The thickness effect of a three-point-bend (3PB) specimen on dimple fracture behavior is studied experimentally and numerically. At first, fracture toughness tests were conducted using 3PB specimens of different thicknesses. Fracture toughness values and R-curves are obtained, and the thickness effect is discussed. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dimple fracture surfaces are observed precisely. It is found that the thickness effect appears clearly in the void growth process. Finite element (FEM) analyses are conducted based on these experimental data. Using Gurson’s constitutive equation, the nucleation and growth of voids during the dimple fracture process are simulated. The distribution patterns of stress triaxiality and the crack growth process are obtained. The results show a good agreement with experimental ones qualitatively. The effects of specimen thickness on R-curves are explained well on the basis of these numerical simulations.
{"title":"Study on Thickness Effect of Three-Point-Bend Specimen","authors":"M. Kikuchi, Takehito Ishihara","doi":"10.1299/JSMEA.49.411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1299/JSMEA.49.411","url":null,"abstract":"The thickness effect of a three-point-bend (3PB) specimen on dimple fracture behavior is studied experimentally and numerically. At first, fracture toughness tests were conducted using 3PB specimens of different thicknesses. Fracture toughness values and R-curves are obtained, and the thickness effect is discussed. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dimple fracture surfaces are observed precisely. It is found that the thickness effect appears clearly in the void growth process. Finite element (FEM) analyses are conducted based on these experimental data. Using Gurson’s constitutive equation, the nucleation and growth of voids during the dimple fracture process are simulated. The distribution patterns of stress triaxiality and the crack growth process are obtained. The results show a good agreement with experimental ones qualitatively. The effects of specimen thickness on R-curves are explained well on the basis of these numerical simulations.","PeriodicalId":170519,"journal":{"name":"Jsme International Journal Series A-solid Mechanics and Material Engineering","volume":"146 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128267959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effectiveness of the Natural Strain theory for describing a large deformation is mentioned in this paper. The Natural Strain is obtained by integrating infinitesimal strain increment on an identical line element over the whole process of the deformation path. Consequently, the shearing strain becomes pure angular strain, which is obtained by removing the rigid body rotation from the rotating angle of a line element. Since the expression of the Natural Strain is different from the strain expression of ordinary rate type, the additive low of strain on an identical line element can be satisfied. In this paper, the finite deformation analyses of a pure elastic body concerning the three different types of deformation paths are discussed on the combined deformation of uni-axial tension and simple shear, and the Natural Strain proposed in this paper is compared with other strain expressions and the rationality of this strain expression is confirmed.
{"title":"Finite Deformation Analysis Using Natural Strain","authors":"Y. Kato","doi":"10.1299/JSMEA.49.436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1299/JSMEA.49.436","url":null,"abstract":"The effectiveness of the Natural Strain theory for describing a large deformation is mentioned in this paper. The Natural Strain is obtained by integrating infinitesimal strain increment on an identical line element over the whole process of the deformation path. Consequently, the shearing strain becomes pure angular strain, which is obtained by removing the rigid body rotation from the rotating angle of a line element. Since the expression of the Natural Strain is different from the strain expression of ordinary rate type, the additive low of strain on an identical line element can be satisfied. In this paper, the finite deformation analyses of a pure elastic body concerning the three different types of deformation paths are discussed on the combined deformation of uni-axial tension and simple shear, and the Natural Strain proposed in this paper is compared with other strain expressions and the rationality of this strain expression is confirmed.","PeriodicalId":170519,"journal":{"name":"Jsme International Journal Series A-solid Mechanics and Material Engineering","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122722893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we examine the applicability of the passive electric potential CT (computed tomography) method to the quantitative identification of three-dimensional cracks in structures. In this method, a piezoelectric film is glued on the surface of structures. The electric potential values on the piezoelectric film change due to the strain distribution on the surface of the structures, when the structures are subjected to an external load. The strain distribution induces an electric potential distribution on the piezoelectric film. Then, this method does not require electric current application, and passively observed electric potential values on piezoelectric film can be used for crack identification. The electric potential distribution on piezoelectric film was investigated numerically and experimentally. It was found that the electric potential distribution shows a characteristic change corresponding to the shape of the surface crack. An inverse method based on the least residual method was applied to crack identification from the electric potential distribution. In this inverse method, the square sum of residuals is evaluated between the measured electric potential distributions and those computed from the electric potential distribution of the piezoelectric film. Three-dimensional surface cracks were identified from the measured electric potential distribution. It was found that the location and size of the crack can be quantitatively estimated using a two-dimensional distribution of electric potential.
