The impact of employment protection legislation has been thoroughly analyzed in varied contexts. Most studies highlight the potential harm of the legislation on labor outcomes, although evidence remains inconclusive. However, the literature has focused primarily on ex post impacts, analyzing the regulation’s effect after implementation. This article departs from that analysis to focus on anticipated or ex ante effects of labor regulation. More specifically, we study the role of firms’ expectations in future stricter labor legislation related to employment and income in Peru’s formal and informal labor market. To account for expectations, we used the number of news items related to the approval of a proposed law—the General Labor Law—to increase labor rigidities in Lima’s most important business newspaper. Using the Peruvian labor survey, we find a negative but decreasing relationship between firms’ expectations of a future stricter labor market and employment and average income. We also collect evidence that bigger news items and ones closer to the front page have a negative relationship with formal employment and income.
{"title":"Fear of Labor Rigidities: The Role of Expectations on Employment Growth in Peru","authors":"G. Yamada, P. Lavado, Gonzalo Rivera","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2713012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2713012","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The impact of employment protection legislation has been thoroughly analyzed in varied contexts. Most studies highlight the potential harm of the legislation on labor outcomes, although evidence remains inconclusive. However, the literature has focused primarily on ex post impacts, analyzing the regulation’s effect after implementation. This article departs from that analysis to focus on anticipated or ex ante effects of labor regulation. More specifically, we study the role of firms’ expectations in future stricter labor legislation related to employment and income in Peru’s formal and informal labor market. To account for expectations, we used the number of news items related to the approval of a proposed law—the General Labor Law—to increase labor rigidities in Lima’s most important business newspaper. Using the Peruvian labor survey, we find a negative but decreasing relationship between firms’ expectations of a future stricter labor market and employment and average income. We also collect evidence that bigger news items and ones closer to the front page have a negative relationship with formal employment and income.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89185210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the high growth of the Peruvian economy during the last decade, college graduates are facing increasing difficulties to find occupations that match their higher educational background, skills and educational investments. This scenario is embodied in the "professional underemployment" condition by which 4 out of 10 college graduates, by 2012, are overeducated, occupying non-professional and sub-paid positions. We propose that the deterioration in higher education quality has been a trigger for the increase in underemployment of university graduates, as an alternative to the literature that analyzes its causes related to labor demand. The main objective is to explore and quantify the extent to which higher education quality contributes to professional underemployment in Peru. Using data from the National Household Survey for the period 2004-2012 and the National University Census for the years 1996 and 2010, we propose a discrete choice model that measures the impact of college quality on the individual condition of underemployment in the long run. The source of variability for identifying this effect is the institutional and legal process of deregulation of universities initiated in the nineties. Our results indicate that the probability of being underemployed among graduates who attended "lower quality" universities increased from 0.19 to 0.30 beginning the college market deregulation. These estimation consider a twofold effect of deregulation, over the quality of university to which university applicants are prone to attend and in the probability of acquiring university education among individuals with lower academic skills.
{"title":"An Unfulfilled Promise? Higher Education Quality and Professional Underemployment in Peru","authors":"G. Yamada, P. Lavado, Joan J Martinez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2713011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2713011","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the high growth of the Peruvian economy during the last decade, college graduates are facing increasing difficulties to find occupations that match their higher educational background, skills and educational investments. This scenario is embodied in the \"professional underemployment\" condition by which 4 out of 10 college graduates, by 2012, are overeducated, occupying non-professional and sub-paid positions. We propose that the deterioration in higher education quality has been a trigger for the increase in underemployment of university graduates, as an alternative to the literature that analyzes its causes related to labor demand. The main objective is to explore and quantify the extent to which higher education quality contributes to professional underemployment in Peru. Using data from the National Household Survey for the period 2004-2012 and the National University Census for the years 1996 and 2010, we propose a discrete choice model that measures the impact of college quality on the individual condition of underemployment in the long run. The source of variability for identifying this effect is the institutional and legal process of deregulation of universities initiated in the nineties. Our results indicate that the probability of being underemployed among graduates who attended \"lower quality\" universities increased from 0.19 to 0.30 beginning the college market deregulation. These estimation consider a twofold effect of deregulation, over the quality of university to which university applicants are prone to attend and in the probability of acquiring university education among individuals with lower academic skills.