T. Yener, Ferhat Yılmaz, S. Yener, Gözde ÇELEBİ EFE
Ti6Al4V alloy is a commonly used α + β alloy among titanium alloys. In this study, in order to improve the oxidation resistance of the Ti6Al4V alloy, Ti–Al – based aluminum coating was deposited to the surface by the pack cementation method. The aluminizing process was carried out in an open atmosphere oven at 700 °C for 4 and 6 h. It has been observed that the coating layer thickness varies between 13 and 17 µm depending on the duration of cementation process. From XRD analysis, it has been detected the TiAl3, TiAl2, and TiAl phases on the coating layer. Aluminum coated and untreated Ti6Al4V alloys were subjected to oxidation tests at 800, 850, and 900 °C for 4, 20, and 40 h. The obtained nonlinear weight gain characteristic has been modeled to determine the coating status of the samples. It was determined that the highest weight gain was in the untreated sample. Using the provided model, samples were classified in terms of coating condition by systematic approach based on weight gain profile versus time. Oxidation tests also supported with DTA and TG analyses.
{"title":"Thermal analyses and weight gain modeling study on Ti–Al – based intermetallic coated Ti6Al4V alloy","authors":"T. Yener, Ferhat Yılmaz, S. Yener, Gözde ÇELEBİ EFE","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0392","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Ti6Al4V alloy is a commonly used α + β alloy among titanium alloys. In this study, in order to improve the oxidation resistance of the Ti6Al4V alloy, Ti–Al – based aluminum coating was deposited to the surface by the pack cementation method. The aluminizing process was carried out in an open atmosphere oven at 700 °C for 4 and 6 h. It has been observed that the coating layer thickness varies between 13 and 17 µm depending on the duration of cementation process. From XRD analysis, it has been detected the TiAl3, TiAl2, and TiAl phases on the coating layer. Aluminum coated and untreated Ti6Al4V alloys were subjected to oxidation tests at 800, 850, and 900 °C for 4, 20, and 40 h. The obtained nonlinear weight gain characteristic has been modeled to determine the coating status of the samples. It was determined that the highest weight gain was in the untreated sample. Using the provided model, samples were classified in terms of coating condition by systematic approach based on weight gain profile versus time. Oxidation tests also supported with DTA and TG analyses.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140440158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, DIN AlZnMgCu1.5 alloy surface (Al + SiC) was coated with metal matrix composite (MMC) by using hot press sintering method (HPSM). Al was used as matrix material and SiC powders were used as reinforcing material in the coating process on DIN AlZnMgCu1.5 alloy surface. Al/SiC MMC coating was produced at 600 °C under 120 MPa pressure and with varying SiC content (5, 10 and 15 vol.%). Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to examine the microstructure, elemental analysis and phase structure of both the coating zone and the transition zone between the substrate and the coating. The hardness was measured and a dry sliding linear reciprocating wear test was run to determine the mechanical properties of the coating layer. Consequently, the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear volume were determined. OM and SEM images showed a homogeneous distribution of SiC particles and a less porous structure. The hardness of the MMC coating increased with increasing SiC content. Also, the numerical analysis of the wear test simulation was done based on Archard’s law. The results of both wear tests showed that the volume loss values were consistent with each other and the amount of wear significantly reduced by increasing the rate of SiC reinforcement.