{"title":"Experimental Study on Applicability of Passive Electric Potential CT Method for Identification of Three-Dimensional Surface Crack","authors":"D. Shiozawa, S. Kubo, T. Sakagami","doi":"10.1299/JSMEA.49.426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1299/JSMEA.49.426","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we examine the applicability of the passive electric potential CT (computed tomography) method to the quantitative identification of three-dimensional cracks in structures. In this method, a piezoelectric film is glued on the surface of structures. The electric potential values on the piezoelectric film change due to the strain distribution on the surface of the structures, when the structures are subjected to an external load. The strain distribution induces an electric potential distribution on the piezoelectric film. Then, this method does not require electric current application, and passively observed electric potential values on piezoelectric film can be used for crack identification. The electric potential distribution on piezoelectric film was investigated numerically and experimentally. It was found that the electric potential distribution shows a characteristic change corresponding to the shape of the surface crack. An inverse method based on the least residual method was applied to crack identification from the electric potential distribution. In this inverse method, the square sum of residuals is evaluated between the measured electric potential distributions and those computed from the electric potential distribution of the piezoelectric film. Three-dimensional surface cracks were identified from the measured electric potential distribution. It was found that the location and size of the crack can be quantitatively estimated using a two-dimensional distribution of electric potential.","PeriodicalId":170519,"journal":{"name":"Jsme International Journal Series A-solid Mechanics and Material Engineering","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132544112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuzuru Ito, Zhanpeng Lu, H. Miura, T. Yonezawa, T. Shoji
{"title":"Effect of Temperature on the Microscopic Appearance of the Fracture Surface of Alloy 690TT under SSRT Testing","authors":"Yuzuru Ito, Zhanpeng Lu, H. Miura, T. Yonezawa, T. Shoji","doi":"10.1299/JSMEA.49.355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1299/JSMEA.49.355","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":170519,"journal":{"name":"Jsme International Journal Series A-solid Mechanics and Material Engineering","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132918965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to understand nonlinear behaviors of stress-strain responses of metallic materials under static and cyclic conditions from the viewpoint of their microscopic structures, we theoretically investigate an analytical model by applying some mathematical techniques such as the soliton theory and the theory of nonlinear systems which develop greatly in recent years. The analytical model is based on the typical atomic chain model which includes topological defects and consists of the thermal effect, the interactions of atoms, the friction from the environment and the external force. In addition, the analytical model is developed from the typical atomic chain model by including the effects which can relate with work hardening and internal friction. In the static case, we show that inelastic behavior is displayed by the analytical model. In the cyclic case, by using the analytical model, we obtain the nonlinear behavior of the hysteresis loop which qualitatively corresponds to well-known experimental data better than that of the typical model.
{"title":"Analytical Modeling of Stress-Strain Behaviors under Static and Cyclic Conditions from a Microstructural Viewpoint","authors":"Tomonori Watanabe","doi":"10.1299/JSMEA.49.292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1299/JSMEA.49.292","url":null,"abstract":"In order to understand nonlinear behaviors of stress-strain responses of metallic materials under static and cyclic conditions from the viewpoint of their microscopic structures, we theoretically investigate an analytical model by applying some mathematical techniques such as the soliton theory and the theory of nonlinear systems which develop greatly in recent years. The analytical model is based on the typical atomic chain model which includes topological defects and consists of the thermal effect, the interactions of atoms, the friction from the environment and the external force. In addition, the analytical model is developed from the typical atomic chain model by including the effects which can relate with work hardening and internal friction. In the static case, we show that inelastic behavior is displayed by the analytical model. In the cyclic case, by using the analytical model, we obtain the nonlinear behavior of the hysteresis loop which qualitatively corresponds to well-known experimental data better than that of the typical model.","PeriodicalId":170519,"journal":{"name":"Jsme International Journal Series A-solid Mechanics and Material Engineering","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115231641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Behavior of thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) of a single crystal Ni-base superalloy, CMSX-4, was studied, compared with that of isothermal low-cycle fatigue (LCF). Strain-controlled TMF and LCF tests of CMSX-4 were carried out under various test conditions, where the experimental variables were strain rates, strain ratio, temperature range, and strain/temperature phase angle. At first it was shown experimentally that the TMF and LCF failures took places, associated with some noteworthy characteristics which were rarely seen in the traditional polycrystalline heat resistant alloys. They could not be explained reasonably, based on the historical approaches. A new micromechanics model was proposed to predict the TMF and LCF lives, applying the Eshelby’s theory and the Mori-Tanaka’s averaging approximation. The model presented in this paper enabled us to successfully estimate not only the unique characteristics in the TMF and LCF failures but also the effect of γ’ geometry on the LCF lives.
