The number of cases infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, has been steadily rising globally. Iran, one of the countries with a relatively high number of positive cases, has an inevitable role to play in controlling the pandemic by implementing effective policies and countermeasures to interrupt the viral transmission chain. Epidemic restrictions implemented following an Iranian presidential mandate were especially effective following the Nowruz holidays—the solar New Year celebration in the Persian-speaking culture. These restrictions started flattening the incidence curve of the epidemic in Iran two weeks after implementation, from 10 April 2020. Supplying sufficient face masks, disinfectants, sanitizers, and medical equipment to all government-run and non-for-profit hospitals were included in the presidential mandate. We believe that continuing this policy strictly will be required for further controlling the pandemic throughout the country. *Corresponding Author: Amin Talebi Bezmin Abadi; Email: amin.talebi@modares.ac.ir Please cite this article as: Talebi Bezmin Abadi A, Rahimi F. Implementation of Epidemic Restrictions to Disrupt the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran: A Mini-Review. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2020;6:e11. https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6.32966
{"title":"Implementation of Epidemic Restrictions to Disrupt the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran: A Mini-Review","authors":"A. Abadi, F. Rahimi","doi":"10.22037/AMLS.V6.32966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/AMLS.V6.32966","url":null,"abstract":"The number of cases infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, has been steadily rising globally. Iran, one of the countries with a relatively high number of positive cases, has an inevitable role to play in controlling the pandemic by implementing effective policies and countermeasures to interrupt the viral transmission chain. Epidemic restrictions implemented following an Iranian presidential mandate were especially effective following the Nowruz holidays—the solar New Year celebration in the Persian-speaking culture. These restrictions started flattening the incidence curve of the epidemic in Iran two weeks after implementation, from 10 April 2020. Supplying sufficient face masks, disinfectants, sanitizers, and medical equipment to all government-run and non-for-profit hospitals were included in the presidential mandate. We believe that continuing this policy strictly will be required for further controlling the pandemic throughout the country. \u0000*Corresponding Author: Amin Talebi Bezmin Abadi; Email: amin.talebi@modares.ac.ir \u0000Please cite this article as: Talebi Bezmin Abadi A, Rahimi F. Implementation of Epidemic Restrictions to Disrupt the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran: A Mini-Review. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2020;6:e11. https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6.32966","PeriodicalId":18401,"journal":{"name":"Medical laboratory sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78871187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Iman Pouladi, S. Delfani, B. Hadian, S. Soroush, K. Anbari, Faranak Rezaei
Background and Aim: Microbiological culture of dialysis water is a routine safety measure. In, Khorramabad laboratories perform these cultures on Muller Hinton Agar (MHA) at 35–378C for 48 h, not on the Reasoner’s 2A agar (R2A agar) at 17–238oC for 7 days recommended by international standards, the objective of the present study was the comparison of the efficiency of R2A and MHA media in the counting of heterotrophic bacteria in the samples of water collected in dialysis centers from 2 hospitals in Khorramabad, from September to November 2019. Methods: A total of 165 samples of treated water in dialysis centers were collected aseptically and then transported in ice‑packs to the Department of Medical Microbiology of the Lorestan University of Medical Sciences and the pour plate technique was carried out for the enumerating of heterotrophic bacteria. Finally, bacterial colonies were counted after incubation at 34±2oC for 48 hours on MHA and 25oC for 1 week on R2A. Results: Results showed heterotrophic bacterial counts in R2A were greater than those in