Pub Date : 1966-02-01DOI: 10.1080/19447026608662337
J. D. Collins, M. Chaikin
The cross-sectional area, ellipticity, and ‘natural-twist’ variations are given for different types of pen-grovvn wool fibres, and it is shown that large changes may take place over short lengths. Measurements on stretched fibres have shown that the stretching process is complex. There is evidence to indicate that equal cross-sectional areas do not necessarily behave similarly. During stretching, a large amount of redistribution and removal of natural twist takes place. It is shown that thinner sections twist more than thicker sections and that it is easier to twist the fibre against the direction of natural twist.
{"title":"6—DIMENSIONAL RELATIONS IN UNSTRAINED AND STRAINED WOOL FIBRES","authors":"J. D. Collins, M. Chaikin","doi":"10.1080/19447026608662337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19447026608662337","url":null,"abstract":"The cross-sectional area, ellipticity, and ‘natural-twist’ variations are given for different types of pen-grovvn wool fibres, and it is shown that large changes may take place over short lengths. Measurements on stretched fibres have shown that the stretching process is complex. There is evidence to indicate that equal cross-sectional areas do not necessarily behave similarly. During stretching, a large amount of redistribution and removal of natural twist takes place. It is shown that thinner sections twist more than thicker sections and that it is easier to twist the fibre against the direction of natural twist.","PeriodicalId":17650,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Textile Institute Transactions","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87637786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1966-02-01DOI: 10.1080/19447026608662340
H. M. Elder
Experiments axe described in which the bending modulus of several monofilament materials was determined at different constant humidities and varying temperature and at different constant temperatures and varying humidity. It was found that the bending modulus of a thermoplastic monofilament decreased with increasing temperature by an amount dependent on the temperature and the thermodynamic properties and history of the material and decreased with increasing humidity, provided that the material was hydrophilic, by an amount that was again dependent on the temperature. It is shown that the effect of chants in temperature and humidity on the behaviour of fibres can be predicted from the observations on coarse monofilaments and that these changes are important in the assessment of handle.
{"title":"9—THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON THE BENDING MODULUS OF SOME MONOFILAMENT MATERIALS","authors":"H. M. Elder","doi":"10.1080/19447026608662340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19447026608662340","url":null,"abstract":"Experiments axe described in which the bending modulus of several monofilament materials was determined at different constant humidities and varying temperature and at different constant temperatures and varying humidity. It was found that the bending modulus of a thermoplastic monofilament decreased with increasing temperature by an amount dependent on the temperature and the thermodynamic properties and history of the material and decreased with increasing humidity, provided that the material was hydrophilic, by an amount that was again dependent on the temperature. It is shown that the effect of chants in temperature and humidity on the behaviour of fibres can be predicted from the observations on coarse monofilaments and that these changes are important in the assessment of handle.","PeriodicalId":17650,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Textile Institute Transactions","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78296408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1966-02-01DOI: 10.1080/19447026608662339
G. Walls, J. Yates
Processing and product comparisons of sweated and sulphide-painted wools with shorn wools from the same flocks of sheep show top-yield advantages for the fellmongered wools. There was, however, a tendency for the tearing strength and abrasion-resistance of fabrics made from the fellniongered wools to be lower and for the colour to deteriorate, and, though the fabrics dyed very evenly, colour intensity after dyeing was different. This suggests that careful fibre-mixing is necessary in blends of skin and shorn wools. Fellmongered-wool fabrics were appreciably more yellow than shom-wool fabrics, but, after irradiation with imitation sunlight, differences between fabrics were very much less. Skin-digested wools could be processed satisfactorily, but the yams and fabrics showed appreciable loss of strength, extensibility, and colour compared with the shorn wools. Top yield was also less.
