This work propose a new experimental methodology to optimize the gaseous nitriding process of 33CrMoV12-9 steel grade, widely used in the mechanical industry for the fabrication of gears, pinions, and bearings. Several nitriding experiments were conducted at a temperature of 520 °C in the interval between 4 and 55 h using both constant and variable nitriding potential K N . The obtained results allowed us to determine the optimal conditions and to propose a sequenced cycle consisting of three steps. Multiple characterizations using X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), Vickers microhardness testing (HV), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) indicate a surface hardness of 810 HV0.5, nitrogen diffusion depth of approximately 0.7 mm. finally, a metallurgical structure devoid of complex networks of nitrides and carbonitrides. The validation results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, thereby paving the way for improving the nitriding process in the mechanical industry. This work represents a significant contribution to the optimization of thermochemical treatments for materials used in demanding environments.
33CrMoV12-9 钢种广泛应用于机械行业的齿轮、小齿轮和轴承制造，本研究提出了一种优化 33CrMoV12-9 钢种气体渗氮工艺的新实验方法。在温度为 520 °C 的条件下，使用恒定和可变氮化电位 K N 在 4 至 55 小时之间进行了多次氮化实验。根据实验结果，我们确定了最佳条件，并提出了由三个步骤组成的有序循环。使用 X 射线衍射 (XRD)、光学显微镜 (OM)、维氏显微硬度测试 (HV) 和电子探针显微分析 (EPMA) 进行的多种表征表明，表面硬度为 810 HV0.5，氮扩散深度约为 0.7 毫米，最后，冶金结构中没有复杂的氮化物和碳氮化物网络。验证结果证实了所提方法的有效性，从而为改进机械行业的氮化工艺铺平了道路。这项工作为优化在苛刻环境中使用的材料的热化学处理做出了重大贡献。
{"title":"Optimization and control of gaseous nitriding of a 33CrMoV12-9 steel","authors":"M. Aggoune, L. Torchane","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0275","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This work propose a new experimental methodology to optimize the gaseous nitriding process of 33CrMoV12-9 steel grade, widely used in the mechanical industry for the fabrication of gears, pinions, and bearings. Several nitriding experiments were conducted at a temperature of 520 °C in the interval between 4 and 55 h using both constant and variable nitriding potential K\u0000 \u0000 N\u0000 . The obtained results allowed us to determine the optimal conditions and to propose a sequenced cycle consisting of three steps. Multiple characterizations using X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), Vickers microhardness testing (HV), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) indicate a surface hardness of 810 HV0.5, nitrogen diffusion depth of approximately 0.7 mm. finally, a metallurgical structure devoid of complex networks of nitrides and carbonitrides. The validation results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, thereby paving the way for improving the nitriding process in the mechanical industry. This work represents a significant contribution to the optimization of thermochemical treatments for materials used in demanding environments.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140354182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have been used in many industries, such as automotive, defense, space, and aviation. Depending on the development of this technology, the effect of the relationship between many parameters, such as raster angles, production speed, and melting temperature used during the production of materials, has been an important issue in the mechanical properties of materials. In this study, the effects of ±45° and 0–90° raster angles used during the production of 15 % short carbon fiber reinforced polyethylenetereflatate (CF15PET) and 30 % short glass fiber reinforced polypropylene (GF30PP) materials on the mechanical properties of the materials were investigated. As a result of the study, it was determined that different raster angles affect the mechanical properties of both materials.
{"title":"Experimental Investigation on Mechanical properties of CF15PET and GF30PP materials produced with different raster angles","authors":"Mehmet Kopar, Mehmet Umut Erdaş, Ali Rıza Yıldız","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0226","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have been used in many industries, such as automotive, defense, space, and aviation. Depending on the development of this technology, the effect of the relationship between many parameters, such as raster angles, production speed, and melting temperature used during the production of materials, has been an important issue in the mechanical properties of materials. In this study, the effects of ±45° and 0–90° raster angles used during the production of 15 % short carbon fiber reinforced polyethylenetereflatate (CF15PET) and 30 % short glass fiber reinforced polypropylene (GF30PP) materials on the mechanical properties of the materials were investigated. As a result of the study, it was determined that different raster angles affect the mechanical properties of both materials.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140212680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The high specific properties and environmental durability of synthetic fibers make them a popular choice for reinforcing lightweight composites. Unfortunately, they are often limited by their poor biodegradability and high cost. Nevertheless, natural fibers are critical in industrial applications due to their environmental and economic benefits. This study investigated the tensile and flexural behavior of natural hybrid jute/ramie and jute/flax composites with different stacking sequences. A quasi-static punch shear test was also performed to understand their deformation behavior. Jute, ramie, and flax composites have also been fabricated for comparison. Tensile and flexural tests showed a positive hybrid effect in some samples, whereas flax–jute hybrid composites in two different stacking sequences exhibited a synergistic effect. While a maximum improvement of 37.99 % was achieved in the tensile test, this rate was 64.81 % in the flexural test with these hybrid composites. According to punch shear experiments, punch geometry and stacking sequence considerably impact punch shear strength, energy absorption capacity, and deformation.