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88828694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spanish Abstract: Este documento presenta un análisis del comportamiento de la economía colombiana durante la última década y media, pero enmarcado en una perspectiva de largo plazo desde los años 90, cuando la dirigencia colombiana decidió darle un giro al patrón de acumulación, desde un modelo centrado en el mercado interno a uno enfocado hacia la competitividad en los mercados internacionales, siguiendo los dictados de las entidades multilaterales de crédito y de la academia neoliberal norteamericana. En particular el texto se centra en examinar las tendencias de la economía en los años 2000, marcadas por el énfasis en la apertura hacia mercados externos mediante la exportación de bienes primarios, fundamentalmente minero – energéticos. También se pasa revista a la coyuntura económica del país, que apunta hacia una tercera crisis de largo período, esta vez marcada por la crisis mundial del extractivismo. English Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the performance of the Colombian economy during the last fifteen years but in the framework of a long-term perspective from the 90s, when the Colombian authorities decided to change the accumulation pattern, from a model centered in domestic market, to one focused on competitiveness in international markets, following the dictates of multilateral credit institutions and the neoliberal North American Academy. In particular, the text focuses on examining the economic trends in 2000, characterized by the emphasis on opening up foreign markets by exporting commodities, mainly minerals and oil. It also reviews the recent economic situation of the country that points to a long period third crisis, this time marked by the extractivism global crisis.
[Abstract:本文分析哥伦比亚经济的行为在过去的五年里,一个半但陷害在一个长期观点自90年代,当哥伦比亚领导人决定给他一把示范模式积累,从注重国内市场一集中在国际市场竞争力,遵照命令科学院多边金融机构和美国的新自由主义。本文的主要目的是分析拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的经济趋势，重点是通过出口初级商品(主要是采矿和能源)向外部市场开放。它还回顾了该国的经济状况，这标志着第三次长期危机，这一次的标志是全球榨油危机。English Abstract: This paper代表an analysis of the performance of the派economy during the月fifteen but in the framework of from the年代的长期观点,when the当局决定to change the pattern, from a model centered in累积的国内市场,to one聚焦竞争力在国际市场,无论是下列多边dictates of credit and the North American Academy的新的自由。特别是，本文着重研究了2000年的经济趋势，其特点是强调通过出口商品(主要是矿物和石油)打开外国市场。它还回顾了该国最近的经济形势，这导致了长期的第三次危机，这次的标志是全球开采主义危机。
{"title":"La Economía De Colombia, Entre La Apertura Y El Extractivismo (Colombian Economy, between Openness and Extractivism)","authors":"Álvaro Zerda Sarmiento","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2707252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2707252","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> Este documento presenta un análisis del comportamiento de la economía colombiana durante la última década y media, pero enmarcado en una perspectiva de largo plazo desde los años 90, cuando la dirigencia colombiana decidió darle un giro al patrón de acumulación, desde un modelo centrado en el mercado interno a uno enfocado hacia la competitividad en los mercados internacionales, siguiendo los dictados de las entidades multilaterales de crédito y de la academia neoliberal norteamericana. En particular el texto se centra en examinar las tendencias de la economía en los años 2000, marcadas por el énfasis en la apertura hacia mercados externos mediante la exportación de bienes primarios, fundamentalmente minero – energéticos. También se pasa revista a la coyuntura económica del país, que apunta hacia una tercera crisis de largo período, esta vez marcada por la crisis mundial del extractivismo. <b>English Abstract:</b> This paper presents an analysis of the performance of the Colombian economy during the last fifteen years but in the framework of a long-term perspective from the 90s, when the Colombian authorities decided to change the accumulation pattern, from a model centered in domestic market, to one focused on competitiveness in international markets, following the dictates of multilateral credit institutions and the neoliberal North American Academy. In particular, the text focuses on examining the economic trends in 2000, characterized by the emphasis on opening up foreign markets by exporting commodities, mainly minerals and oil. It also reviews the recent economic situation of the country that points to a long period third crisis, this time marked by the extractivism global crisis.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85592821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-09DOI: 10.18601/01207555.N17.07
L. F. Tribiño
Spanish Abstract: Este documento tiene por objetivo generar una reflexion en torno al turista y sus motivaciones para realizar sus practicas turisticas en determinados enclaves para el ocio y el turismo, donde las condiciones de los seres humanos presentan desequilibrios en terminos de necesidades basicas insatisfechas y dignidad humana. La presente investigacion se realiza con un enfoque cualitativo e inductivo; a partir de la revision de un enclave turistico localizado en el Parque Nacional Natural Corales del Rosario y de San Bernardo (Colombia) y de una revision conceptual, se comienza a construir una hipotesis, la cual abre nuevos espacios de reflexion y discusion acerca de lo que se podria denominar seudoturismo o turismo falso en relacion con una perspectiva social del turismo, las motivaciones de visita y la ausencia de reciprocidad y espacios de construccion en comunidad.English Abstract: This document aims to generate a reflection on the tourists and their motivations for tourism practices in certain places for leisure and tourism, where the conditions of the human population imbalances in terms of basic needs and human dignity. This research is carried out with a qualitative and inductive approach in which, after reviewing a tourist resort located in the National Park Corales del Rosario and San Bernardo, Colombia, and a conceptual review, it begins to build a hypothesis which opens new opportunities for reflection and discussion about what could be called pseudotourism or false tourism in relation to social tourism perspective, the motivations of access and the absence of reciprocity and community building spaces.