MHA in 89% of the samples, so enumeration of heterotrophic bacteria should be carried out in R2A agar associated with longer incubation times, because of the greater sensitivity. The proportion of water samples yielding colony counts ≥200 CFU/mL by R2A -7d was significantly different from the proportion by MHA-48h (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results proposed using R2A agar combined with relative low culture temperature (20-25°C), and an extended incubation time (7-10 days) is more efficient. However, as the spectrum of bacterial contamination is not similar for dialysis centers and countries, many studies using different media and culture parameters are required to confirm this. *Corresponding Author: Faranak Rezaei; Email: Rezaei.f@lums.ac.ir Please cite this article as: Pouladi I, Delfani S, Hadian B, Soroush S, Anbari K, Rezaei F. Comparison of Reasoner’s 2A Agar and Muller Hinton Agar Media for Microbiological Monitoring of Dialysis Water. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2020;6:1-5 (e10). https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6.32905
{"title":"Comparison of Reasoner’s 2A Agar and Muller Hinton Agar Media for Microbiological Monitoring of Dialysis Water","authors":"Iman Pouladi, S. Delfani, B. Hadian, S. Soroush, K. Anbari, Faranak Rezaei","doi":"10.22037/AMLS.V6.32905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/AMLS.V6.32905","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: Microbiological culture of dialysis water is a routine safety measure. In, Khorramabad laboratories perform these cultures on Muller Hinton Agar (MHA) at 35–378C for 48 h, not on the Reasoner’s 2A agar (R2A agar) at 17–238oC for 7 days recommended by international standards, the objective of the present study was the comparison of the efficiency of R2A and MHA media in the counting of heterotrophic bacteria in the samples of water collected in dialysis centers from 2 hospitals in Khorramabad, from September to November 2019. \u0000Methods: A total of 165 samples of treated water in dialysis centers were collected aseptically and then transported in ice‑packs to the Department of Medical Microbiology of the Lorestan University of Medical Sciences and the pour plate technique was carried out for the enumerating of heterotrophic bacteria. Finally, bacterial colonies were counted after incubation at 34±2oC for 48 hours on MHA and 25oC for 1 week on R2A. \u0000Results: Results showed heterotrophic bacterial counts in R2A were greater than those in MHA in 89% of the samples, so enumeration of heterotrophic bacteria should be carried out in R2A agar associated with longer incubation times, because of the greater sensitivity. The proportion of water samples yielding colony counts ≥200 CFU/mL by R2A -7d was significantly different from the proportion by MHA-48h (p<0.001). \u0000Conclusion: The results proposed using R2A agar combined with relative low culture temperature (20-25°C), and an extended incubation time (7-10 days) is more efficient. However, as the spectrum of bacterial contamination is not similar for dialysis centers and countries, many studies using different media and culture parameters are required to confirm this. \u0000*Corresponding Author: Faranak Rezaei; Email: Rezaei.f@lums.ac.ir \u0000Please cite this article as: Pouladi I, Delfani S, Hadian B, Soroush S, Anbari K, Rezaei F. Comparison of Reasoner’s 2A Agar and Muller Hinton Agar Media for Microbiological Monitoring of Dialysis Water. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2020;6:1-5 (e10). https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6.32905","PeriodicalId":18401,"journal":{"name":"Medical laboratory sciences","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74787505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akbar Karimi, Vahideh Behmard, Shima Toghiani, Fatemeh Sadat Moravej
