Abstract In this paper, a high energy density beam of gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) was employed to build a surface over low carbon steel with FeMn, FeB, and graphite powders. X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, scanning electron microscopy, micro hardness tester, and adhesive wear tester were used for researching behavior of the composite coating which microstructure, hardness and dry-sliding wear. Many different carbides and borides, including Mn5C2, Fe3C, B8C, MnB, B4C, Fe3B, Fe7C3, FeB, and Mn2B, were found on the coated surfaces. The microstructure analysis shows that the shape of the graphite also depends on the FeMn–FeB–C content. The smallest weight loss was obtained from Sample S4 and the critical sliding distance was enhanced by adding graphite from 5 to 20 wt% at transition from oxidative to abrasive.
{"title":"Adhesive wear behavior of FeB–FeMn–C coatings produced by GTAW","authors":"M. Yaz","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0164","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, a high energy density beam of gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) was employed to build a surface over low carbon steel with FeMn, FeB, and graphite powders. X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, scanning electron microscopy, micro hardness tester, and adhesive wear tester were used for researching behavior of the composite coating which microstructure, hardness and dry-sliding wear. Many different carbides and borides, including Mn5C2, Fe3C, B8C, MnB, B4C, Fe3B, Fe7C3, FeB, and Mn2B, were found on the coated surfaces. The microstructure analysis shows that the shape of the graphite also depends on the FeMn–FeB–C content. The smallest weight loss was obtained from Sample S4 and the critical sliding distance was enhanced by adding graphite from 5 to 20 wt% at transition from oxidative to abrasive.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":"10 1","pages":"1190 - 1201"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80062017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract It has been interesting in industrial applications due to the advantages provided by laminated composite applications. Composite materials are of great importance in design optimization due to the advantages they provide, such as lightweight, high strength value, and design flexibility. Finite element programs and artificial intelligence optimization techniques developed in recent years are effectively used in the design of composite materials. In order to optimize the angular orientations of the composite disc, analyses are made using the finite element program. Particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), and hunger games search optimization algorithm(HGS) are used to determine the best stacking angle value on the disc plate using the analysis data obtained after the completion of the analyses. When the results obtained were examined, it was determined that the results obtained from particle swarm optimization, genetic algorithm, and hunger games search optimization techniques showed that hunger games search optimization algorithm gives better results as other and HGS could be used for the stacking of composite materials.
{"title":"Composite disc optimization using hunger games search optimization algorithm","authors":"Mehmet Kopar, A. Yıldız","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0067","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It has been interesting in industrial applications due to the advantages provided by laminated composite applications. Composite materials are of great importance in design optimization due to the advantages they provide, such as lightweight, high strength value, and design flexibility. Finite element programs and artificial intelligence optimization techniques developed in recent years are effectively used in the design of composite materials. In order to optimize the angular orientations of the composite disc, analyses are made using the finite element program. Particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), and hunger games search optimization algorithm(HGS) are used to determine the best stacking angle value on the disc plate using the analysis data obtained after the completion of the analyses. When the results obtained were examined, it was determined that the results obtained from particle swarm optimization, genetic algorithm, and hunger games search optimization techniques showed that hunger games search optimization algorithm gives better results as other and HGS could be used for the stacking of composite materials.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":"8 1","pages":"1222 - 1229"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82508231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The goal of the present study is to investigate the influence of impactor shape on the low-velocity impact behavior of the composite panels manufactured with different reinforcement materials at the same thicknesses, experimentally. Kevlar, carbon, S-2 glass woven fabric and epoxy matrix have been used to manufacture thermoset composites with the vacuum-assisted resin infusion molding method. The Fractovis plus test machine with a 12.7 mm diameter hemispherical and two different conical impactor noses was used to perform impact tests. The effects of impactor shapes on the low-velocity impact behavior have been compared for 20 J, 40 J, and 60 J energy levels. Although at the same impact energy level, S-2 glass fiber-reinforced epoxy specimens have a higher perforation threshold than carbon and Kevlar fiber-reinforced epoxy. Because to achieve the same thickness, the number of S-2 glass layers was greater than the number of carbon and Kevlar layers. Additionally, the form of the impactor greatly influenced the perforation threshold.
