In this study, we implemented two simple models to simulate the growth of the Fe2B layer on ASTM A307 steel through boriding. The first model considered steady-state boron diffusion, while the second model incorporated transient regime effects. In the steady-state model, the boron concentration profile within the Fe2B layer exhibited linearity. By correlating the boron chemical potential with the inward mass flux at the (Fe2B/substrate) interface, we confirmed the parabolic nature of layer growth. Both models were employed to determine the boron activation energies, yielding the same value of approximately 164 kJ mol−1. Experimental validation of the two models was conducted under two additional boriding conditions (1323 K for 1.5 and 2 h). Finally, the simulated layer thicknesses matched with the experimental values.
{"title":"Fe2B layer growth kinetics on ASTM A307 steel evaluated by two diffusion models","authors":"M. Ortiz-Domínguez, M. Keddam","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0306","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this study, we implemented two simple models to simulate the growth of the Fe2B layer on ASTM A307 steel through boriding. The first model considered steady-state boron diffusion, while the second model incorporated transient regime effects. In the steady-state model, the boron concentration profile within the Fe2B layer exhibited linearity. By correlating the boron chemical potential with the inward mass flux at the (Fe2B/substrate) interface, we confirmed the parabolic nature of layer growth. Both models were employed to determine the boron activation energies, yielding the same value of approximately 164 kJ mol−1. Experimental validation of the two models was conducted under two additional boriding conditions (1323 K for 1.5 and 2 h). Finally, the simulated layer thicknesses matched with the experimental values.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139603747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atiyeh Shafaghatian, R. Taghiabadi, Reza Ahmadi, F. Shahriyari, Mohammad Emami
Multi-pass surface friction hardening was employed to modify the microstructure and enhance the tribology characteristics of the Ti6Al4V alloy. The process was performed by reciprocated sliding a flat-head WC-Co cylindrical pin tool on the alloy surface under different applied loads of 350, 700, 1050, and 1400 N. The sliding was conducted at different speeds of 45, 90, 180, 360, 720, and 900 mm min−1 for 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 passes, respectively. Based on the hardness test and microstructural characterization results, the applied load of 1050 N, the sliding speed of 900 mm min−1, and the pass number of 60 (900-60 sample) were chosen as the optimum economic process parameters for the subsequent experiments. Performing surface friction hardening under the optimized conditions increased the surface hardness of the annealed sample from 350 HV1 to 564 HV1 showing an increase of about 60 %. Surface friction hardening was also found to substantially improve the tribology characteristics of the Ti6Al4V alloy. According to the obtained results, under the applied loads of 1 and 6 N, the wear rate and the average friction coefficient of the 900-60 sample were lower than those of the annealed one by 58 and 83 %, and 33 and 50 %, respectively.
{"title":"Multi-pass friction hardening treatment of Ti6Al4V alloy toward improved tribological properties","authors":"Atiyeh Shafaghatian, R. Taghiabadi, Reza Ahmadi, F. Shahriyari, Mohammad Emami","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0298","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Multi-pass surface friction hardening was employed to modify the microstructure and enhance the tribology characteristics of the Ti6Al4V alloy. The process was performed by reciprocated sliding a flat-head WC-Co cylindrical pin tool on the alloy surface under different applied loads of 350, 700, 1050, and 1400 N. The sliding was conducted at different speeds of 45, 90, 180, 360, 720, and 900 mm min−1 for 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 passes, respectively. Based on the hardness test and microstructural characterization results, the applied load of 1050 N, the sliding speed of 900 mm min−1, and the pass number of 60 (900-60 sample) were chosen as the optimum economic process parameters for the subsequent experiments. Performing surface friction hardening under the optimized conditions increased the surface hardness of the annealed sample from 350 HV1 to 564 HV1 showing an increase of about 60 %. Surface friction hardening was also found to substantially improve the tribology characteristics of the Ti6Al4V alloy. According to the obtained results, under the applied loads of 1 and 6 N, the wear rate and the average friction coefficient of the 900-60 sample were lower than those of the annealed one by 58 and 83 %, and 33 and 50 %, respectively.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139605176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AZ31B Mg alloy were welded to AISI 304 stainless steel (which is a very challenging task because of their huge different chemical and physical features) by friction stir spot welding (FSSW) at different tool rotation speeds (700, 1000, and 1300 rpm) while keeping other conditions the same. Welds were evaluated and compared by examining their cross-sectional geometry, XRD pattern, tensile shear strength, fracture way and area. From cross-sections of welds, it was obtained that joining area expanded when speed was enhanced and the weld made through 1300 rpm had the largest one. Therefore, weld fabricated with the highest speed of 1300 rpm displayed the biggest tensile shear load of 3741 N while that manufactured with the lowest speed of 700 rpm possessed the lowest of 2430 N. All welds showed tensile shear type fracture and fracture occurred from the hooking regions where joining took place. From the fracture joint region, the weld of 700 rpm had the smallest joined area, whereas that of 1300 rpm showed the biggest. Higher speed produced a stronger joint, which agreed with a bigger bonding area and broken joint region. Also, joint became more ductile with increasing speed. Some phases were detected in joints.