Background and Aim: One of the side effects of anticancer drugs is spermatogenesis disorder. Hence, the evaluation of sperm production after chemotherapy has been the subject of several studies today. Methods: Adult male albino mice weighing 20±2 g were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 4);control, cyclophosphamide (12 mg/kg/day), cyclophosphamide and vitamin E (200 mg/kg/day), cyclophosphamide and retinoic acid (500 µL/72h), cyclophosphamide and retinoic acid (250 µL/72h) and vitamin E (100 mg/day). The treatment was continued for 35 days and at the end of the rats was anesthetized and testicular tissue was isolated, weighed, fixed, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Results: A significant decrease (p-value ≤ 0.0001) in the mean diameter of seminal vesicles, epithelial thickness, and index of tubular differentiation was observed in the testis tissue of mice treated with cyclophosphamide compared to the control group. In cyclophosphamide recipients with retinoic acid or vitamin E, parameters significantly increased to the level of the control group (p-value ≤ 0.0001), whereas cyclophosphamide co-administration with retinoic acid and vitamin A had a less tissue-protective effect. Conclusion: Vitamin E and retinoic acid can offset the adverse effects of cyclophosphamide on spermatogenesis and may be inducers of spermatogenesis, while the combination of these two antioxidants has fewer efficacies. *Corresponding Author: Fatemeh Sadat Moravej; Email: akbar.karimi@es.isfpnu.ac.ir Please cite this article as: Karimi A, Behmard V, Toghiani S, Moravej FS. The Study of the Protective Effect of Vitamin E and Retinoic Acid on Testicular Tissue in Mice Treated with Cyclophosphamide. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2020;6:1-8 (e9). https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6.31520
{"title":"The Study of the Protective Effect of Vitamin E and Retinoic Acid on Testicular Tissue in Mice Treated with Cyclophosphamide","authors":"Akbar Karimi, Vahideh Behmard, Shima Toghiani, Fatemeh Sadat Moravej","doi":"10.22037/AMLS.V6.31520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/AMLS.V6.31520","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: One of the side effects of anticancer drugs is spermatogenesis disorder. Hence, the evaluation of sperm production after chemotherapy has been the subject of several studies today. \u0000Methods: Adult male albino mice weighing 20±2 g were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 4);control, cyclophosphamide (12 mg/kg/day), cyclophosphamide and vitamin E (200 mg/kg/day), cyclophosphamide and retinoic acid (500 µL/72h), cyclophosphamide and retinoic acid (250 µL/72h) and vitamin E (100 mg/day). The treatment was continued for 35 days and at the end of the rats was anesthetized and testicular tissue was isolated, weighed, fixed, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. \u0000Results: A significant decrease (p-value ≤ 0.0001) in the mean diameter of seminal vesicles, epithelial thickness, and index of tubular differentiation was observed in the testis tissue of mice treated with cyclophosphamide compared to the control group. In cyclophosphamide recipients with retinoic acid or vitamin E, parameters significantly increased to the level of the control group (p-value ≤ 0.0001), whereas cyclophosphamide co-administration with retinoic acid and vitamin A had a less tissue-protective effect. \u0000Conclusion: Vitamin E and retinoic acid can offset the adverse effects of cyclophosphamide on spermatogenesis and may be inducers of spermatogenesis, while the combination of these two antioxidants has fewer efficacies. \u0000*Corresponding Author: Fatemeh Sadat Moravej; Email: akbar.karimi@es.isfpnu.ac.ir \u0000Please cite this article as: Karimi A, Behmard V, Toghiani S, Moravej FS. The Study of the Protective Effect of Vitamin E and Retinoic Acid on Testicular Tissue in Mice Treated with Cyclophosphamide. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2020;6:1-8 (e9). https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6.31520","PeriodicalId":18401,"journal":{"name":"Medical laboratory sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83466235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reihaneh Alsadat Mahmoudian, M. Farshchian, M. Abbaszadegan