{"title":"Effect of impactor nose form on the impact behavior of reinforced composite materials","authors":"Sonay Dogan, Y. Arman, Akar Dogan","doi":"10.1515/mt-2022-0409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2022-0409","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The goal of the present study is to investigate the influence of impactor shape on the low-velocity impact behavior of the composite panels manufactured with different reinforcement materials at the same thicknesses, experimentally. Kevlar, carbon, S-2 glass woven fabric and epoxy matrix have been used to manufacture thermoset composites with the vacuum-assisted resin infusion molding method. The Fractovis plus test machine with a 12.7 mm diameter hemispherical and two different conical impactor noses was used to perform impact tests. The effects of impactor shapes on the low-velocity impact behavior have been compared for 20 J, 40 J, and 60 J energy levels. Although at the same impact energy level, S-2 glass fiber-reinforced epoxy specimens have a higher perforation threshold than carbon and Kevlar fiber-reinforced epoxy. Because to achieve the same thickness, the number of S-2 glass layers was greater than the number of carbon and Kevlar layers. Additionally, the form of the impactor greatly influenced the perforation threshold.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":"53 1","pages":"1254 - 1262"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76255297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mustafa Engin Kocadağistan, Oğuzhan Çinar, T. Teker
Abstract In this study, AISI 430 and HARDOX 500 steels were joined by cold metal transfer (CMT) welding method. The properties and microstructural changes of the welding and HAZ regions were investigated by OM and SEM analyses. Microhardness, notch impact, and tensile tests were performed to determine the mechanical properties of the welded specimens. The ruptured surfaces of the test specimens after the impact test were examined using SEM. Coarse grains were formed in the HAZ regions but were limited to the low-temperature input of the cold metal transfer welding. The N3 specimen was broken from AISI 430 base metal and the elongation amount was 16.32 mm. Tensile strengths were from 380 to 493 MPa. The mechanical properties of AISI 430 and HARDOX 500 steels combined with CMT welding increased significantly and weldability was proven possible.
{"title":"Weldability and mechanical behavior of CMT welded AISI 430 and HARDOX 500 steels","authors":"Mustafa Engin Kocadağistan, Oğuzhan Çinar, T. Teker","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0169","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this study, AISI 430 and HARDOX 500 steels were joined by cold metal transfer (CMT) welding method. The properties and microstructural changes of the welding and HAZ regions were investigated by OM and SEM analyses. Microhardness, notch impact, and tensile tests were performed to determine the mechanical properties of the welded specimens. The ruptured surfaces of the test specimens after the impact test were examined using SEM. Coarse grains were formed in the HAZ regions but were limited to the low-temperature input of the cold metal transfer welding. The N3 specimen was broken from AISI 430 base metal and the elongation amount was 16.32 mm. Tensile strengths were from 380 to 493 MPa. The mechanical properties of AISI 430 and HARDOX 500 steels combined with CMT welding increased significantly and weldability was proven possible.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87853879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Saenarjhan, N. Kiatwisarnkij, Witchawet Korthamniwet, G. Lothongkum, T. Rojhirunsakool, E. Nisaratanaporn, P. Horňak, P. Wangyao
Abstract This research work studied the effect of aluminium, cobalt and nickel additions in superalloys grade GTD-111 and IN-738 on morphology of gamma prime particles and their lattice misfits after subjected to heat treatment and long-term cyclic exposure by using SEM and XRD. It was found that the particles became more cuboidal in shape after heat treatment in modified GTD-111 and IN-738 alloys. When adding 1 wt% aluminium and 6 wt% nickel, larger negative values of lattice misfit were found at −0.57 % and −0.28 %, respectively. However, 6 wt% cobalt addition reduced the negative value of the lattice misfit to −0.20 % in modified GTD-111 and small positive lattice misfit (+0.08 %) was found in modified IN-738. Also, modified GTD-111 alloy shows more spherical shape of the gamma prime precipitates than those in modified IN-738. After long-term cyclic exposure at 1173 K for 1440 ks, it was found that the particles become more spherical shape comparing to those of heat treated ones. The shape of particles in both modified alloys with 1 wt% aluminium and 6 wt% nickel additions maintained more cuboidal compared to others. Furthermore, the effect of 6 wt% cobalt addition is more pronounced for modified IN-738 than that of modified GTD-111.