摘要:本文旨在反思游客及其在某些休闲和旅游飞地进行旅游实践的动机，在这些飞地中，人类的条件在基本需求未得到满足和人的尊严方面表现出不平衡。本研究采用定性和归纳的方法进行;起旅游飞地在订正的国家自然公园珊瑚del Rosario和圣伯纳德(哥伦比亚)和订正概念,开始修建一个reflexion hipotesis,打开新的空间和讨论关于可能将它称为“假seudoturismo或观光旅游在社会眼光关系对等,参观缺乏动机和肯尼亚的社区空间。英文摘要:本文件旨在反映游客及其在某些休闲和旅游场所实行旅游做法的动机，这些地方的人口状况在基本需求和人的尊严方面不平衡。对此的research is out with a定性和inductive approach in which, after reviewing旅游度假村located in the National Park珊瑚del Rosario圣伯纳德、哥伦比亚及《文摘》,开始to build a hypothesis which it opens新的机遇reflection和讨论可about what be called pseudotourism or false旅游业社会关于旅游perspective, the motivations of access and the absence of reciprocity and community building spaces。
{"title":"Seudoturismo: El Turista Y Sus Falsas Prácticas Durante El Ejercicio De La Actividad Turística (Pseudo Tourism: The Tourist and His False Practices During the Tourism Activity)","authors":"L. F. Tribiño","doi":"10.18601/01207555.N17.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18601/01207555.N17.07","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: Este documento tiene por objetivo generar una reflexion en torno al turista y sus motivaciones para realizar sus practicas turisticas en determinados enclaves para el ocio y el turismo, donde las condiciones de los seres humanos presentan desequilibrios en terminos de necesidades basicas insatisfechas y dignidad humana. La presente investigacion se realiza con un enfoque cualitativo e inductivo; a partir de la revision de un enclave turistico localizado en el Parque Nacional Natural Corales del Rosario y de San Bernardo (Colombia) y de una revision conceptual, se comienza a construir una hipotesis, la cual abre nuevos espacios de reflexion y discusion acerca de lo que se podria denominar seudoturismo o turismo falso en relacion con una perspectiva social del turismo, las motivaciones de visita y la ausencia de reciprocidad y espacios de construccion en comunidad.English Abstract: This document aims to generate a reflection on the tourists and their motivations for tourism practices in certain places for leisure and tourism, where the conditions of the human population imbalances in terms of basic needs and human dignity. This research is carried out with a qualitative and inductive approach in which, after reviewing a tourist resort located in the National Park Corales del Rosario and San Bernardo, Colombia, and a conceptual review, it begins to build a hypothesis which opens new opportunities for reflection and discussion about what could be called pseudotourism or false tourism in relation to social tourism perspective, the motivations of access and the absence of reciprocity and community building spaces.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77296482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-52862015000200001
B. Batiz-Lazo
This introductory piece provides some context to the special edition on business and economic history of Chile and Latin America. It also provides an introduction to better understanding research and method in business history while inviting for this field to be further developed in Chile.