{"title":"Effect of tool rotational speed on friction stir spot welds of AZ31B Mg alloy to AISI 304 stainless steel","authors":"Omer Ekinci","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0372","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 AZ31B Mg alloy were welded to AISI 304 stainless steel (which is a very challenging task because of their huge different chemical and physical features) by friction stir spot welding (FSSW) at different tool rotation speeds (700, 1000, and 1300 rpm) while keeping other conditions the same. Welds were evaluated and compared by examining their cross-sectional geometry, XRD pattern, tensile shear strength, fracture way and area. From cross-sections of welds, it was obtained that joining area expanded when speed was enhanced and the weld made through 1300 rpm had the largest one. Therefore, weld fabricated with the highest speed of 1300 rpm displayed the biggest tensile shear load of 3741 N while that manufactured with the lowest speed of 700 rpm possessed the lowest of 2430 N. All welds showed tensile shear type fracture and fracture occurred from the hooking regions where joining took place. From the fracture joint region, the weld of 700 rpm had the smallest joined area, whereas that of 1300 rpm showed the biggest. Higher speed produced a stronger joint, which agreed with a bigger bonding area and broken joint region. Also, joint became more ductile with increasing speed. Some phases were detected in joints.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139604949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Osman İyibilgin, Engin Gepek, Levent Bayam, Efstathios Drampalos, Amer Shoaib
Different types of plates are available to allow insertion of screws for internal fixation of long bone fractures. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the insertion of screws at different angles on a long bone to the pull-out strength. Using 3D printed bone models, we tested the pull-out strength of screws in long bones at insertion angles between 0 and 40° with both finite element analysis and on printed models experimentally and compared the results. Test samples and cortical screws used were modeled with SolidWorks software and analyzed with Ansys software. As the screw insertion angle increases, the pull-out forces on the test specimens increase from 61.14 ± 3.5 N at 0° to 273 ± 6.8 N at 40° with an exception of a small drop between 15 and 20° from 235.4 ± 6.2 to 233 ± 6.9 N. Both methods showed an increase in the pull-out strength of screws as the insertion angle increases. This might be applicable in the clinical practice of bone fixation. Further studies on plate and screw fixation are needed to complement the findings.
{"title":"Pull-out strength of screws in long bones at different insertion angles: finite element analysis and experimental investigations","authors":"Osman İyibilgin, Engin Gepek, Levent Bayam, Efstathios Drampalos, Amer Shoaib","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0239","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Different types of plates are available to allow insertion of screws for internal fixation of long bone fractures. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the insertion of screws at different angles on a long bone to the pull-out strength. Using 3D printed bone models, we tested the pull-out strength of screws in long bones at insertion angles between 0 and 40° with both finite element analysis and on printed models experimentally and compared the results. Test samples and cortical screws used were modeled with SolidWorks software and analyzed with Ansys software. As the screw insertion angle increases, the pull-out forces on the test specimens increase from 61.14 ± 3.5 N at 0° to 273 ± 6.8 N at 40° with an exception of a small drop between 15 and 20° from 235.4 ± 6.2 to 233 ± 6.9 N. Both methods showed an increase in the pull-out strength of screws as the insertion angle increases. This might be applicable in the clinical practice of bone fixation. Further studies on plate and screw fixation are needed to complement the findings.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139604865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Manik, T. Tuswan, Muhammad Abdullah Azzam, S. Samuel, Aditya Rio Prabowo
Abstract Effective insulation is critical for traditional fishing boats because it helps to maintain the quality of the fish catch. Inadequate insulation can lead to significant economic losses for fishermen, as they may have to discard or sell the fish at a lower price. This study aimed to compare the thermal conductivity properties of three different insulation materials: Petung bamboo, polystyrene foam, and polyurethane foam. The experiment involved testing the density of the materials and conducting thermal conductivity tests. The results indicated that polyurethane foam is the best material for insulation because it has the lowest thermal conductivity value compared to laminated bamboo and polystyrene foam. The addition of more isocyanate mass fraction to the polyurethane foam material can increase its density and strength. This is because increasing the isocyanate concentration increases the cross-linking density of the foam, making it more durable and resilient. Moreover, higher density polyurethane foams exhibit lower heat conductivity, indicating better insulation qualities. This study highlights the importance of effective insulation to maintain the quality of the fish catch. The findings suggest that polyurethane foam, particularly with increased isocyanate concentration, is the most suitable material for insulation due to its superior insulation qualities.
