected E. coli bacterial infections from different regions of north India viz., SKIMS-JVC medical college and NABL accredited Dr. Qadri’s Lab both from Srinagar Kashmir valley region and SMSR, SU from Greater Noida UP. Standard laboratory techniques were used to identify E. coli isolates, and the combined disc method and other phenotypic confirmation techniques were used to confirm ESBL formation. PCR amplification and sequencing were used to find the blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M genes. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of various bacteria to different antibiotics. A total of 210 E. coli isolates were collected from different clinical samples and only 158 isolates showed positive results for ESBL by DDST and phenotypic confirmatory tests. Of these, 124 (78.48%) were ESBL-producing isolates. We found that blaTEM was the most prevalent gene (45.16%), followed by blaCTX-M (34.16%) and blaSHV (12.09%). Antimicrobial resistance profiles were assessed for each of the 120 isolates. Ampicillin and Cefepime were the most resistant drugs to ESBL-producing isolates, followed by Gentamicin, Ceftriaxone, and Cefixime.","PeriodicalId":16968,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43638187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil samples were collected from oil-contaminated sites which were located in west Qurna, Basrah, Iraq. Pseudomonas species were initially isolated on mineral salts and Pseudomonas agar media and identified using morphological and biochemical characterizations. Then, specific primers for the rhlA gene belonging to Pseudomonas aeruginosa were designed based on the primer design conditions, and PCR was performed to amplify the 888 bp size fragment of the rhlA gene; additionally, the primary PCR products were purified and sent for sequencing. The band of about 888bp was determined on the gel, the amplified rhlA gene sequencing findings were revised, only 366 bp were ready to analyze using the (BLAST) software, and the final result was identified as a partial sequence of chromosomal rhlA gene related to Pseudomonas aeruginosa with percent identity of 99.45%. The query gene’s incomplete matching with another partial rhlA record on NCBI was caused by variations in two base pair sequences (T in sequence 348 and C in sequence 353, respectively), and despite the small difference, this results in variation in the amino acids produced; so that a new record number, ON637169, was assigned when the sequence was deposited in GenBank. The relation among the new record of partial rhlA gene with the same number of the other rhlA gene sequences (60 records) was demonstrated by creating a phylogenetic tree.
{"title":"New Record: Molecular Depiction of Rhamnolipids (rhlA) Gene in Locally Isolated Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","authors":"F. N. Al-Kanany, Najim Mohsen","doi":"10.22207/jpam.17.3.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.17.3.25","url":null,"abstract":"Soil samples were collected from oil-contaminated sites which were located in west Qurna, Basrah, Iraq. Pseudomonas species were initially isolated on mineral salts and Pseudomonas agar media and identified using morphological and biochemical characterizations. Then, specific primers for the rhlA gene belonging to Pseudomonas aeruginosa were designed based on the primer design conditions, and PCR was performed to amplify the 888 bp size fragment of the rhlA gene; additionally, the primary PCR products were purified and sent for sequencing. The band of about 888bp was determined on the gel, the amplified rhlA gene sequencing findings were revised, only 366 bp were ready to analyze using the (BLAST) software, and the final result was identified as a partial sequence of chromosomal rhlA gene related to Pseudomonas aeruginosa with percent identity of 99.45%. The query gene’s incomplete matching with another partial rhlA record on NCBI was caused by variations in two base pair sequences (T in sequence 348 and C in sequence 353, respectively), and despite the small difference, this results in variation in the amino acids produced; so that a new record number, ON637169, was assigned when the sequence was deposited in GenBank. The relation among the new record of partial rhlA gene with the same number of the other rhlA gene sequences (60 records) was demonstrated by creating a phylogenetic tree.","PeriodicalId":16968,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43841584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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