本研究采用热压烧结法（HPSM）在 DIN AlZnMgCu1.5 合金（Al + SiC）表面涂覆金属基复合材料（MMC）。在 DIN AlZnMgCu1.5 合金表面的涂层工艺中，铝用作基体材料，碳化硅粉末用作增强材料。铝/碳化硅 MMC 涂层是在 600 ℃、120 兆帕压力和不同的碳化硅含量（5、10 和 15 vol.%）下生产的。使用光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能量色散 X 射线光谱（EDS）和 X 射线衍射（XRD）来检测涂层区以及基体和涂层之间过渡区的微观结构、元素分析和相结构。此外，还测量了硬度，并进行了干式滑动直线往复磨损试验，以确定涂层的机械性能。因此，摩擦系数（COF）和磨损量也得到了测定。OM 和 SEM 图像显示，SiC 颗粒分布均匀，多孔结构较少。MMC 涂层的硬度随着 SiC 含量的增加而增加。此外，还根据阿卡德定律对磨损试验进行了数值模拟分析。两次磨损试验的结果表明，体积损失值相互一致，随着 SiC 添加量的增加，磨损量明显减少。
{"title":"Effect of particle volume fraction on wear behavior in Al–SiC MMC coated on DIN AlZnMgCu1.5 alloy","authors":"H. Ballikaya","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0286","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this study, DIN AlZnMgCu1.5 alloy surface (Al + SiC) was coated with metal matrix composite (MMC) by using hot press sintering method (HPSM). Al was used as matrix material and SiC powders were used as reinforcing material in the coating process on DIN AlZnMgCu1.5 alloy surface. Al/SiC MMC coating was produced at 600 °C under 120 MPa pressure and with varying SiC content (5, 10 and 15 vol.%). Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to examine the microstructure, elemental analysis and phase structure of both the coating zone and the transition zone between the substrate and the coating. The hardness was measured and a dry sliding linear reciprocating wear test was run to determine the mechanical properties of the coating layer. Consequently, the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear volume were determined. OM and SEM images showed a homogeneous distribution of SiC particles and a less porous structure. The hardness of the MMC coating increased with increasing SiC content. Also, the numerical analysis of the wear test simulation was done based on Archard’s law. The results of both wear tests showed that the volume loss values were consistent with each other and the amount of wear significantly reduced by increasing the rate of SiC reinforcement.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140441473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Halil Ibrahim Erdag, Fehmi Erzincanli, Seref Ocalir
In precision casting, many model materials can be used to make complex, accurately sized molds. Model material is an important key for successful production. Wax models are widely used in model manufacturing because they allow economical production. In the wax injection method, some undesirable situations occur during the production of the model such as shrinkage, collapse, warpage, weld marks, surface defects, air marks, and burr formation that the manufacturer does not want. In this study, it is aimed to examine the effect of temperature and pressure parameters on shrinkage of the wax model in injection molding. The study was carried out at wax temperatures of 65 °C, 70 °C, and 75 °C and injection pressures of 0.1 MPa, 0.15 MPa, 0.2 MPa, and 0.25 MPa. In the experiments, the flow of the parts was observed during the filling of the plexiglass mold, and the shrinkage ratio of the obtained wax model was determined and evaluated. It is assigned that some of factors which affect quality of the final product produced by investment casting method are product shrinkage and surface quality of wax model.
{"title":"Effect of temperature and pressure on shrinkage in wax injection molding","authors":"Halil Ibrahim Erdag, Fehmi Erzincanli, Seref Ocalir","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0345","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In precision casting, many model materials can be used to make complex, accurately sized molds. Model material is an important key for successful production. Wax models are widely used in model manufacturing because they allow economical production. In the wax injection method, some undesirable situations occur during the production of the model such as shrinkage, collapse, warpage, weld marks, surface defects, air marks, and burr formation that the manufacturer does not want. In this study, it is aimed to examine the effect of temperature and pressure parameters on shrinkage of the wax model in injection molding. The study was carried out at wax temperatures of 65 °C, 70 °C, and 75 °C and injection pressures of 0.1 MPa, 0.15 MPa, 0.2 MPa, and 0.25 MPa. In the experiments, the flow of the parts was observed during the filling of the plexiglass mold, and the shrinkage ratio of the obtained wax model was determined and evaluated. It is assigned that some of factors which affect quality of the final product produced by investment casting method are product shrinkage and surface quality of wax model.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140445407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Bleicher, Christian Pittel, Axel Kansy, Jan Niewiadomski, Heinz Kaufmann
For the design of thick-walled cast iron components used for wind energy turbines, large machines, presses, and engine parts made of nodular cast iron, the assessment of fatigue life of critical component areas is a crucial point to consider. Importance increases with the demand to safe resources by applying a lightweight design in combination with a certain resistance against extreme loads and misuse situations. Moreover, this gets more important when notches or deviations in the local microstructure are present. Nevertheless, due to accessibility, a lack in the description of the local strain-based material behavior still exists. Especially new cast iron grades such as ADI are not well investigated but offer an often-discussed potential for a lightweight design of the structure or to increase the highest admissible load on the structure. To determine the cyclic material behavior of nodular cast iron, different grades EN-GJS-400-18LT, EN-GJS-450-18, EN-GJS-500-14, EN-GJS-600-3, EN-GJS-700-2, and ADI in different wall thicknesses were investigated concerning their elastic–plastic material behavior under strain control. Moreover, new possibilities for the trilinear description of the strain-life and the stress–strain curve and the statistical and technological size effect are discussed in the following based on cyclic stress–strain and strain-life curves.