{"title":"Thermal insulation properties of materials for fishing vessel coolboxes","authors":"P. Manik, T. Tuswan, Muhammad Abdullah Azzam, S. Samuel, Aditya Rio Prabowo","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0244","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Effective insulation is critical for traditional fishing boats because it helps to maintain the quality of the fish catch. Inadequate insulation can lead to significant economic losses for fishermen, as they may have to discard or sell the fish at a lower price. This study aimed to compare the thermal conductivity properties of three different insulation materials: Petung bamboo, polystyrene foam, and polyurethane foam. The experiment involved testing the density of the materials and conducting thermal conductivity tests. The results indicated that polyurethane foam is the best material for insulation because it has the lowest thermal conductivity value compared to laminated bamboo and polystyrene foam. The addition of more isocyanate mass fraction to the polyurethane foam material can increase its density and strength. This is because increasing the isocyanate concentration increases the cross-linking density of the foam, making it more durable and resilient. Moreover, higher density polyurethane foams exhibit lower heat conductivity, indicating better insulation qualities. This study highlights the importance of effective insulation to maintain the quality of the fish catch. The findings suggest that polyurethane foam, particularly with increased isocyanate concentration, is the most suitable material for insulation due to its superior insulation qualities.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139526106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The effects of temperature and strain rate on the deformation microstructure and hardness of Al–Zn eutectoid damping alloy was systematically investigated. The results show that the deformed alloy is mainly composed of eutectoid structure with η-Zn distributing on α-Al matrix. There are two forms of η-Zn particles in the eutectoid structure of the deformed alloy. The first type of η-Zn particles (η-ZnI) have relatively large sizes and display irregular morphology; another type of η-Zn particles (η-ZnII) have relatively small sizes and are characterized by dispersion distribution. There exist predominant η-ZnI particles at lower temperature and higher strain rate while dominant η-ZnII particles at higher temperature and lower strain rate. The hardness of the Al–Zn eutectoid damping alloy shows an overall rising trend with increase in temperature and decrease in strain rate. In particular, the highest hardness values (up to 113.07 HB) are obtained at 648 K/0.01 s−1.
{"title":"Effects of temperature and strain rate on the deformation microstructure and hardness of Al–Zn eutectoid damping alloy","authors":"Shuyi Wang, Song Zhang, Yonggang Xu","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0293","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The effects of temperature and strain rate on the deformation microstructure and hardness of Al–Zn eutectoid damping alloy was systematically investigated. The results show that the deformed alloy is mainly composed of eutectoid structure with η-Zn distributing on α-Al matrix. There are two forms of η-Zn particles in the eutectoid structure of the deformed alloy. The first type of η-Zn particles (η-ZnI) have relatively large sizes and display irregular morphology; another type of η-Zn particles (η-ZnII) have relatively small sizes and are characterized by dispersion distribution. There exist predominant η-ZnI particles at lower temperature and higher strain rate while dominant η-ZnII particles at higher temperature and lower strain rate. The hardness of the Al–Zn eutectoid damping alloy shows an overall rising trend with increase in temperature and decrease in strain rate. In particular, the highest hardness values (up to 113.07 HB) are obtained at 648 K/0.01 s−1.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139527669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Si3N4 and Invar alloy brazed joints were achieved using two types of Ag-based interlayers: a Ag–Cu–In–Ti foil and a Ag–Cu–In–Ti/Cu/Ag–Cu multi-interlayer. The results showed that when only using a single Ag–Cu–In–Ti filler, the wave-shaped Fe2Ti + Ni3Ti intermetallic compounds are concentrated in the middle of the brazing seam. When adding Cu as the interlayer, the dissolution of the Cu interlayer formed a large number of Cu(s,s) blocks of different sizes in the brazing seam, which hindered the concentrated distribution of Fe2Ti + Ni3Ti intermetallic compounds in the brazing seam. As a result, Fe2Ti and Ni3Ti were dispersedly distributed in the brazing seam, increasing the shear strength of the brazed joint. The shear strength of brazed joints was increased by 82 % compared to joints brazed with a single Ag–Cu–In–Ti filler when the Cu interlayer was added.