{"title":"A Dainty Review of the Business and Economic History of Chile and Latin America","authors":"B. Batiz-Lazo","doi":"10.4067/S0718-52862015000200001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-52862015000200001","url":null,"abstract":"This introductory piece provides some context to the special edition on business and economic history of Chile and Latin America. It also provides an introduction to better understanding research and method in business history while inviting for this field to be further developed in Chile.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76218902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the microstructure of import markets and the division of the gains from trade among consumers, importers and exporters. When exporters and importers transact through anonymous markets, double marginalization and business stealing among competing importers lead to lower profits. Trading parties can overcome these inefficiencies by investing in richer contractual arrangements such as bilateral contracts that eliminate double marginalization and joint contracts that also internalize business stealing. Introducing these contractual choices into a trade model with heterogeneous exporters and importers, we show that trade liberalization increases the incentive to engage in joint contracts, thus raising the profits of exporters and importers at the expense of consumer welfare. We examine the implications of the model for prices, quantities and exporter-importer matches in Colombian import markets before and after the US-Colombia free trade agreement. US exporters that started to enjoy duty-free access were more likely to increase their average price, decrease their quantity exported and reduce the number of import partners.
{"title":"Contracting and the Division of the Gains from Trade","authors":"A. Bernard, Swati Dhingra","doi":"10.3386/W21691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W21691","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the microstructure of import markets and the division of the gains from trade among consumers, importers and exporters. When exporters and importers transact through anonymous markets, double marginalization and business stealing among competing importers lead to lower profits. Trading parties can overcome these inefficiencies by investing in richer contractual arrangements such as bilateral contracts that eliminate double marginalization and joint contracts that also internalize business stealing. Introducing these contractual choices into a trade model with heterogeneous exporters and importers, we show that trade liberalization increases the incentive to engage in joint contracts, thus raising the profits of exporters and importers at the expense of consumer welfare. We examine the implications of the model for prices, quantities and exporter-importer matches in Colombian import markets before and after the US-Colombia free trade agreement. US exporters that started to enjoy duty-free access were more likely to increase their average price, decrease their quantity exported and reduce the number of import partners.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80040522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Chilean economy is usually highly praised as having been successful since the imposition of neo-liberal reforms under the dictatorship of general Pinochet in 1973. However, the four decades that have elapsed include sub-periods with quite different policy approaches and notably diverse outcomes; thus, there is neither one unique model nor only one outcome. The four decades’ growth is moderate, averaging 4.2 per cent per year: it averaged 2.9 per cent (meagre) during the 16 years of dictatorship and a good performance of 5.1 per cent during a quarter-century of democracy, albeit with a vigorous 7.1 per cent in the initial years (1990-98) and a modest 3.9 per cent in the last 15 years. Hence, sometimes, Chile has performed closer to becoming a “model” for development, and at other times the opposite or something in between. Focusing on three episodes (1973-81, 1990-95 and 2008-13), we explore the underlying explanatory variables and some lessons for building “a role model for development”.
{"title":"Is Chile a Role Model for Development?","authors":"R. Ffrench-Davis","doi":"10.18356/FD11329B-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/FD11329B-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The Chilean economy is usually highly praised as having been successful since the imposition of neo-liberal reforms under the dictatorship of general Pinochet in 1973. However, the four decades that have elapsed include sub-periods with quite different policy approaches and notably diverse outcomes; thus, there is neither one unique model nor only one outcome. The four decades’ growth is moderate, averaging 4.2 per cent per year: it averaged 2.9 per cent (meagre) during the 16 years of dictatorship and a good performance of 5.1 per cent during a quarter-century of democracy, albeit with a vigorous 7.1 per cent in the initial years (1990-98) and a modest 3.9 per cent in the last 15 years. Hence, sometimes, Chile has performed closer to becoming a “model” for development, and at other times the opposite or something in between. Focusing on three episodes (1973-81, 1990-95 and 2008-13), we explore the underlying explanatory variables and some lessons for building “a role model for development”.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82281852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study reviews the literature on multilatinas, Latin American multinationals, and provides suggestions for using these firms as a laboratory for extending exiting theories and models of the multinational. Analyses of their behavior tend to discuss their upgrading of capabilities and their patterns of internationalization. An additional opportunity exists to contribute to the literature by analyzing how some of the unique characteristics of Latin American countries affect the internationalization of firms. The review explains how four characteristics of their home countries (political uncertainty, violence, pro-market reforms and reversals, and geographic isolation) can result in the foreign expansion of firms, either because managerial learning of the home country conditions facilitates internationalization (the learning driver), or because the home country conditions induce internationalization to escape those conditions (the escape driver).