在设计用于风能涡轮机、大型机械、压力机和球墨铸铁发动机部件的厚壁铸铁部件时，关键部件区域的疲劳寿命评估是一个需要考虑的关键点。通过采用轻质设计并结合一定的抗极端载荷和误用情况的能力来实现资源安全的要求，其重要性与日俱增。此外，当局部微观结构出现缺口或偏差时，这一点就变得更加重要。尽管如此，由于材料的易得性，对基于局部应变的材料行为的描述仍然存在不足。尤其是对 ADI 等新铸铁牌号的研究还不够深入，但其在结构轻量化设计或提高结构最高容许载荷方面的潜力却经常被讨论。为了确定球墨铸铁的循环材料行为，研究了不同壁厚的 EN-GJS-400-18LT、EN-GJS-450-18、EN-GJS-500-14、EN-GJS-600-3、EN-GJS-700-2 和 ADI 牌号在应变控制下的弹塑性材料行为。此外，下文将根据循环应力-应变和应变-寿命曲线，讨论应变-寿命和应力-应变曲线的三线性描述以及统计和技术尺寸效应的新可能性。
{"title":"Strain-life behavior of thick-walled nodular cast iron","authors":"C. Bleicher, Christian Pittel, Axel Kansy, Jan Niewiadomski, Heinz Kaufmann","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0307","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 For the design of thick-walled cast iron components used for wind energy turbines, large machines, presses, and engine parts made of nodular cast iron, the assessment of fatigue life of critical component areas is a crucial point to consider. Importance increases with the demand to safe resources by applying a lightweight design in combination with a certain resistance against extreme loads and misuse situations. Moreover, this gets more important when notches or deviations in the local microstructure are present. Nevertheless, due to accessibility, a lack in the description of the local strain-based material behavior still exists. Especially new cast iron grades such as ADI are not well investigated but offer an often-discussed potential for a lightweight design of the structure or to increase the highest admissible load on the structure. To determine the cyclic material behavior of nodular cast iron, different grades EN-GJS-400-18LT, EN-GJS-450-18, EN-GJS-500-14, EN-GJS-600-3, EN-GJS-700-2, and ADI in different wall thicknesses were investigated concerning their elastic–plastic material behavior under strain control. Moreover, new possibilities for the trilinear description of the strain-life and the stress–strain curve and the statistical and technological size effect are discussed in the following based on cyclic stress–strain and strain-life curves.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140443826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Osman Oğuzhan Koç, Ahmet Meram, M. Çetin, Sinem Öztürk
This study investigates the effect of printing parameters on the acoustic performance of specimens produced using 3D printing technology. The specimens were fabricated with square and hexagonal cell shapes with 10, 20, 30, and 50 % infill ratios from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) materials. The sound absorption coefficient and sound transmission loss results of the samples were measured with an impedance tube at 1/3 octave band values in the range of 500–6400 Hz. The highest sound absorption coefficient results were determined for cylindrical samples with a square internal structure made of ABS material with a 50 % infill ratio in the frequency range of 2500–3500 Hz. The sound transmission loss values of the samples vary between approximately 13 and 58 dB at 1/3 octave band values in the range of 500 and 6300 Hz. The highest sound transmission loss values were determined in the sample produced of PLA with a square cell shape at a 30 % infill ratio. It was concluded that different geometric shapes, materials, and infill ratios affect the acoustic performance of parts produced by 3D printing technology.