{"title":"Development of morphology and lattice misfit in modified Ni-base superalloy with Al, Co and Ni additions","authors":"N. Saenarjhan, N. Kiatwisarnkij, Witchawet Korthamniwet, G. Lothongkum, T. Rojhirunsakool, E. Nisaratanaporn, P. Horňak, P. Wangyao","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0034","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This research work studied the effect of aluminium, cobalt and nickel additions in superalloys grade GTD-111 and IN-738 on morphology of gamma prime particles and their lattice misfits after subjected to heat treatment and long-term cyclic exposure by using SEM and XRD. It was found that the particles became more cuboidal in shape after heat treatment in modified GTD-111 and IN-738 alloys. When adding 1 wt% aluminium and 6 wt% nickel, larger negative values of lattice misfit were found at −0.57 % and −0.28 %, respectively. However, 6 wt% cobalt addition reduced the negative value of the lattice misfit to −0.20 % in modified GTD-111 and small positive lattice misfit (+0.08 %) was found in modified IN-738. Also, modified GTD-111 alloy shows more spherical shape of the gamma prime precipitates than those in modified IN-738. After long-term cyclic exposure at 1173 K for 1440 ks, it was found that the particles become more spherical shape comparing to those of heat treated ones. The shape of particles in both modified alloys with 1 wt% aluminium and 6 wt% nickel additions maintained more cuboidal compared to others. Furthermore, the effect of 6 wt% cobalt addition is more pronounced for modified IN-738 than that of modified GTD-111.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":"14 1","pages":"1179 - 1189"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90446232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Electric motors in automotive applications are subjected to high thermal and structural loads, while having strict requirements regarding dimensions, mass, and costs. The design of such motors requires sophisticated simulation models. The laminate stack in the rotor of such a motor is made of steel sheets and behaves transversally isotropic: the radial stiffness is equivalent to steel, and in the axial direction, it has a highly progressive nonlinear stiffness characteristic. The loading and unloading stiffness curves change from cycle to cycle when subjected to repetitive loads. In this paper, the usage of a single approximating curve to describe the longitudinal stiffness of the laminate stack is proposed. This approximation can be used in FEM models to reproduce the structural nonlinear behavior of such a laminate stack using a simpler approach than implementing the full loading and unloading curves in a material model, at a price of negligible loss of precision.