{"title":"Interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of Si3N4/Invar joints using Ag–Cu–In–Ti with Cu foil as an interlayer","authors":"Tong Zhao, Defeng Mo, Xue Li, Haimei Gong","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0221","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Si3N4 and Invar alloy brazed joints were achieved using two types of Ag-based interlayers: a Ag–Cu–In–Ti foil and a Ag–Cu–In–Ti/Cu/Ag–Cu multi-interlayer. The results showed that when only using a single Ag–Cu–In–Ti filler, the wave-shaped Fe2Ti + Ni3Ti intermetallic compounds are concentrated in the middle of the brazing seam. When adding Cu as the interlayer, the dissolution of the Cu interlayer formed a large number of Cu(s,s) blocks of different sizes in the brazing seam, which hindered the concentrated distribution of Fe2Ti + Ni3Ti intermetallic compounds in the brazing seam. As a result, Fe2Ti and Ni3Ti were dispersedly distributed in the brazing seam, increasing the shear strength of the brazed joint. The shear strength of brazed joints was increased by 82 % compared to joints brazed with a single Ag–Cu–In–Ti filler when the Cu interlayer was added.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139438048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study experimentally investigated the energy-absorbing capability of foam-filled 6063-T5 aluminum tubes. Thus, different sample combinations were created with two different foams, PVC (80 kg m−3) and aluminum (200, 350 kg m−3), which were used as filling materials. The first group of samples consisted of uniform foam-filled aluminum tubes. In contrast, tubes were filled with radially graded foams in the second group, which included a ring PVC foam and a cylindrical aluminum foam in the center. Empty tube absorbed 329 J, while it reached the values of 384, 488, and 606 J by using PVC and low- and high-density aluminum foams, respectively. The specific energy absorption value of the empty tube was obtained as 23.2 J g−1. In comparison, it was 19.3 J g−1 in the high-density aluminum foam-filled sample, although it absorbed the highest energy value. This shows that high-density aluminum foam was inefficient in terms of the crashworthiness of the structure. Finally, the best sample regarding the specific energy absorption and crush force efficiency was obtained in the sample where the PVC foam ring and high-density aluminum tube were used together. This sample had 7 % higher specific energy absorption and 34 % higher crush force efficiency than the empty tube.
{"title":"Investigation on quasi-static axial crushing of Al/PVC foam-filled Al6063-T5 tubes","authors":"M. M. Yalçın","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0273","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study experimentally investigated the energy-absorbing capability of foam-filled 6063-T5 aluminum tubes. Thus, different sample combinations were created with two different foams, PVC (80 kg m−3) and aluminum (200, 350 kg m−3), which were used as filling materials. The first group of samples consisted of uniform foam-filled aluminum tubes. In contrast, tubes were filled with radially graded foams in the second group, which included a ring PVC foam and a cylindrical aluminum foam in the center. Empty tube absorbed 329 J, while it reached the values of 384, 488, and 606 J by using PVC and low- and high-density aluminum foams, respectively. The specific energy absorption value of the empty tube was obtained as 23.2 J g−1. In comparison, it was 19.3 J g−1 in the high-density aluminum foam-filled sample, although it absorbed the highest energy value. This shows that high-density aluminum foam was inefficient in terms of the crashworthiness of the structure. Finally, the best sample regarding the specific energy absorption and crush force efficiency was obtained in the sample where the PVC foam ring and high-density aluminum tube were used together. This sample had 7 % higher specific energy absorption and 34 % higher crush force efficiency than the empty tube.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139438814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract One of the most researched technologies among technologies used for producing complex and diverse parts today is additive manufacturing. In additive manufacturing, production can be carried out using thermoplastic and metal materials without requiring an additional process. Among the additive manufacturing technologies, the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) method is the most widely used method worldwide due to its affordability and broad application area. FFF is a method in which part formation is achieved by depositing melted materials on each other. In recent years, polymer materials such as polylactic acid (PLA), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) have been frequently used in many industrial areas in the FFF method because they are lightweight, inexpensive, sustainable, and provide sufficient strength for engineering applications. This study conducted tensile, three-point bending, Charpy, and compression tests on PLA, PETG, and ABS materials at angles of 15°–75° and 30°–60°, and the results were compared.
