Materials Chemistry and Physics最新文献

{"title":"In situ synthesis of Si-C@flake graphite for solid-state symmetric supercapacitors","authors":"Han-Wei Chang ,&nbsp;Chia-Hsiang Lee ,&nbsp;Wei-Lu Wu ,&nbsp;Sheng-Han Zheng ,&nbsp;Kuo-Chuang Chiu ,&nbsp;Tzu-Yu Liu ,&nbsp;Yu-Chen Tsai","doi":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131967","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131967","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, the Si–C@flake graphite heterostructure was in situ synthesized from pencil graphite and Si powder through combined carbonization and electrochemical activation processes. During synthesis, the flake graphite simultaneously functioned as a conductive substrate, current collector, and carbon source, while Si powder served as the silicon precursor. Defect and interface engineering of flake graphite via synthesis strategy promotes the formation of interconnected Si–C@flake graphite heterostructures. The resulting architecture provided a continuous conductive network, abundant electroactive sites, and strong interfacial coupling, which collectively enhanced ion/electron transport and improved charge-storage efficiency. Benefiting from these structural advantages, the Si–C@flake graphite electrode delivered a high areal capacitance of 1746.1 mF cm⁻² at 1 mA cm⁻² and retained 95.0 % of its initial capacitance after 3000 cycles at 32 mA cm⁻² in a three-electrode configuration. Furthermore, the Si–C@flake graphite electrode was employed to assemble a solid-state symmetric supercapacitor, which exhibited excellent long-term cycling durability, maintaining 84.6 % capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles, and was capable of lighting multiple LEDs, demonstrating its strong potential for practical energy storage applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18227,"journal":{"name":"Materials Chemistry and Physics","volume":"350 ","pages":"Article 131967"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of MgO2-silica nanocomposite for high performance of MgO2 nanoparticles","authors":"Jeong-Hun Jang ,&nbsp;Gyeongwon Kim ,&nbsp;Sehyeon Choi ,&nbsp;Man Park","doi":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131970","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131970","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Application potentials of solid peroxides as an alternative to H₂O₂ are greatly limited by low peroxide content, weak reactivity, burst ROS release, and other side effects like significant pH shift and toxicity. Fabrication of peroxide nanocomposites has been a strategic approach to these problems, still suffering from a lack of the functional matrixes which enable not only solid peroxides to be stably dispersed but also their side effects to be minimized. Although silicate matrixes offer highly porous rigid networks along with substantial buffering capacity, their high affinity to metal cations hardly allowed as-syntheses of peroxide nanocomposites. This study focuses on fabrication of MgO₂-silica nanocomposites via a coprecipitation route employing partial hydroxylation of peroxide precursors. Partially hydroxylated Mg cations led to successful embedding of Mg(OH)₂ nanoparticles within silicate networks which allowed the subsequently peroxidated MgO₂ nanoparticles in a size of a few nanometers to be highly dispersed. MgO₂-silica nanocomposite evolved higher concentrations of dissolved H₂O₂ and O₂ compared to bulk MgO₂ nanoparticles. Furthermore, the embedded MgO₂ nanoparticles were completely activated in water to release all of their affordable reactive oxygen species, which was not achieved with bulk MgO₂. Therefore, it is evident that the as-syntheses of MgO₂-silica nanocomposites would lead to a remarkable advance and expansion in the applications of solid peroxides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18227,"journal":{"name":"Materials Chemistry and Physics","volume":"351 ","pages":"Article 131970"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interplay among composition, structure, and glass-transition in Cu–Zr–Al glassy alloys revealed through atomistic data analytics","authors":"Debopriyo Banerjee,&nbsp;Amlan Dutta","doi":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131945","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the effect of stoichiometric variations on the atomistic structure and glass-transition temperature (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>g</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) of ternary Cu–Zr–Al metallic glasses. A new method is proposed for more accurate <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>g</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> estimation, offering an improvement over the conventional linear extrapolation method. Simulation results reveal that <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>g</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> increases with Al-content, suggesting that compositional tuning can enhance glass-forming ability. Structural characterization indicates that Al atoms favor heterogeneous bonding with Cu and Zr while tending to avoid the Al–Al bonds. Coordination analysis shows that ideal icosahedral clusters are most frequently centered on the Cu and Al atoms. Detailed cluster statistics and correlation analyses demonstrate that a higher Zr-content promotes the formation of Zr-centered distorted