{"title":"Approximation of the stiffness of laminate stacks of electric motors subjected to cyclic loads","authors":"V. Szabó, D. Feszty, Balázs Pere","doi":"10.1515/mt-2022-0382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2022-0382","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Electric motors in automotive applications are subjected to high thermal and structural loads, while having strict requirements regarding dimensions, mass, and costs. The design of such motors requires sophisticated simulation models. The laminate stack in the rotor of such a motor is made of steel sheets and behaves transversally isotropic: the radial stiffness is equivalent to steel, and in the axial direction, it has a highly progressive nonlinear stiffness characteristic. The loading and unloading stiffness curves change from cycle to cycle when subjected to repetitive loads. In this paper, the usage of a single approximating curve to describe the longitudinal stiffness of the laminate stack is proposed. This approximation can be used in FEM models to reproduce the structural nonlinear behavior of such a laminate stack using a simpler approach than implementing the full loading and unloading curves in a material model, at a price of negligible loss of precision.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":"8 1","pages":"1202 - 1208"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76182156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Lothongkum, Boonyapa Benjamalai, Nichit Hongbin, Nipa Prawetpai, Chockanan Tiyawatwitthaya, P. Wanichpongpan, G. Lothongkum
Abstract Descaling of stainless-steel black coil is an important step to produce white coil with smooth glossy surface. The AISI 304L black and white coils from a company containing 1.08–1.71Mn and 0.22–0.40Cu (wt%) were used to study the effects of Mn and Cu on descaling rate by potentiodynamic polarization technique at 25 °C. The pickling solutions were 0.5 M HCl and 0.5 M HCl mixed with H2O2 of 0.5, 0.88 and 1.76 M. The polarization curves of black and white coil samples measured in HCl–H2O2 mixture showed no passive range. The descaling rate of black coil oxide scales, and the corrosion potential (Ecorr) increased with H2O2 concentration. Low-Mn sample, that is 1.08%Mn0.23%Cu sample, showed higher descaling rate than high-Mn samples. No effects of Cu content on the descaling rate were observed. For white coil samples, the descaling rates were almost constant, but pitting on surface was observed. Passive films were eliminated. The corrosion potentials of black and white coil samples increased when adding H2O2 in HCl solution indicating an increase in cathodic reaction due to increase in dissolved oxygen. The corrosion potentials of 1.08%Mn0.23%Cu black and white coil samples were lower than those of high-Mn samples corresponding to less Mn oxide.
摘要:不锈钢黑卷除鳞是生产表面光滑的白卷的重要步骤。采用某公司生产的含锰1.08 ~ 1.71、铜0.22 ~ 0.40 (wt%)的AISI 304L黑白线圈，在25 °C条件下，采用动电位极化技术研究了锰和铜对除鳞率的影响。酸洗溶液分别为0.5 M HCl和0.5 M HCl与0.5、0.88和1.76 M的H2O2混合。在HCl - H2O2混合物中测量的黑色和白色线圈样品的极化曲线没有钝化范围。随着H2O2浓度的增加，黑卷氧化皮的除鳞率和腐蚀电位(Ecorr)均增大。低锰(1.08%Mn0.23%Cu)样品的除垢率高于高锰样品。未观察到铜含量对除垢率的影响。对于白色线圈样品，除鳞率基本不变，但表面有点蚀现象。被动式薄膜被淘汰。当HCl溶液中加入H2O2时，黑色和白色线圈样品的腐蚀电位升高，说明溶解氧增加导致阴极反应增强。1.08%Mn0.23%Cu黑色和白色线圈样品的腐蚀电位低于氧化锰较少的高Mn样品。
{"title":"Effects of Mn and Cu on descaling of hot-rolled 304L stainless steel in HCl and H2O2 mixtures","authors":"A. Lothongkum, Boonyapa Benjamalai, Nichit Hongbin, Nipa Prawetpai, Chockanan Tiyawatwitthaya, P. Wanichpongpan, G. Lothongkum","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0072","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Descaling of stainless-steel black coil is an important step to produce white coil with smooth glossy surface. The AISI 304L black and white coils from a company containing 1.08–1.71Mn and 0.22–0.40Cu (wt%) were used to study the effects of Mn and Cu on descaling rate by potentiodynamic polarization technique at 25 °C. The pickling solutions were 0.5 M HCl and 0.5 M HCl mixed with H2O2 of 0.5, 0.88 and 1.76 M. The polarization curves of black and white coil samples measured in HCl–H2O2 mixture showed no passive range. The descaling rate of black coil oxide scales, and the corrosion potential (Ecorr) increased with H2O2 concentration. Low-Mn sample, that is 1.08%Mn0.23%Cu sample, showed higher descaling rate than high-Mn samples. No effects of Cu content on the descaling rate were observed. For white coil samples, the descaling rates were almost constant, but pitting on surface was observed. Passive films were eliminated. The corrosion potentials of black and white coil samples increased when adding H2O2 in HCl solution indicating an increase in cathodic reaction due to increase in dissolved oxygen. The corrosion potentials of 1.08%Mn0.23%Cu black and white coil samples were lower than those of high-Mn samples corresponding to less Mn oxide.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":"65 1","pages":"1167 - 1178"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79839102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaofei Kong, X. Wang, B. Lin, Zhiliang Xiong, Xiaoyun Deng, Xiao Li, Yongxin Lu