{"title":"8—SOME COMPARISONS OF SKIN WOOLS WITH SHORN WOOLS FROM THE SAME FLOCKS","authors":"G. Walls, J. Yates","doi":"10.1080/19447026608662339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19447026608662339","url":null,"abstract":"Processing and product comparisons of sweated and sulphide-painted wools with shorn wools from the same flocks of sheep show top-yield advantages for the fellmongered wools. There was, however, a tendency for the tearing strength and abrasion-resistance of fabrics made from the fellniongered wools to be lower and for the colour to deteriorate, and, though the fabrics dyed very evenly, colour intensity after dyeing was different. This suggests that careful fibre-mixing is necessary in blends of skin and shorn wools. Fellmongered-wool fabrics were appreciably more yellow than shom-wool fabrics, but, after irradiation with imitation sunlight, differences between fabrics were very much less. Skin-digested wools could be processed satisfactorily, but the yams and fabrics showed appreciable loss of strength, extensibility, and colour compared with the shorn wools. Top yield was also less.","PeriodicalId":17650,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Textile Institute Transactions","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91105289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1966-01-01DOI: 10.1080/19447026608662331
H. M. Elder
The initial tensile, compressive, and bending moduli of a monofilament were measured under comparable experimental conditions on an Instron Tensile Tester. Nylon, polyethylene, polypropylene, Saran, and Terylene monofilaments were used, and the effects of test length, length/diameter ratio, strain, and time were considered.
{"title":"2—THE TENSILE, COMPRESSIVE, AND BENDING MODULI OF SOME MONOFILAMENT MATERIALS","authors":"H. M. Elder","doi":"10.1080/19447026608662331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19447026608662331","url":null,"abstract":"The initial tensile, compressive, and bending moduli of a monofilament were measured under comparable experimental conditions on an Instron Tensile Tester. Nylon, polyethylene, polypropylene, Saran, and Terylene monofilaments were used, and the effects of test length, length/diameter ratio, strain, and time were considered.","PeriodicalId":17650,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Textile Institute Transactions","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79806305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1966-01-01DOI: 10.1080/19447026608662336
J. W. Bell, C. R. Hutchinson, C. S. Whewell
{"title":"The Effect of Metal Salts on the Thermal Degradation of Wool","authors":"J. W. Bell, C. R. Hutchinson, C. S. Whewell","doi":"10.1080/19447026608662336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19447026608662336","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17650,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Textile Institute Transactions","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81485463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1966-01-01DOI: 10.1080/19447026608662334
A. Viswanathan
Inter-fibre frictional forces, F, corresponding to normal loads, R, of up to 300 g, experimentally determined for a large number of fibres, mostly cottons, rayons, and polynosic rayons, conform to a general expression of the form F = αRn . The parameters α and n are, however, shown to be interdependent, correlations as high as −0·991 and −0·962 being obtained for cottons and regenerated cellulosic fibres, respectively. An explanation is sought for this phenomenon in the fine structure of the fibre, which influences the surface characteristics through changes in visco-elastic properties. Supporting evidence is adduced from the results of experiments on mercerized cottons, which behave in a similar manner to rayons and polynosic rayons, all of which are known to reveal cellulose II structures by X-ray methods. A simple physical approach on considerations of surface area shows that fibre characteristics, namely, length, fineness, and maturity, have a decreasing influence on the frictional behaviour as the ap...
{"title":"5—FRICTIONAL FORCES IN COTTON AND REGENERATED CELLULOSIC FIBRES","authors":"A. Viswanathan","doi":"10.1080/19447026608662334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19447026608662334","url":null,"abstract":"Inter-fibre frictional forces, F, corresponding to normal loads, R, of up to 300 g, experimentally determined for a large number of fibres, mostly cottons, rayons, and polynosic rayons, conform to a general expression of the form F = αRn . The parameters α and n are, however, shown to be interdependent, correlations as high as −0·991 and −0·962 being obtained for cottons and regenerated cellulosic fibres, respectively. An explanation is sought for this phenomenon in the fine structure of the fibre, which influences the surface characteristics through changes in visco-elastic properties. Supporting evidence is adduced from the results of experiments on mercerized cottons, which behave in a similar manner to rayons and polynosic rayons, all of which are known to reveal cellulose II structures by X-ray methods. A simple physical approach on considerations of surface area shows that fibre characteristics, namely, length, fineness, and maturity, have a decreasing influence on the frictional behaviour as the ap...","PeriodicalId":17650,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Textile Institute Transactions","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77014075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1966-01-01DOI: 10.1080/19447026608662332
P. Grosberg, P. A. Smith
This paper deals with an approximate theory of yarn strength, which applies specifically to low-twisted yarns and slivers. This is based on a previous analysis given by one of the authors and on a sinipUfying assumption with regard to the tension distribution among the fibres. It is shown that it is important to use the more accurate formula than that due to Amontons for the connexion between frictional force and load, namely, F =μW n, It has been found that a good explanation of the breaking strength of twisted rovings is obtained, provided that tbe twist is so low that fibre breakage can be neglected. The analysis leads to a new formula for the strength of such structures that does not involve empirical factors and gives excellent agreement with experiment.