{"title":"Hybrid effect on tensile, flexural, and quasi-static punch shear behavior of jute/ramie and jute/flax reinforced hybrid composites","authors":"Özlem Keleş, Serkan Bati, Y. H. Çelik","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0383","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The high specific properties and environmental durability of synthetic fibers make them a popular choice for reinforcing lightweight composites. Unfortunately, they are often limited by their poor biodegradability and high cost. Nevertheless, natural fibers are critical in industrial applications due to their environmental and economic benefits. This study investigated the tensile and flexural behavior of natural hybrid jute/ramie and jute/flax composites with different stacking sequences. A quasi-static punch shear test was also performed to understand their deformation behavior. Jute, ramie, and flax composites have also been fabricated for comparison. Tensile and flexural tests showed a positive hybrid effect in some samples, whereas flax–jute hybrid composites in two different stacking sequences exhibited a synergistic effect. While a maximum improvement of 37.99 % was achieved in the tensile test, this rate was 64.81 % in the flexural test with these hybrid composites. According to punch shear experiments, punch geometry and stacking sequence considerably impact punch shear strength, energy absorption capacity, and deformation.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140227285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bellow joints are frequently used in hydraulic lines, constructions, and various areas such as nuclear stations to absorb the energy caused by flow and external forces, provide flexibility to the lines, and prevent damages such as cracking and deterioration in the flow lines. There exist various types of bellow joints (e.g., axial type, gimbal type, and hinge type) that allow axial, lateral, and angular movements. Bellow joints that assist thrust vector control in liquid propellant rocket engines prevent the hydraulic lines from being damaged during the orientation movements of the missile. While providing this flexibility to the lines in rocket engines, they create additional force against the linear actuators that move the liquid motor nozzle. This additional force causes the need for larger actuators, resulting in more weight and volume. In this study, design optimization of the bellow joint used in liquid propellant rocket engines is conducted to minimize the force transferred to the actuators by minimizing the bending moment developed in the bellow joint. It is found that the bending moment developed in the bellow joint could be reduced by a significant rate of 75 % without compromising the structural integrity of the bellow joint.
{"title":"Design optimization of bellow joints used in liquid propellant rocket engines","authors":"E. Acar, Oğulcan Öztürkler","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0377","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Bellow joints are frequently used in hydraulic lines, constructions, and various areas such as nuclear stations to absorb the energy caused by flow and external forces, provide flexibility to the lines, and prevent damages such as cracking and deterioration in the flow lines. There exist various types of bellow joints (e.g., axial type, gimbal type, and hinge type) that allow axial, lateral, and angular movements. Bellow joints that assist thrust vector control in liquid propellant rocket engines prevent the hydraulic lines from being damaged during the orientation movements of the missile. While providing this flexibility to the lines in rocket engines, they create additional force against the linear actuators that move the liquid motor nozzle. This additional force causes the need for larger actuators, resulting in more weight and volume. In this study, design optimization of the bellow joint used in liquid propellant rocket engines is conducted to minimize the force transferred to the actuators by minimizing the bending moment developed in the bellow joint. It is found that the bending moment developed in the bellow joint could be reduced by a significant rate of 75 % without compromising the structural integrity of the bellow joint.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140228523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oussama Merabet, Mohamed Bentchikou, Nasreddine Amoura, Ahmed Elshafie
This study deals with the development of a load-converting device designed for measuring the direct tensile strength of the concrete. In this regard, a new testing technique based on a novel testing device and modified cylindrical (Ø 100 × 200) molds for the preparation of concrete samples is explained. The embedded rod method was adopted to transmit the uniaxial tensile load to the specimens using the universal compression machine and the current converting device. In order to examine the reliability of the suggested test method, a comparison with indirect tensile methods (splitting and three-point loading flexural tests) was made. The results show that the tensile strength of the tested specimens is lower for the direct tensile test obtained by the proposed test setup than for the flexural test and closer to the strength results obtained from the splitting test. As expected, all the specimens tested using the introduced test method demonstrated a sudden and unique fracture in the middle portion. Additionally, no slippage of embedded bars was noticed during the test.