{"title":"Thermo-Mechanical and Low Cycle Fatigues of Single Crystal Ni-Base Superalloys; Importance of Microstructure for Life Prediction","authors":"M. Sakaguchi, M. Okazaki","doi":"10.1299/JSMEA.49.345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1299/JSMEA.49.345","url":null,"abstract":"Behavior of thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) of a single crystal Ni-base superalloy, CMSX-4, was studied, compared with that of isothermal low-cycle fatigue (LCF). Strain-controlled TMF and LCF tests of CMSX-4 were carried out under various test conditions, where the experimental variables were strain rates, strain ratio, temperature range, and strain/temperature phase angle. At first it was shown experimentally that the TMF and LCF failures took places, associated with some noteworthy characteristics which were rarely seen in the traditional polycrystalline heat resistant alloys. They could not be explained reasonably, based on the historical approaches. A new micromechanics model was proposed to predict the TMF and LCF lives, applying the Eshelby’s theory and the Mori-Tanaka’s averaging approximation. The model presented in this paper enabled us to successfully estimate not only the unique characteristics in the TMF and LCF failures but also the effect of γ’ geometry on the LCF lives.","PeriodicalId":170519,"journal":{"name":"Jsme International Journal Series A-solid Mechanics and Material Engineering","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128468746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A woodpecker strikes its beak toward a tree repeatedly. But, the damage of brain or the brain concussion doesn’t occur by this action. Human cannot strike strongly the head without the damage of a brain. Therefore, it is predicted that the brain of a woodpecker is protected from the shock by some methods and that the woodpecker has the original mechanism to absorb a shock. In this study, the endoskeltal structure, especially head part structure of woodpecker is dissected and the impact-proof system is analyzed by FEM and model experiment. From the results, it is obvious that the woodpecker has the original impact-proof system as the unique states of hyoid bone, skull, tissue and brain. Moreover it is considered that woodpecker has the advanced impact-proof system relating with not only the head part but also with the whole body.
{"title":"Mechanical Evaluation of the Skeletal Structure and Tissue of the Woodpecker and Its Shock Absorbing System","authors":"J. Oda, J. Sakamoto, K. Sakano","doi":"10.1299/JSMEA.49.390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1299/JSMEA.49.390","url":null,"abstract":"A woodpecker strikes its beak toward a tree repeatedly. But, the damage of brain or the brain concussion doesn’t occur by this action. Human cannot strike strongly the head without the damage of a brain. Therefore, it is predicted that the brain of a woodpecker is protected from the shock by some methods and that the woodpecker has the original mechanism to absorb a shock. In this study, the endoskeltal structure, especially head part structure of woodpecker is dissected and the impact-proof system is analyzed by FEM and model experiment. From the results, it is obvious that the woodpecker has the original impact-proof system as the unique states of hyoid bone, skull, tissue and brain. Moreover it is considered that woodpecker has the advanced impact-proof system relating with not only the head part but also with the whole body.","PeriodicalId":170519,"journal":{"name":"Jsme International Journal Series A-solid Mechanics and Material Engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114200096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Si3N4/SiC ceramics were hot-pressed to investigate the effect of stress frequency on the crack-healing behavior under cyclic stress. The specimens having pre-crack of 100µ m were subjected to crack-healing under constant or cyclic bending stresses of 300MPa at temperatures between 800 and 1200°C. The resultant bending strength of the crack-healed specimen was investigated. At a healing temperature of 900°C, the pre-cracks had been completely healed both under constant stress and cyclic stress of 0.5Hz. However, the pre-cracks had not completely healed under a cyclic stress of 5 and 10Hz. Thus, the stress frequency affects crack-healing behaviors at 900°C. On the other hand, when the healing temperature was higher than 1000°C, the pre-cracks were healed completely under both constant stress and cyclic stress up to 10Hz. The effects of stress frequency were dependent on the healing temperature. The reasons for this were discussed from the viewpoint of competitive mechanism of fatigue crack growth and crack-healing.
{"title":"Effects of Frequency on the Crack-Healing Behavior of Si3N4/SiC Composite under Cyclic Stress","authors":"Koji Takahashi, Yuuta Mizobe, K. Ando, S. Saito","doi":"10.1299/JSMEA.49.307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1299/JSMEA.49.307","url":null,"abstract":"Si3N4/SiC ceramics were hot-pressed to investigate the effect of stress frequency on the crack-healing behavior under cyclic stress. The specimens having pre-crack of 100µ m were subjected to crack-healing under constant or cyclic bending stresses of 300MPa at temperatures between 800 and 1200°C. The resultant bending strength of the crack-healed specimen was investigated. At a healing temperature of 900°C, the pre-cracks had been completely healed both under constant stress and cyclic stress of 0.5Hz. However, the pre-cracks had not completely healed under a cyclic stress of 5 and 10Hz. Thus, the stress frequency affects crack-healing behaviors at 900°C. On the other hand, when the healing temperature was higher than 1000°C, the pre-cracks were healed completely under both constant stress and cyclic stress up to 10Hz. The effects of stress frequency were dependent on the healing temperature. The reasons for this were discussed from the viewpoint of competitive mechanism of fatigue crack growth and crack-healing.","PeriodicalId":170519,"journal":{"name":"Jsme International Journal Series A-solid Mechanics and Material Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129943358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Molecular dynamics simulations of the shape-memory effect are carried out to investigate the atomistic behavior during deformation and shape-recovery processes. The embedded-atom-method potential function and parameters for Ni-Al alloy are applied. The initial configurations of atoms are set on the lattice points of the martensite structure, in which the distribution of the variant orientation is limited to the two-dimensional direction for simplicity. When the shear load is imposed toward the x direction, parallel to the variant interface, the deformation of the variants occurs, and finally, all variants settle into the uniform orientation. The deformed state is maintained after the load is released, and the original shape is recovered through heating and cooling processes because of phase transformation to bcc and martensite. In the loading process, the stress-strain curve exhibits a zigzag shape consisting of repeated stress increase and abrupt release. The interval of the stress peaks is revealed to be smaller as the model size becomes larger. Deformation observed in variant layers seems to occur at the same time at every points in the layer for a small model. However, the simulation with a large model indicates a nucleation and propagation behavior in each layer.