{"title":"Multilatinas as Sources of New Research Insights: The Learning and Escape Drivers of International Expansion","authors":"Alvaro Cuervo‐Cazurra","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2934754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2934754","url":null,"abstract":"This study reviews the literature on multilatinas, Latin American multinationals, and provides suggestions for using these firms as a laboratory for extending exiting theories and models of the multinational. Analyses of their behavior tend to discuss their upgrading of capabilities and their patterns of internationalization. An additional opportunity exists to contribute to the literature by analyzing how some of the unique characteristics of Latin American countries affect the internationalization of firms. The review explains how four characteristics of their home countries (political uncertainty, violence, pro-market reforms and reversals, and geographic isolation) can result in the foreign expansion of firms, either because managerial learning of the home country conditions facilitates internationalization (the learning driver), or because the home country conditions induce internationalization to escape those conditions (the escape driver).","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87143747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Aristizábal-Ramírez, G. Canavire-Bacarreza, Michael Jetter
This paper analyzes the individual-level determinants of wage inequality for Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador from 2001 to 2010. Using a rich annual data set from surveys in all three countries, we analyze wages both using conventional wage regressions and decompositions of standard Gini indices. Although popular opinion and standard Gini indices suggest Colombia to exhibit the most unequal distribution of income among these countries, our results suggest otherwise. If one assumes educational attainment to form part of one's own responsibility the Colombian income distribution appears more equal than Bolivia's or Ecuador's. In 2010, educational achievement explains over 10.9 percent of the Gini score in Colombia, 6.3 percent in Ecuador, and a mere 2.4 percent in Bolivia. Our findings show that the sources of income inequality can differ substantially across countries. Respective policy prescriptions should differ accordingly.
{"title":"Income Inequality in Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador: Different Reasons","authors":"M. Aristizábal-Ramírez, G. Canavire-Bacarreza, Michael Jetter","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2655159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2655159","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the individual-level determinants of wage inequality for Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador from 2001 to 2010. Using a rich annual data set from surveys in all three countries, we analyze wages both using conventional wage regressions and decompositions of standard Gini indices. Although popular opinion and standard Gini indices suggest Colombia to exhibit the most unequal distribution of income among these countries, our results suggest otherwise. If one assumes educational attainment to form part of one's own responsibility the Colombian income distribution appears more equal than Bolivia's or Ecuador's. In 2010, educational achievement explains over 10.9 percent of the Gini score in Colombia, 6.3 percent in Ecuador, and a mere 2.4 percent in Bolivia. Our findings show that the sources of income inequality can differ substantially across countries. Respective policy prescriptions should differ accordingly.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83098368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper studies the effects of enforcement on illegal behavior in the context of a large aerial spraying program designed to curb coca cultivation in Colombia. In 2006, the Colombian government pledged not to spray a 10 km band around the frontier with Ecuador due to diplomatic frictions arising from the possibly negative collateral effects of this policy on the Ecuadorian side of the border. This variation is used to estimate the effect of spraying on coca cultivation by regression discontinuity around the 10 km threshold and by conditional differences in differences. The results suggest that spraying one additional hectare reduces coca cultivation by 0.022 to 0.03 hectares; these effects are too small to make aerial spraying a cost-effective policy for reducing cocaine production in Colombia.
{"title":"On the Effects of Enforcement on Illegal Markets: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment in Colombia","authors":"Daniel Mejía, P. Restrepo, S. Rozo","doi":"10.1093/WBER/LHV051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBER/LHV051","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the effects of enforcement on illegal behavior in the context of a large aerial spraying program designed to curb coca cultivation in Colombia. In 2006, the Colombian government pledged not to spray a 10 km band around the frontier with Ecuador due to diplomatic frictions arising from the possibly negative collateral effects of this policy on the Ecuadorian side of the border. This variation is used to estimate the effect of spraying on coca cultivation by regression discontinuity around the 10 km threshold and by conditional differences in differences. The results suggest that spraying one additional hectare reduces coca cultivation by 0.022 to 0.03 hectares; these effects are too small to make aerial spraying a cost-effective policy for reducing cocaine production in Colombia.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89953630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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