{"title":"A novel experimental method for measuring the direct tensile strength of concrete","authors":"Oussama Merabet, Mohamed Bentchikou, Nasreddine Amoura, Ahmed Elshafie","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0288","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study deals with the development of a load-converting device designed for measuring the direct tensile strength of the concrete. In this regard, a new testing technique based on a novel testing device and modified cylindrical (Ø 100 × 200) molds for the preparation of concrete samples is explained. The embedded rod method was adopted to transmit the uniaxial tensile load to the specimens using the universal compression machine and the current converting device. In order to examine the reliability of the suggested test method, a comparison with indirect tensile methods (splitting and three-point loading flexural tests) was made. The results show that the tensile strength of the tested specimens is lower for the direct tensile test obtained by the proposed test setup than for the flexural test and closer to the strength results obtained from the splitting test. As expected, all the specimens tested using the introduced test method demonstrated a sudden and unique fracture in the middle portion. Additionally, no slippage of embedded bars was noticed during the test.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140233180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study the effect of T6 heat treatment, two-step aging treatment and ultrasonic impact peening on the exfoliation corrosion behavior of welded EN AW 7020 was investigated. Exfoliation tests were performed according to the ASTM G34-01 standard. As expected, as a result of the tests, the base material region of all three samples were showed better corrosion resistance than the heat-affected region. Ultrasonic impact peening and two-step aging treatment was observed that improved EXCO sensitivity in the weld area. When sorting was made by considering the resistance to corrosion of the heat affected zone of the samples, it was observed that the best resistance was shown by the sample with two-step aging treatment, and the worst resistance was shown by the sample with T6 heat treatment.
本研究探讨了 T6 热处理、两步时效处理和超声波冲击强化对焊接 EN AW 7020 的剥落腐蚀行为的影响。剥落试验是根据 ASTM G34-01 标准进行的。不出所料，试验结果表明，所有三个样品的母材区域都比热影响区域表现出更好的耐腐蚀性。据观察，超声波冲击强化和两步时效处理提高了焊接区域的 EXCO 灵敏度。根据样品热影响区的耐腐蚀性能进行分类，发现经过两步老化处理的样品耐腐蚀性能最好，而经过 T6 热处理的样品耐腐蚀性能最差。
{"title":"Exfoliation behavior of EN AW 7020 with T6, step aging and ultrasonic impact peening processes","authors":"Halil Ibrahim Yurdgülü, Recep Sadeler, Barış Koç","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0373","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this study the effect of T6 heat treatment, two-step aging treatment and ultrasonic impact peening on the exfoliation corrosion behavior of welded EN AW 7020 was investigated. Exfoliation tests were performed according to the ASTM G34-01 standard. As expected, as a result of the tests, the base material region of all three samples were showed better corrosion resistance than the heat-affected region. Ultrasonic impact peening and two-step aging treatment was observed that improved EXCO sensitivity in the weld area. When sorting was made by considering the resistance to corrosion of the heat affected zone of the samples, it was observed that the best resistance was shown by the sample with two-step aging treatment, and the worst resistance was shown by the sample with T6 heat treatment.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140233855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tuğçe Tezel, Ulrich Schultheiss, Helga Hornberger, V. Kovan
Additive manufacturing (AM) has come to the fore in recent years among manufacturing techniques. This technique, which has different advantages than traditional ones such as casting, forging and machining, is expected to be widely used in producing machine parts like gears in the coming years. Therefore, experimental data on AM parameters for lightweight metal gears are important for industrial production. In this study, a wear test was applied to AlSi10Mg and Ti6Al4V gears under operational conditions, and the wear behaviour of conventionally and additively manufactured gears was compared. The amount of abrasion elements was determined by analysing the oil in the gearbox. In addition, gear surfaces were analysed using scanning electron microscopy and an energy-dispersive spectrometer before and after wear. Thus, the wear behaviour of gears produced by conventional and AM under service conditions was demonstrated comparatively.