{"title":"3—THE STRENGTH OF SLIVERS OF RELATIVELY LOW TWIST","authors":"P. Grosberg, P. A. Smith","doi":"10.1080/19447026608662332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19447026608662332","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with an approximate theory of yarn strength, which applies specifically to low-twisted yarns and slivers. This is based on a previous analysis given by one of the authors and on a sinipUfying assumption with regard to the tension distribution among the fibres. It is shown that it is important to use the more accurate formula than that due to Amontons for the connexion between frictional force and load, namely, F =μW n, It has been found that a good explanation of the breaking strength of twisted rovings is obtained, provided that tbe twist is so low that fibre breakage can be neglected. The analysis leads to a new formula for the strength of such structures that does not involve empirical factors and gives excellent agreement with experiment.","PeriodicalId":17650,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Textile Institute Transactions","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80242129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1966-01-01DOI: 10.1080/19447026608662330
L. J. Lynch, K. Marsden
Observations were made of the free-precessional decay signals obtained from pulsed proton-magnetic-resonance experiments performed on the wool–water system. The signals were found to consist of two easily separable components; a fast-decaying component, independent of regain, attributed to the protons of the keratin, and a variable, slower-decaying, component, attributed to the protons of the absorbed water. Attempts were made to analyse the results in terms of various wool–water models. Qualitative agreement was obtained between the experimental results and the five-phase theory of Feughelman and Haly7.
{"title":"1—A STUDY OF THE WOOL–WATER SYSTEM BY MEANS OF PULSED NUCLEAR-MAGNET1C-RESONANCE TECHNIQUES","authors":"L. J. Lynch, K. Marsden","doi":"10.1080/19447026608662330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19447026608662330","url":null,"abstract":"Observations were made of the free-precessional decay signals obtained from pulsed proton-magnetic-resonance experiments performed on the wool–water system. The signals were found to consist of two easily separable components; a fast-decaying component, independent of regain, attributed to the protons of the keratin, and a variable, slower-decaying, component, attributed to the protons of the absorbed water. Attempts were made to analyse the results in terms of various wool–water models. Qualitative agreement was obtained between the experimental results and the five-phase theory of Feughelman and Haly7.","PeriodicalId":17650,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Textile Institute Transactions","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79111281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1966-01-01DOI: 10.1080/19447026608662333
Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, G. Cusick
An account is given of measurements of the thickness of carpets after treatment in the Tetrapod Walker Carpet-testing Machine. For a range of carpets, the loss of thickness was found to be linearly related to the logarithm of the number of revolutions of the machine. The parameters of this relation are examined.
{"title":"4—LOSS OF THICKNESS OF CARPETS IN THE TETRAPOD WALKER CARPET-TESTING MACHINE","authors":"Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, G. Cusick","doi":"10.1080/19447026608662333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19447026608662333","url":null,"abstract":"An account is given of measurements of the thickness of carpets after treatment in the Tetrapod Walker Carpet-testing Machine. For a range of carpets, the loss of thickness was found to be linearly related to the logarithm of the number of revolutions of the machine. The parameters of this relation are examined.","PeriodicalId":17650,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Textile Institute Transactions","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74705631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1966-01-01DOI: 10.1080/19447026608662335
G. Wray
{"title":"A Simple Technique for the Circumferential Viewing of Yarns Containing Tracer Fibres","authors":"G. Wray","doi":"10.1080/19447026608662335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19447026608662335","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17650,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Textile Institute Transactions","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83859650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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