{"title":"Acoustic properties of ABS and PLA parts produced by additive manufacturing using different printing parameters","authors":"Osman Oğuzhan Koç, Ahmet Meram, M. Çetin, Sinem Öztürk","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0333","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study investigates the effect of printing parameters on the acoustic performance of specimens produced using 3D printing technology. The specimens were fabricated with square and hexagonal cell shapes with 10, 20, 30, and 50 % infill ratios from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) materials. The sound absorption coefficient and sound transmission loss results of the samples were measured with an impedance tube at 1/3 octave band values in the range of 500–6400 Hz. The highest sound absorption coefficient results were determined for cylindrical samples with a square internal structure made of ABS material with a 50 % infill ratio in the frequency range of 2500–3500 Hz. The sound transmission loss values of the samples vary between approximately 13 and 58 dB at 1/3 octave band values in the range of 500 and 6300 Hz. The highest sound transmission loss values were determined in the sample produced of PLA with a square cell shape at a 30 % infill ratio. It was concluded that different geometric shapes, materials, and infill ratios affect the acoustic performance of parts produced by 3D printing technology.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140445262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thin-walled structures are one of the important safety components used in vehicles. They are placed in the front parts of the vehicles to minimize the impacts that occur in the event of a collision, and they absorb the impact force by changing shape in the event of a collision. Crash boxes have high-impact absorption, low weight, and low-cost expectations. In the design of crash boxes, thin-walled structures are preferred due to their high deformation capability. In this study, the additive manufacturing method was used to produce thin-walled structures. Thin-walled structures were produced by additive manufacturing methods using PLA and ABS materials. The manufactured crash boxes were tested using an impact test. In the experimental results, the energy absorption ability of the crash boxes produced from PLA and ABS materials was examined, and high fragility was observed. The experimental results were verified by finite element analysis of the crash boxes made using PLA and ABS materials.
{"title":"Crash performance of a novel bio-inspired energy absorber produced by additive manufacturing using PLA and ABS materials","authors":"Mehmet Umut Erdaş, B. Yildiz, Ali Rıza Yıldız","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0384","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Thin-walled structures are one of the important safety components used in vehicles. They are placed in the front parts of the vehicles to minimize the impacts that occur in the event of a collision, and they absorb the impact force by changing shape in the event of a collision. Crash boxes have high-impact absorption, low weight, and low-cost expectations. In the design of crash boxes, thin-walled structures are preferred due to their high deformation capability. In this study, the additive manufacturing method was used to produce thin-walled structures. Thin-walled structures were produced by additive manufacturing methods using PLA and ABS materials. The manufactured crash boxes were tested using an impact test. In the experimental results, the energy absorption ability of the crash boxes produced from PLA and ABS materials was examined, and high fragility was observed. The experimental results were verified by finite element analysis of the crash boxes made using PLA and ABS materials.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140443779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Powder metallurgy and selective laser melting (SLM) methods are widely used in producing metal parts. Adding reinforcements can improve the mechanical and physical properties of the parts. This study uses the powder metallurgy method before SLM to investigate the effect of copper reinforcement (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 wt.%) on 316L and MS1 (maraging steel) material. The study started by thermochemical investigating the effects of copper addition on the phases during cooling. According to the thermochemical analysis, experimental sintering processes were carried out with the addition of copper in suitable mixing ratios. The findings show that 316L material is more convenient to the sinter than MS1 due to alloy ratios and powder sizes. Adding up to 2 wt.% copper to 316L results in a 36 wt.% reduction in linear shrinkage and improved mechanical and physical stability. The most satisfactory results were obtained by sintering the samples at 1200 °C for 1 h. This study shows that future research should focus on producing copper-reinforced 316L metal powders using SLM methods and parameter optimization and developing hybrid manufacturing methods that combine SLM with powder metallurgy.