近年来，快速成型制造（AM）技术在各种制造技术中脱颖而出。与铸造、锻造和机械加工等传统技术相比，这种技术具有不同的优势，预计未来几年将广泛应用于生产齿轮等机械零件。因此，有关轻质金属齿轮 AM 参数的实验数据对于工业生产非常重要。本研究对工作条件下的 AlSi10Mg 和 Ti6Al4V 齿轮进行了磨损测试，并比较了传统齿轮和增材制造齿轮的磨损行为。磨损元素的数量是通过分析齿轮箱中的油来确定的。此外，还使用扫描电子显微镜和能量色散光谱仪对磨损前后的齿轮表面进行了分析。因此，传统齿轮和 AM 生产的齿轮在使用条件下的磨损行为得到了比较证明。
{"title":"Operational wear behaviour of 3D-printed lightweight metal gears: EDS and oil analysis comparison","authors":"Tuğçe Tezel, Ulrich Schultheiss, Helga Hornberger, V. Kovan","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0222","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Additive manufacturing (AM) has come to the fore in recent years among manufacturing techniques. This technique, which has different advantages than traditional ones such as casting, forging and machining, is expected to be widely used in producing machine parts like gears in the coming years. Therefore, experimental data on AM parameters for lightweight metal gears are important for industrial production. In this study, a wear test was applied to AlSi10Mg and Ti6Al4V gears under operational conditions, and the wear behaviour of conventionally and additively manufactured gears was compared. The amount of abrasion elements was determined by analysing the oil in the gearbox. In addition, gear surfaces were analysed using scanning electron microscopy and an energy-dispersive spectrometer before and after wear. Thus, the wear behaviour of gears produced by conventional and AM under service conditions was demonstrated comparatively.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140232057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Burçin Özbay Kısasöz, İbrahim Tütük, S. Acar, Alptekin Kısasöz
In this study, the microstructure and electrochemical corrosion behavior of the UNS S32205 alloy were investigated. Firstly, the phase diagram of the studied samples was determined by Thermo-Calc 2022 software, and the solution treatment temperature was designated. The studied samples were cooled by various cooling rates following the solution treatment at 1050 °C for 30 min. The samples were characterized by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and XRD analysis. Also, electrochemical corrosion behavior was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses. Microstructural examinations revealed that decreasing cooling rate causes the precipitation of the sigma phase, and the ratio of the sigma phase was increased up to 29 % by the decreasing cooling rate. Furthermore, it was determined that precipitation of the sigma phase reduces the E pit values, and the sample with the highest amount of sigma exhibits the lowest corrosion resistance. On the other hand, presence of the sigma changed the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy behavior of the UNS S32205 and double-layered model fit the results.
本研究对 UNS S32205 合金的微观结构和电化学腐蚀行为进行了研究。首先，利用 Thermo-Calc 2022 软件确定了研究样品的相图，并指定了固溶处理温度。研究样品在 1050 °C 溶液处理 30 分钟后，以不同的冷却速率进行冷却。通过光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和 XRD 分析对样品进行了表征。此外，还通过电位极化、循环电位极化和电化学阻抗谱分析研究了电化学腐蚀行为。微观结构分析表明，降低冷却速度会导致σ相析出，并且σ相的比例会随着冷却速度的降低而增加，最高可达 29%。此外，σ相的析出还降低了 E pit 值，σ含量最高的样品耐腐蚀性能最低。另一方面，σ相的存在改变了 UNS S32205 的电化学阻抗谱行为，双层模型与结果相吻合。
{"title":"Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel dependent on sigma phase precipitation","authors":"Burçin Özbay Kısasöz, İbrahim Tütük, S. Acar, Alptekin Kısasöz","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0325","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this study, the microstructure and electrochemical corrosion behavior of the UNS S32205 alloy were investigated. Firstly, the phase diagram of the studied samples was determined by Thermo-Calc 2022 software, and the solution treatment temperature was designated. The studied samples were cooled by various cooling rates following the solution treatment at 1050 °C for 30 min. The samples were characterized by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and XRD analysis. Also, electrochemical corrosion behavior was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses. Microstructural examinations revealed that decreasing cooling rate causes the precipitation of the sigma phase, and the ratio of the sigma phase was increased up to 29 % by the decreasing cooling rate. Furthermore, it was determined that precipitation of the sigma phase reduces the E\u0000 pit values, and the sample with the highest amount of sigma exhibits the lowest corrosion resistance. On the other hand, presence of the sigma changed the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy behavior of the UNS S32205 and double-layered model fit the results.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140234308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mert Taşçı, Mehmet Umut Erdaş, Mehmet Kopar, B. Yildiz, Ali Rıza Yıldız