icosahedral clusters but suppresses their Cu- and Al-centered counterparts. Surprisingly, despite being a minority element in the composition of the ternary glasses by a significant margin, it is the Al-content that shows the strongest direct correlations with most of the ideal and distorted icosahedral clusters. It emphasizes aluminum’s unique role in stabilizing the glassy structure. These findings offer new insights into the relationships among composition, structure, and properties in bulk metallic glasses and highlight the potential of guiding the compositional optimization of Cu–Zr–Al alloys for improved glass-forming ability and thermal stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18227,"journal":{"name":"Materials Chemistry and Physics","volume":"350 ","pages":"Article 131945"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boron carbide reinforced M2 high-speed steel composites via directed energy deposition: Phase formation, microstructure, hardness, and wear resistance","authors":"Neetesh Kumar Sah ,&nbsp;Gurminder Singh ,&nbsp;Pulak Mohan Pandey ,&nbsp;Sudarsan Ghosh","doi":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131959","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131959","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study systematically investigates the wear characteristics of boron carbide (B₄C)-reinforced M2 high-speed steel (HSS) composites fabricated by directed energy deposition (DED). The influence of varying B₄C reinforcement content on wear behavior was comparatively evaluated against unreinforced M2 HSS specimens using comprehensive ball-on-disc tribological tests by measuring friction coefficient, mass loss, and wear rate. Detailed microstructural characterization revealed a matrix primarily consisting of martensite, retained austenite, and M₂C-type carbide phases in the base material. Notably, the introduction of B₄C reinforcement facilitated the in-situ formation of hard iron boride (FeB, Fe₂B) and iron carbide (Fe₃C) phases, significantly influencing the microstructure and properties. Microhardness measurements demonstrated a substantial increase from 734 HV in the unreinforced alloy to 1034 HV with the addition of 20 % B₄C reinforcement. This enhancement is attributed primarily to the grain refinement and solid solution strengthening effects induced by the presence of boron carbide. Advanced surface topography analysis employing a 3D profilometer and detailed morphological investigations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided further insights into the wear mechanisms. These analyses revealed that higher B₄C concentrations effectively decreased wear rate and transitioned the dominant wear mechanism from adhesive to abrasive, underscoring the improved wear resistance and mechanical integrity of the composite material. This study highlighted the significant potential of B₄C-reinforced M2 HSS composites manufactured via DED in applications requiring superior wear performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18227,"journal":{"name":"Materials Chemistry and Physics","volume":"351 ","pages":"Article 131959"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced magnetic, dielectric and microwave absorption properties of (Bi0.7Ba0.285Ca0.015) (Fe0.7Ti0.3)O3/Ba0.8Sm0.2Fe12O19 multiferroic composites","authors":"Jaswinder Pal ,&nbsp;Sunil Kumar ,&nbsp;Jahangeer Ahmed ,&nbsp;Saad M. Alshehri ,&nbsp;J. Lopéz-García ,&nbsp;Satvir Singh ,&nbsp;Nitin Tandon ,&nbsp;Anupinder Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the synthesis and characterizations of (1-<em>x</em>) Bi_0.7Ba_0.285Ca_0.015Fe_0.7Ti_0.3O₃ - (<em>x</em>) Ba_0.8Sm_0.2Fe₁₂O₁₉ (BFBCT–BSFO) multiferroic composites (<em>x</em> = 0.1 to 0.5) synthesized via the mechano-chemical activation technique. Le-Bail refinement of X-ray diffraction data confirms the chemical compatibility and phase stability of the composites, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis reveal a uniform grain distribution with effective phase mixing. Electrical conductivity studies indicate localized carrier hopping, with the highest AC conductivity observed at <em>x</em> = 0.5 due to enhanced Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ electron transfer dynamics. Dielectric analysis demonstrates non-Debye relaxation behavior, where increasing BSFO content leads to enhanced dielectric permittivity and loss. The magnetic measurements reveal a significant increase in remnant magnetization, reaching 30.18 emu/g at <em>x</em> = 0.5, attributed to interfacial exchange coupling between soft and hard magnetic phases. The highest magnetoelectric coupling coefficient of 6.31 mVcm⁻¹Oe⁻¹ at <em>x</em> = 0.5 demonstrates strong magnetoelectric interactions. Microwave absorption studies show improved reflection loss, with the <em>x</em> = 0.5 sample achieving a maximum absorption of −12.26 dB at 16 GHz, highlighting its potential for electromagnetic (EM) shielding and stealth applications. The enhanced properties arise from synergistic magneto-dielectric coupling, interfacial polarization effects, and optimized impedance matching. These findings establish the BFBCT–BSFO composite as a promising candidate for high-performance microwave absorption and multifunctional EM applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18227,"journal":{"name":"Materials Chemistry and Physics","volume":"350 ","pages":"Article 