{"title":"Effect of copper powder addition on the product quality of sintered stainless steels","authors":"Mustafa Safa Yılmaz, M. Y. Kayacan, Ahmet Üzün","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0089","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Powder metallurgy and selective laser melting (SLM) methods are widely used in producing metal parts. Adding reinforcements can improve the mechanical and physical properties of the parts. This study uses the powder metallurgy method before SLM to investigate the effect of copper reinforcement (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 wt.%) on 316L and MS1 (maraging steel) material. The study started by thermochemical investigating the effects of copper addition on the phases during cooling. According to the thermochemical analysis, experimental sintering processes were carried out with the addition of copper in suitable mixing ratios. The findings show that 316L material is more convenient to the sinter than MS1 due to alloy ratios and powder sizes. Adding up to 2 wt.% copper to 316L results in a 36 wt.% reduction in linear shrinkage and improved mechanical and physical stability. The most satisfactory results were obtained by sintering the samples at 1200 °C for 1 h. This study shows that future research should focus on producing copper-reinforced 316L metal powders using SLM methods and parameter optimization and developing hybrid manufacturing methods that combine SLM with powder metallurgy.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139780249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Powder metallurgy and selective laser melting (SLM) methods are widely used in producing metal parts. Adding reinforcements can improve the mechanical and physical properties of the parts. This study uses the powder metallurgy method before SLM to investigate the effect of copper reinforcement (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 wt.%) on 316L and MS1 (maraging steel) material. The study started by thermochemical investigating the effects of copper addition on the phases during cooling. According to the thermochemical analysis, experimental sintering processes were carried out with the addition of copper in suitable mixing ratios. The findings show that 316L material is more convenient to the sinter than MS1 due to alloy ratios and powder sizes. Adding up to 2 wt.% copper to 316L results in a 36 wt.% reduction in linear shrinkage and improved mechanical and physical stability. The most satisfactory results were obtained by sintering the samples at 1200 °C for 1 h. This study shows that future research should focus on producing copper-reinforced 316L metal powders using SLM methods and parameter optimization and developing hybrid manufacturing methods that combine SLM with powder metallurgy.
{"title":"Effect of copper powder addition on the product quality of sintered stainless steels","authors":"Mustafa Safa Yılmaz, M. Y. Kayacan, Ahmet Üzün","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0089","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Powder metallurgy and selective laser melting (SLM) methods are widely used in producing metal parts. Adding reinforcements can improve the mechanical and physical properties of the parts. This study uses the powder metallurgy method before SLM to investigate the effect of copper reinforcement (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 wt.%) on 316L and MS1 (maraging steel) material. The study started by thermochemical investigating the effects of copper addition on the phases during cooling. According to the thermochemical analysis, experimental sintering processes were carried out with the addition of copper in suitable mixing ratios. The findings show that 316L material is more convenient to the sinter than MS1 due to alloy ratios and powder sizes. Adding up to 2 wt.% copper to 316L results in a 36 wt.% reduction in linear shrinkage and improved mechanical and physical stability. The most satisfactory results were obtained by sintering the samples at 1200 °C for 1 h. This study shows that future research should focus on producing copper-reinforced 316L metal powders using SLM methods and parameter optimization and developing hybrid manufacturing methods that combine SLM with powder metallurgy.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139840154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tushar Sonar, Mikhail Ivanov, Jinyang Xu, Muralimohan Cheepu, Karolina Prokop-Strzelczyńska, C. Rajendran, D. Thirumalaikumarasamy, S. Ragu Nathan, Prabhuraj Parasuraman, V. Balasubramanian, Igor Shcherbakov
Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT), a technique of deep subzero processing, is utilized after quenching and well preceding tempering. In DCT, the materials are subjected to a soaking period of typically 24 h at a temperature of −196 °C. The optimal soaking period varies depending on the material to be cryotreated. The microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of ferrous and nonferrous materials are significantly enhanced using DCT resulting in improved durability and functional performance of the mechanical components. The DCT is generally performed on tool steel, stainless steel, aluminum alloys, and magnesium alloys to improve its mechanical properties. The complete transition of residual austenite to martensite and finer secondary carbide precipitation correlates with an increase in the mechanical properties of tool steel. The nonferrous materials such as aluminum and magnesium alloys showed improved mechanical properties owing to the precipitation of finer second phases in the matrix. The main objective of this review paper is to provide an overview on the history and theories of DCT, important processing parameters, and the effect of DCT on microstructure and mechanical properties of tool steel, aluminum alloys, and magnesium alloys.