Nowadays, the need for new technologies is increasing, especially to find solutions to the inadequacies in the production of complex structures. The additive manufacturing methods developed facilitate the production of complex parts and move the technology forward with factors such as cost and efficiency. With the optimization of new parts designed by additive manufacturing methods, it is possible to obtain the optimum product even in the most complex structures. At the end of the production process, the final product with the desired properties is obtained as a result of part size tolerance precision and optimizations. In this study, lattice optimization is applied to a passenger aircraft bracket. It is aimed to reduce the weight and, at the same time, increase the efficiency of the part by optimizing it with lattice structures. For this purpose, the Altair Inspire program was used, and the variation of mass, displacement, safety coefficient, and stress values of the part according to different lattice structures were investigated.
{"title":"Optimum design of additively manufactured aerospace components with different lattice structures","authors":"Mert Taşçı, Mehmet Umut Erdaş, Mehmet Kopar, B. Yildiz, Ali Rıza Yıldız","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0364","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Nowadays, the need for new technologies is increasing, especially to find solutions to the inadequacies in the production of complex structures. The additive manufacturing methods developed facilitate the production of complex parts and move the technology forward with factors such as cost and efficiency. With the optimization of new parts designed by additive manufacturing methods, it is possible to obtain the optimum product even in the most complex structures. At the end of the production process, the final product with the desired properties is obtained as a result of part size tolerance precision and optimizations. In this study, lattice optimization is applied to a passenger aircraft bracket. It is aimed to reduce the weight and, at the same time, increase the efficiency of the part by optimizing it with lattice structures. For this purpose, the Altair Inspire program was used, and the variation of mass, displacement, safety coefficient, and stress values of the part according to different lattice structures were investigated.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140243170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ni-Hard 4, also known as white cast iron, is widely used in many applications that demand high mechanical strength. This material is recognized for its ability to withstand challenging conditions. In this study, surface modification processes, particularly boriding, were carried out on the material. Boriding is considered an effective process for enhancing the mechanical strength of a surface. While there are various methods for performing boriding, the pack-boriding method was chosen for this study. This method was applied in a typical heat treatment furnace. Ni-Hard 4 specimens were subjected to different combinations of temperature (1000–1200 °C) and 4 h duration, resulting in a total of three distinct samples. Subsequently, the microstructure, hardness, and chemical composition of the boride layers formed on the material’s surface were meticulously examined. As a result of the detailed analysis, it was determined that if the boriding process was carried out in a furnace without controlled atmosphere, high temperature oxidation started on the surface of Ni-Hard 4, and in this case it increased in parallel with the increase in temperature.
{"title":"Effect of temperature on oxidation during boriding of Ni-Hard 4","authors":"Tuna Aydogmus","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0385","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Ni-Hard 4, also known as white cast iron, is widely used in many applications that demand high mechanical strength. This material is recognized for its ability to withstand challenging conditions. In this study, surface modification processes, particularly boriding, were carried out on the material. Boriding is considered an effective process for enhancing the mechanical strength of a surface. While there are various methods for performing boriding, the pack-boriding method was chosen for this study. This method was applied in a typical heat treatment furnace. Ni-Hard 4 specimens were subjected to different combinations of temperature (1000–1200 °C) and 4 h duration, resulting in a total of three distinct samples. Subsequently, the microstructure, hardness, and chemical composition of the boride layers formed on the material’s surface were meticulously examined. As a result of the detailed analysis, it was determined that if the boriding process was carried out in a furnace without controlled atmosphere, high temperature oxidation started on the surface of Ni-Hard 4, and in this case it increased in parallel with the increase in temperature.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140244461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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