131954"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable recovery of lithium metal from battery black powder via combustion-magnesiothermic reduction and mineral oil saturated hydrocarbon separation","authors":"Sin Hyong Joo ,&nbsp;Woo Seok Choi ,&nbsp;Hyejin Yoon ,&nbsp;Xuan Viet Nguyen ,&nbsp;Hayk Nersisyan ,&nbsp;Jong Hyeon Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131960","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131960","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Black powder, comprising a blend of cathode and anode materials from depleted lithium-ion batteries, constitutes a significant secondary source of lithium. This study presents an energy-efficient and sustainable multi-step approach for the direct recovery of high-purity lithium metal from black powder. The raw material undergoes heat treatment in an argon atmosphere at 700 °C, followed by dissolution in water to yield lithium hydroxide (LiOH). The LiOH powder extracted from the solution is combined with magnesium (Mg) and transformed into a Li/MgO composite through combustion synthesis in an argon atmosphere. The thermodynamics of combustion, wave propagation, and hydrogen evolution during the reaction are systematically examined. Subsequently, mineral oil saturated hydrocarbon (MOSH) serves as a protective medium for the extraction of lithium metal from the Li/MgO composite at 300 °C. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that MOSH enhances Li adsorption on MgO, consistent with the experimentally observed constraints in lithium flotation. The recovered lithium demonstrates a purity of 99.9 wt%, yet the yield is relatively modest at 50–55 wt%. This study presents a technically straightforward, scalable method for lithium metal recycling and highlights critical interfacial challenges that must be addressed to improve recovery efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18227,"journal":{"name":"Materials Chemistry and Physics","volume":"350 ","pages":"Article 131960"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alginate/bentonite-gC3N4 hydrogel beads for enhanced photocatalytic water remediation","authors":"G Syed Maroof,&nbsp;MD Furqaan Valiyathur,&nbsp;Mohammed Rehan Katiyan,&nbsp;Anver Basha Kottur,&nbsp;Ansar Ali Z,&nbsp;Mohammed Safiullah Sakvai","doi":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131956","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131956","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biomaterials provide sustainable, cost-effective, and tunable supports for photocatalysts in wastewater treatment. This study reports the incorporation of Bentonite-graphitic carbon nitride (BG) in alginate (Alg) via ionotropic cross-linking to form Alginate/Bentonite-graphitic carbon nitride (ABG) hydrogel beads, which designed to overcome the low adsorption capacity and poor reusability of conventional photocatalysts. Alg served as a three-dimensional porous matrix, ensuring stability and uniform BG dispersion. While Nano-Bentonite (Bent) enhanced pollutant adsorption and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) facilitated visible-light harvesting with efficient charge separation. Comprehensive characterization using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS), scanning electron microscopy-Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDAX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed successful integration of BG and favourable structural, elemental, and optical properties. Under UV–visible light, the hydrogel beads achieved 93 % degradation of methylene blue (MB) within 70 min and maintained 72 % efficiency after five reuse cycles, demonstrating durability and operational stability. The bandgap decreased from 2.46 eV (BG) to 1.91 eV (ABG), enhancing visible-light absorption and charge separation. The synergistic effects of alginate, bentonite, and graphitic carbon nitride resulted in superior photocatalytic performance, highlighting the potential of this reusable, eco-friendly system for industrial wastewater remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18227,"journal":{"name":"Materials Chemistry and Physics","volume":"350 ","pages":"Article 131956"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural and surface property evolution of austenitic stainless steel via short-time atmospheric pressure plasma nitriding","authors":"Ting-Wen Lu ,&nbsp;Fikiru Tafase Mosisa ,&nbsp;Ying-Sui Sun ,&nbsp;Yu-Lin Kuo ,&nbsp;Jie-Long Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the short-time atmospheric pressure plasma nitriding (APPN) of austenitic stainless steel (SS304) using a H₂/N₂ gas mixture. Atmospheric plasma nitriding offers a promising alternative to conventional vacuum-based techniques, enabling rapid surface hardening without complex equipment or high energy consumption. In particular, NH radicals assist in removing surface oxides and generating active nitrogen species at the steel surface, thereby promoting nitrogen uptake and diffusion into the austenite lattice. A 5-min treatment at approximately 495 °C resulted in the formation of a dense nitrided layer with an estimated diffusion depth of approximately 21.7 μm. XRD and SEM analyses revealed the presence of expanded austenite (γN) as the primary phase, accompanied by CrN and iron nitrides (Fe₃N, Fe₄N), indicating a complex multiphase structure. The surface hardness significantly increased from 193 HV_0.1 to 1124 HV_0.1 after treatment, along with notable improvements in wear and impact fatigue resistance. However, a slight decline in corrosion resistance was observed, potentially due to chromium depletion induced by CrN precipitation and increased surface roughness. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of rapid, vacuum-free plasma treatment for stainless steels under ambient pressure. The APPN process shows strong potential for future use in the surface modification of biomedical implants, wear-resistant components, and corrosion-sensitive industrial parts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18227,"journal":{"name":"Materials Chemistry and Physics","volume":"351 ","pages":"Article 131952"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water desorption-driven negative thermal expansion behavior of synthesized potassium-ion-exchanged gismondine zeolite","authors":"Mone Hemmi,&nbsp;Naoki Arimitsu,&nbsp;Yasuhide Mochizuki,&nbsp;Akira Nakajima,&nbsp;Toshihiro Isobe","doi":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131936","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131936","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal shrinkage behavior of low-silica gismondine (GIS)-P2 zeolite, obtained via hydrothermal synthesis, was evaluated. The volumetric coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) of potassium-ion-exchanged zeolite (K-GIS) were −293, −21.4, and −25.7 ppm/K in the temperature ranges of 313–373, 373–573, and 573–773 K, respectively. The negative CTE within the temperature range of 313–373 K originated from the desorption of water from the pores of the zeolite. The CTE observed within the temperature range of 313–373 K was caused by the deformation of the crystal structure. These mechanisms were investigated via crystal structural analysis by Rietveld refinement, which indicated that the initial shrinkage was due to the relaxation of tetrahedral distortion coupled with water desorption. The large and consistent thermal shrinkage (approximately −58.3 ppm/K) of K-GIS over a wide temperature range (313–773 K) indicates its potential as a promising candidate for practical negative expansion applications. The study provides insights into improving the CTE by modifying the zeolite structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18227,"journal":{"name":"Materials Chemistry and Physics","volume":"350 ","pages":"Article 131936"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The textures, shearing performance, and specific strengthening mechanism of the composite joints with heterogeneous phase aging at 600 °C","authors":"Hu Zhang ,&nbsp;Linjie Wen ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>At present, there is a lack of sufficient packaging materials that can be used at high temperatures to match the third generation of semiconductors to serve at high temperatures. With the advantage of high melting points (676 °C) and outstanding mechanical properties, Cu₃Sn is expected to be widely used in electronic packaging. Our research puts the prepared full Cu₃Sn joints with transient liquid phase (TLP) processing at a high temperature of 600 °C for aging. The results indicated that the joint at various aging times consisted of various microstructures, which both changed the strength and ductility for the composite joint. In our findings, the phase transition experienced Cu₃Sn–Cu₂₀Sn₆–Cu₂₀Sn₆&amp;α(Cu)–Cu_13.7Sn. With the increase of aging time, the textures for the various microstructures transitioned with the lattice distortion during thermal stress and phase transition. The Cu₂₀Sn₆ phase and α(Cu) phase formed a certain SN relationship coherent interfaces of (0001)_Cu20Sn6//(111)_α(Cu) and (10-10)_Cu20Sn6//(110)_α(Cu) caused by recrystallization. Besides, basic mechanical properties of various phases were achieved from the nanoindentation; the Cu₂₀Sn₆ phase held the highest hardness with 8.39 GPa, while the Cu_13.7Sn phase got the lowest with 3.5 GPa. Cu₃Sn and Cu_13.7Sn had higher creep resistances than other IMCs, with stress-strain indices being 66 and 88, respectively. Notably, the shear strengths for the aged joints first increased until the largest for Cu₂₀Sn₆&amp;α(Cu) (80.59 MPa) joint and then gradually decreased with the increase of the Cu_13.7Sn. The strengthening mechanism for the aged joints comprising distinct phases relies on the formation of strengthened phase and interface-dominated dispersion and precipitation strengthening in the Cu₂₀Sn₆&amp;α(Cu). Analysis of the fracture morphology and shearing path implied that the fracture mechanism for the joints aging at 600 °C transited from brittle fracture to ductile fracture, except that the period of softened grains was dramatically recrystallized. With the formation of “soft-hard-soft” model in the microstructure, the soft phase would yield the strain-hardening and discontinuous yielding, which both preserved the strength and ductility for the composite joints. These results proved that full Cu₃Sn joints had enough strength to be used in the high-temperature service and had better performance after experiencing the high-temperature treatment to form the optimal soft/hard phase satisfying the requirements for the strength-ductility of the soldering material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18227,"journal":{"name":"Materials Chemistry and Physics","volume":"350 ","pages":"Article 131951"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}