{"title":"Processing, microstructural characterization, and mechanical properties of deep cryogenically treated steels and alloys – overview","authors":"Tushar Sonar, Mikhail Ivanov, Jinyang Xu, Muralimohan Cheepu, Karolina Prokop-Strzelczyńska, C. Rajendran, D. Thirumalaikumarasamy, S. Ragu Nathan, Prabhuraj Parasuraman, V. Balasubramanian, Igor Shcherbakov","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0284","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT), a technique of deep subzero processing, is utilized after quenching and well preceding tempering. In DCT, the materials are subjected to a soaking period of typically 24 h at a temperature of −196 °C. The optimal soaking period varies depending on the material to be cryotreated. The microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of ferrous and nonferrous materials are significantly enhanced using DCT resulting in improved durability and functional performance of the mechanical components. The DCT is generally performed on tool steel, stainless steel, aluminum alloys, and magnesium alloys to improve its mechanical properties. The complete transition of residual austenite to martensite and finer secondary carbide precipitation correlates with an increase in the mechanical properties of tool steel. The nonferrous materials such as aluminum and magnesium alloys showed improved mechanical properties owing to the precipitation of finer second phases in the matrix. The main objective of this review paper is to provide an overview on the history and theories of DCT, important processing parameters, and the effect of DCT on microstructure and mechanical properties of tool steel, aluminum alloys, and magnesium alloys.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139779823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tushar Sonar, Mikhail Ivanov, Jinyang Xu, Muralimohan Cheepu, Karolina Prokop-Strzelczyńska, C. Rajendran, D. Thirumalaikumarasamy, S. Ragu Nathan, Prabhuraj Parasuraman, V. Balasubramanian, Igor Shcherbakov
Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT), a technique of deep subzero processing, is utilized after quenching and well preceding tempering. In DCT, the materials are subjected to a soaking period of typically 24 h at a temperature of −196 °C. The optimal soaking period varies depending on the material to be cryotreated. The microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of ferrous and nonferrous materials are significantly enhanced using DCT resulting in improved durability and functional performance of the mechanical components. The DCT is generally performed on tool steel, stainless steel, aluminum alloys, and magnesium alloys to improve its mechanical properties. The complete transition of residual austenite to martensite and finer secondary carbide precipitation correlates with an increase in the mechanical properties of tool steel. The nonferrous materials such as aluminum and magnesium alloys showed improved mechanical properties owing to the precipitation of finer second phases in the matrix. The main objective of this review paper is to provide an overview on the history and theories of DCT, important processing parameters, and the effect of DCT on microstructure and mechanical properties of tool steel, aluminum alloys, and magnesium alloys.
{"title":"Processing, microstructural characterization, and mechanical properties of deep cryogenically treated steels and alloys – overview","authors":"Tushar Sonar, Mikhail Ivanov, Jinyang Xu, Muralimohan Cheepu, Karolina Prokop-Strzelczyńska, C. Rajendran, D. Thirumalaikumarasamy, S. Ragu Nathan, Prabhuraj Parasuraman, V. Balasubramanian, Igor Shcherbakov","doi":"10.1515/mt-2023-0284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0284","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT), a technique of deep subzero processing, is utilized after quenching and well preceding tempering. In DCT, the materials are subjected to a soaking period of typically 24 h at a temperature of −196 °C. The optimal soaking period varies depending on the material to be cryotreated. The microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of ferrous and nonferrous materials are significantly enhanced using DCT resulting in improved durability and functional performance of the mechanical components. The DCT is generally performed on tool steel, stainless steel, aluminum alloys, and magnesium alloys to improve its mechanical properties. The complete transition of residual austenite to martensite and finer secondary carbide precipitation correlates with an increase in the mechanical properties of tool steel. The nonferrous materials such as aluminum and magnesium alloys showed improved mechanical properties owing to the precipitation of finer second phases in the matrix. The main objective of this review paper is to provide an overview on the history and theories of DCT, important processing parameters, and the effect of DCT on microstructure and mechanical properties of tool steel, aluminum alloys, and magnesium alloys.","PeriodicalId":18231,"journal":{"name":"Materials Testing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139839546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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