Abstract Failure caused by stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is inevitable during the long-term service of nuclear power pipe welds. This is mainly due to the propagation of microcracks in the deposited metal, which seriously affects the operation safety of nuclear power pressure pipes. Overlay welding is practical for pressure pipe repair welding, which can introduce compressive residual stress inside the weld seam. In this work, a diagonal T-pipe joint was fabricated using tungsten inert gas arc welding with ERRS-3 wire, and an overlay weld was also fabricated using tungsten inert gas arc welding with ERRS-3 wire under circumstances of water in the pipe and no water in the pipe. And then the contour method and finite element method were employed to measure and calculate the residual stress distribution in the diagonal T-pipe joint. Both results showed that overlay welding can introduce compressive residual stresses into the pipe joint. The compressive residual stress zone area inside the weld seam with water in the pipe is larger than that without water in the pipe, and the compressive residual stress zone area varies at different positions of the weld seam. This work is expected to promote the application of overlay weld technology in the diagonal T-shaped pipe joint repair and prevent stress corrosion crack propagation of nuclear power pipe welds.
{"title":"Innovative prevention of stress corrosion crack propagation in nuclear power pipe welds","authors":"Xiaofei Kong, X. Wang, B. Lin, Zhiliang Xiong, Xiaoyun Deng, Xiao Li, Yongxin Lu","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0153","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Failure caused by stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is inevitable during the long-term service of nuclear power pipe welds. This is mainly due to the propagation of microcracks in the deposited metal, which seriously affects the operation safety of nuclear power pressure pipes. Overlay welding is practical for pressure pipe repair welding, which can introduce compressive residual stress inside the weld seam. In this work, a diagonal T-pipe joint was fabricated using tungsten inert gas arc welding with ERRS-3 wire, and an overlay weld was also fabricated using tungsten inert gas arc welding with ERRS-3 wire under circumstances of water in the pipe and no water in the pipe. And then the contour method and finite element method were employed to measure and calculate the residual stress distribution in the diagonal T-pipe joint. Both results showed that overlay welding can introduce compressive residual stresses into the pipe joint. The compressive residual stress zone area inside the weld seam with water in the pipe is larger than that without water in the pipe, and the compressive residual stress zone area varies at different positions of the weld seam. This work is expected to promote the application of overlay weld technology in the diagonal T-shaped pipe joint repair and prevent stress corrosion crack propagation of nuclear power pipe welds.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":"95 5","pages":"1145 - 1154"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72469632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Kaya, M. Uçar, Mehmet Şahbaz, A. Kentli, Kerim Özbeyaz, Serkan Öğüt
Abstract In this study, thin-walled open channel angular pressing (TWO-CAP) technique was applied to pure copper specimens as a novel severe plastic deformation (SPD) method. The TWO-CAP process was applied to the specimens up to four passes. After each pass, the microstructural and mechanical characterization of the material was investigated by tensile and hardness tests along with OM, SEM, EDS, TEM and XRD analyses. As a result, a highly increase in the mechanical properties was obtained, in addition satisfactory grain refinement was observed in microstructures. Strength and hardness values were positively affected from the minimizing the grain sizes after TWO-CAP process. Another reason of the improvements in mechanical properties can be explained as the increase in dislocation density. Furthermore, the effect of the TWO-CAP process on the dislocation density of the material has been demonstrated by XRD and TEM analyses in nanoscale. Moreover, the strain equation has been developed analytically and the effect of each pass on strain was calculated. Finally, the effect of the process on the stress-strain properties of the material was examined by the numerical analysis method and the study was verified.