{"title":"Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Shape-Memory Behavior Based on Martensite Transformation and Shear Deformation","authors":"T. Uehara, Takato Tamai, N. Ohno","doi":"10.1299/JSMEA.49.300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1299/JSMEA.49.300","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular dynamics simulations of the shape-memory effect are carried out to investigate the atomistic behavior during deformation and shape-recovery processes. The embedded-atom-method potential function and parameters for Ni-Al alloy are applied. The initial configurations of atoms are set on the lattice points of the martensite structure, in which the distribution of the variant orientation is limited to the two-dimensional direction for simplicity. When the shear load is imposed toward the x direction, parallel to the variant interface, the deformation of the variants occurs, and finally, all variants settle into the uniform orientation. The deformed state is maintained after the load is released, and the original shape is recovered through heating and cooling processes because of phase transformation to bcc and martensite. In the loading process, the stress-strain curve exhibits a zigzag shape consisting of repeated stress increase and abrupt release. The interval of the stress peaks is revealed to be smaller as the model size becomes larger. Deformation observed in variant layers seems to occur at the same time at every points in the layer for a small model. However, the simulation with a large model indicates a nucleation and propagation behavior in each layer.","PeriodicalId":170519,"journal":{"name":"Jsme International Journal Series A-solid Mechanics and Material Engineering","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116503234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper deals with fracture process of a ceramic-metal functionally graded material (FGM) under three-point-bending. The used material was fabricated by powder metallurgy using partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) and stainless steel (SUS 304), and has a functionally graded surface layer (FGM layer) on a SUS 304 substrate. In order to investigate the fracture process of the FGM, three-point-bending tests of rectangular specimens and numerical analysis are carried out. During the three-point-bending tests, crack initiation and unstable crack growth occur in the FGM layer, and the crack is arrested at the interface between the FGM layer and the substrate. Then, the crack branches and both crack tips grow stably along the interface with increasing deformation. After some amount of crack growth, both crack tips are arrested, and a new crack is initiated and grows into the SUS 304 substrate ahead of the initial cracking of the FGM layer. The finite element analysis taking account of gradation of material composition and plasticity of SUS 304 phase is carried out for each stage of fracture process. Based on the numerical results of the stress intensity factor, plastic zone and stress distribution, the fracture behavior of the FGM is discussed in detail.
{"title":"Characterization of Fracture Process in Ceramic-Metal Functionally Graded Material under Three-Point-Bending","authors":"K. Tohgo, A. Hadano","doi":"10.1299/JSMEA.49.321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1299/JSMEA.49.321","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with fracture process of a ceramic-metal functionally graded material (FGM) under three-point-bending. The used material was fabricated by powder metallurgy using partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) and stainless steel (SUS 304), and has a functionally graded surface layer (FGM layer) on a SUS 304 substrate. In order to investigate the fracture process of the FGM, three-point-bending tests of rectangular specimens and numerical analysis are carried out. During the three-point-bending tests, crack initiation and unstable crack growth occur in the FGM layer, and the crack is arrested at the interface between the FGM layer and the substrate. Then, the crack branches and both crack tips grow stably along the interface with increasing deformation. After some amount of crack growth, both crack tips are arrested, and a new crack is initiated and grows into the SUS 304 substrate ahead of the initial cracking of the FGM layer. The finite element analysis taking account of gradation of material composition and plasticity of SUS 304 phase is carried out for each stage of fracture process. Based on the numerical results of the stress intensity factor, plastic zone and stress distribution, the fracture behavior of the FGM is discussed in detail.","PeriodicalId":170519,"journal":{"name":"Jsme International Journal Series A-solid Mechanics and Material Engineering","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125871709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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