{"title":"Experimental analysis of the effects of different production directions on the mechanical characteristics of ABS, PLA, and PETG materials produced by FDM","authors":"Mehmet Umut Erdaş, B. Yildiz, Ali Rıza Yıldız","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0206","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract One of the most researched technologies among technologies used for producing complex and diverse parts today is additive manufacturing. In additive manufacturing, production can be carried out using thermoplastic and metal materials without requiring an additional process. Among the additive manufacturing technologies, the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) method is the most widely used method worldwide due to its affordability and broad application area. FFF is a method in which part formation is achieved by depositing melted materials on each other. In recent years, polymer materials such as polylactic acid (PLA), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) have been frequently used in many industrial areas in the FFF method because they are lightweight, inexpensive, sustainable, and provide sufficient strength for engineering applications. This study conducted tensile, three-point bending, Charpy, and compression tests on PLA, PETG, and ABS materials at angles of 15°–75° and 30°–60°, and the results were compared.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139379993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nima Babaei, Jing Wang, Elisabeth Kisseler, Marc Ackermann, Sebastian Wipp, Alexander Gramlich, Ulrich Krupp
Abstract Data streams in science and economy are becoming increasingly automatized. This has various advantages compared to previous, user-dependent analyses, in which the same results are analyzed differently by different persons. Even though these differences are only of a certain degree, they can lead to false estimations of underlying material and process parameters as well as to missing comparability. In order to automatize previously user-dependent processes in the analysis of material tests, a modular database management system, called idCarl, has been developed. This system places a module as analysis pipeline between the experimental machine and the database. The database management system can be expanded with diverse modules, enabling the generation of user-independent data, which are fed automatically into the database. To provide an example, a module is applied to the common procedure of tensile testing based on DIN EN ISO 6892 and CWA 15261-2. The module determines automatically Young’s modulus and other parameters derived thereof. The method for determining the measurement uncertainties of the Young’s modulus is improved and compatibility with the “Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement” (GUM) is achieved. The existing method in ISO and CWA standards provides in some cases an underestimation of about 112 %.
摘要 科学和经济领域的数据流正日益自动化。与以往依赖用户的分析相比，这具有各种优势，在以往的分析中，不同的人对相同的结果进行不同的分析。尽管这些差异仅在一定程度上存在，但它们可能导致对基本材料和工艺参数的错误估算，以及可比性的缺失。为了使以前依赖用户的材料试验分析过程自动化，我们开发了一个模块化数据库管理系统 idCarl。该系统在试验机和数据库之间放置了一个模块作为分析管道。数据库管理系统可通过不同的模块进行扩展，从而生成与用户无关的数据，并自动输入数据库。举例来说，该模块适用于基于 DIN EN ISO 6892 和 CWA 15261-2 标准的拉伸试验常用程序。该模块可自动确定杨氏模量及其衍生的其他参数。杨氏模量测量不确定度的确定方法得到了改进，并实现了与 "测量不确定度表达指南"（GUM）的兼容。ISO 和 CWA 标准中的现有方法在某些情况下会低估约 112%。
{"title":"User independent tool for the analysis of data from tensile testing for database systems","authors":"Nima Babaei, Jing Wang, Elisabeth Kisseler, Marc Ackermann, Sebastian Wipp, Alexander Gramlich, Ulrich Krupp","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0262","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Data streams in science and economy are becoming increasingly automatized. This has various advantages compared to previous, user-dependent analyses, in which the same results are analyzed differently by different persons. Even though these differences are only of a certain degree, they can lead to false estimations of underlying material and process parameters as well as to missing comparability. In order to automatize previously user-dependent processes in the analysis of material tests, a modular database management system, called idCarl, has been developed. This system places a module as analysis pipeline between the experimental machine and the database. The database management system can be expanded with diverse modules, enabling the generation of user-independent data, which are fed automatically into the database. To provide an example, a module is applied to the common procedure of tensile testing based on DIN EN ISO 6892 and CWA 15261-2. The module determines automatically Young’s modulus and other parameters derived thereof. The method for determining the measurement uncertainties of the Young’s modulus is improved and compatibility with the “Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement” (GUM) is achieved. The existing method in ISO and CWA standards provides in some cases an underestimation of about 112 %.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139380091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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