{"title":"Microstructure development and mechanical behaviour of pure copper processed by the novel TWO-CAP procedure","authors":"H. Kaya, M. Uçar, Mehmet Şahbaz, A. Kentli, Kerim Özbeyaz, Serkan Öğüt","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this study, thin-walled open channel angular pressing (TWO-CAP) technique was applied to pure copper specimens as a novel severe plastic deformation (SPD) method. The TWO-CAP process was applied to the specimens up to four passes. After each pass, the microstructural and mechanical characterization of the material was investigated by tensile and hardness tests along with OM, SEM, EDS, TEM and XRD analyses. As a result, a highly increase in the mechanical properties was obtained, in addition satisfactory grain refinement was observed in microstructures. Strength and hardness values were positively affected from the minimizing the grain sizes after TWO-CAP process. Another reason of the improvements in mechanical properties can be explained as the increase in dislocation density. Furthermore, the effect of the TWO-CAP process on the dislocation density of the material has been demonstrated by XRD and TEM analyses in nanoscale. Moreover, the strain equation has been developed analytically and the effect of each pass on strain was calculated. Finally, the effect of the process on the stress-strain properties of the material was examined by the numerical analysis method and the study was verified.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":"95 1","pages":"1209 - 1221"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85860941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this study, titanium and niobium element powders in determined amounts (0.25 and 0.5 wt%) were added into the 316L stainless steel matrix by means of powder metallurgy (PM) technology, either singly or in pairs, and the desired composition was obtained as a powder mixture. The powders used in the study were cold pressed tensile sample molds prepared in ASTM 8 M standards, unidirectionally cold pressed under 700 MPa compression pressure and formed into blocks. After pressing, the raw strength samples were sintered in an atmosphere-controlled tube furnace at 1325 °C for 2 h in an argon atmosphere. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the produced PM steels were characterized by optical microscope, SEM, EDS, and tensile test. The results showed that the stainless-steel samples with 0.25(Ti–Nb) added composition to 316L stainless steel had the highest yield strength and tensile strengths. However, with the addition of 0.5Ti, 0.5Nb, and 0.5(Ti–Nb) to 316L stainless steel, a decrease was observed in the mechanical properties. Moreover, the MQL machining is better on the machining output such as surface roughness and cutting temperature than dry machining in terms of a sustainable machining process.
{"title":"Influence of Ti and Nb addition on the microstructure, mechanical, and machinability properties of 316L stainless steel fabricated by powder metallurgy","authors":"M. Erden, Fatma Gül Uzun, Mahir Akgün, H. Gökçe","doi":"10.1515/mt-2022-0358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2022-0358","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this study, titanium and niobium element powders in determined amounts (0.25 and 0.5 wt%) were added into the 316L stainless steel matrix by means of powder metallurgy (PM) technology, either singly or in pairs, and the desired composition was obtained as a powder mixture. The powders used in the study were cold pressed tensile sample molds prepared in ASTM 8 M standards, unidirectionally cold pressed under 700 MPa compression pressure and formed into blocks. After pressing, the raw strength samples were sintered in an atmosphere-controlled tube furnace at 1325 °C for 2 h in an argon atmosphere. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the produced PM steels were characterized by optical microscope, SEM, EDS, and tensile test. The results showed that the stainless-steel samples with 0.25(Ti–Nb) added composition to 316L stainless steel had the highest yield strength and tensile strengths. However, with the addition of 0.5Ti, 0.5Nb, and 0.5(Ti–Nb) to 316L stainless steel, a decrease was observed in the mechanical properties. Moreover, the MQL machining is better on the machining output such as surface roughness and cutting temperature than dry machining in terms of a sustainable machining process.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":"55 1","pages":"1237 - 1253"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78311628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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