Background and Aim: Transfection of DNA/RNA sequence into eukaryotic cells has a major effect on scientific studies. Various methods are used to transfer the DNA/RNA sequence into cells, such as lipid-based carriers as the available and easy procedure. Transfection with cationic lipid liposome is introduced as a simple and efficient procedure for monitoring the DNA/RNA sequence through gene function analysis, including fluorescence imaging RNA and protein expression. This study aimed to investigate the transfection efficiency and cell death through GFP expression in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell line KYSE-30 using Lipofectamine 3000 reagent. Methods: The pCDH-513b plasmid DNA was transfected into KYSE-30 cells using Lipofectamine 3000 in different concentrations of the plasmid DNA and reagent. The transfection efficiency was evaluated by fluorescence microscope and flow cytometry analysis to determine the percentage of GFP-expressing cells. Moreover, the viability and death of transfected KYSE-30 cells were evaluated using a trypan blue exclusion assay. Results: The transfection efficiency of KYSE-30 with Lipofectamine 3000 was increased with higher plasmid DNA concentration and a lower amount of Lipofectamine 3000 reagent. The Optimized concentration of 1.5 µg plasmid DNA and volume of one µl of lipofectamine 3000 reagents were identified for 95% transfection efficiency in the KYSE-30 cell line. The viability and death of transfected cells were 43% and 58% after transfection, respectively. Conclusion: The results indicated that Lipofectamine 3000 might not be suitable for transfection in KYSE-30 cells due to increased cell death. *Corresponding Author: Mohammad Reza Abbaszadegan; Email: abbaszadeganmr@mums.ac.ir Please cite this article as: Mahmoudian RA, Farshchian M, Abbaszadegan MR. Evaluation and Optimization of Lipofectamine 3000 Reagents for Transient Gene Expression in KYSE-30 Esophagus Cancer Cell Line. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2019;5(4):1-9. https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v5i4.31081
背景与目的:将DNA/RNA序列转染真核细胞对科学研究具有重要影响。将DNA/RNA序列转移到细胞中有多种方法，例如脂质载体是可用且简单的方法。阳离子脂质体转染是一种简单有效的方法，通过基因功能分析监测DNA/RNA序列，包括荧光成像RNA和蛋白质表达。本实验采用Lipofectamine 3000试剂，研究GFP在人食管鳞癌(ESCC)细胞株KYSE-30中的转染效率和细胞死亡情况。方法:将pCDH-513b质粒DNA以不同浓度的Lipofectamine 3000转染到KYSE-30细胞中。采用荧光显微镜和流式细胞术检测转染效率，测定表达gfp的细胞百分比。此外，使用台盼蓝排斥试验评估转染的KYSE-30细胞的活力和死亡。结果:质粒DNA浓度越高，Lipofectamine 3000试剂用量越少，KYSE-30转染效率越高。在KYSE-30细胞系中，质粒DNA的最佳浓度为1.5µg，脂质体3000试剂的最佳体积为1µl，转染效率为95%。转染后细胞存活率为43%，死亡率为58%。结论:Lipofectamine 3000可能不适合转染KYSE-30细胞，因为它会增加细胞的死亡。*通讯作者:Mohammad Reza Abbaszadegan;Mahmoudian RA, Farshchian M, Abbaszadegan MR. Lipofectamine 3000试剂对食管癌KYSE-30瞬时基因表达的评价与优化。中华医学杂志，2019;5(4):1-9。https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v5i4.31081
{"title":"Evaluation and Optimization of Lipofectamine 3000 Reagents for Transient Gene Expression in KYSE-30 Esophagus Cancer Cell Line","authors":"Reihaneh Alsadat Mahmoudian, M. Farshchian, M. Abbaszadegan","doi":"10.22037/AMLS.V6.31081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/AMLS.V6.31081","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: Transfection of DNA/RNA sequence into eukaryotic cells has a major effect on scientific studies. Various methods are used to transfer the DNA/RNA sequence into cells, such as lipid-based carriers as the available and easy procedure. Transfection with cationic lipid liposome is introduced as a simple and efficient procedure for monitoring the DNA/RNA sequence through gene function analysis, including fluorescence imaging RNA and protein expression. This study aimed to investigate the transfection efficiency and cell death through GFP expression in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell line KYSE-30 using Lipofectamine 3000 reagent. Methods: The pCDH-513b plasmid DNA was transfected into KYSE-30 cells using Lipofectamine 3000 in different concentrations of the plasmid DNA and reagent. The transfection efficiency was evaluated by fluorescence microscope and flow cytometry analysis to determine the percentage of GFP-expressing cells. Moreover, the viability and death of transfected KYSE-30 cells were evaluated using a trypan blue exclusion assay. Results: The transfection efficiency of KYSE-30 with Lipofectamine 3000 was increased with higher plasmid DNA concentration and a lower amount of Lipofectamine 3000 reagent. The Optimized concentration of 1.5 µg plasmid DNA and volume of one µl of lipofectamine 3000 reagents were identified for 95% transfection efficiency in the KYSE-30 cell line. The viability and death of transfected cells were 43% and 58% after transfection, respectively. Conclusion: The results indicated that Lipofectamine 3000 might not be suitable for transfection in KYSE-30 cells due to increased cell death. \u0000*Corresponding Author: Mohammad Reza Abbaszadegan; Email: abbaszadeganmr@mums.ac.ir \u0000Please cite this article as: Mahmoudian RA, Farshchian M, Abbaszadegan MR. Evaluation and Optimization of Lipofectamine 3000 Reagents for Transient Gene Expression in KYSE-30 Esophagus Cancer Cell Line. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2019;5(4):1-9. https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v5i4.31081","PeriodicalId":18401,"journal":{"name":"Medical laboratory sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87067611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Milad Zandi, S. Rashid, Sepideh Nasimzadeh, Behzad Pourhossein, M. Fazeli
SARS-CoV-2 as an emerging coronavirus, which first emerged in late 2019 in China causes a respiratory disease called “Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)’’. SARS-CoV-2 has since infected more than 26 million people worldwide and caused more than 864000 deaths as of September 04, 2020. The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein consists of two subunits: S1 and S2, which plays a role in binding to cellular receptors and mediating the fusion process between the membranes of the virus and host cells. The S protein has an important role to induce neutralizing-antibody, as well as protective immunity, during SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we focused on different types of the vaccine against COVID-19. *Corresponding Author: Maryam Fazeli; Email: m.fazeli@umsha.ac.ir Please cite this article as: Zandi M, Rashid S, Nasimzade S, Pourhossein B, Fazel M. A Snapshot of Different Types of Under Research Vaccines Against COVID-9: A Review. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2020;6:e7. https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6.32379
{"title":"A Snapshot of Different Types of Under Research Vaccines Against COVID-9: A Review","authors":"Milad Zandi, S. Rashid, Sepideh Nasimzadeh, Behzad Pourhossein, M. Fazeli","doi":"10.22037/AMLS.V6.32379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/AMLS.V6.32379","url":null,"abstract":"SARS-CoV-2 as an emerging coronavirus, which first emerged in late 2019 in China causes a respiratory disease called “Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)’’. SARS-CoV-2 has since infected more than 26 million people worldwide and caused more than 864000 deaths as of September 04, 2020. The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein consists of two subunits: S1 and S2, which plays a role in binding to cellular receptors and mediating the fusion process between the membranes of the virus and host cells. The S protein has an important role to induce neutralizing-antibody, as well as protective immunity, during SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we focused on different types of the vaccine against COVID-19. \u0000*Corresponding Author: Maryam Fazeli; Email: m.fazeli@umsha.ac.ir \u0000Please cite this article as: Zandi M, Rashid S, Nasimzade S, Pourhossein B, Fazel M. A Snapshot of Different Types of Under Research Vaccines Against COVID-9: A Review. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2020;6:e7. https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6.32379","PeriodicalId":18401,"journal":{"name":"Medical laboratory sciences","volume":"267 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90769883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. D. Dehkharghani, S. Haghighat, M. R. Farzami, M. Rahbar
Background and Aim: AmpC β-lactamases are capable of hydrolyzing all β-lactams except cefepime and carbapenems. The detection of AmpC-producing Escherichia coli has a high priority in infection management. This research is aimed to investigate the resistant AmpC- generating E. coli isolates and identify their genetic variety. Methods: In this study, 230 E. coli isolates from patients having urinary tract infection symptoms were investigated in 2017-2018 to assess their susceptibility toward antimicrobial agents. AmpC genes were evaluated by PCR and molecular typing using the 10-loci MLVA method. MLVA images were examined by BioNumerics 6.6 software through the use of the UPGMA algorithms. Results: The highest frequencies of susceptibility among E. coli isolates were to meropenem 96.08%, piperacillin-tazobactam 90.43%, followed by gentamicin 66.54%, ceftazidime 50%, ciprofloxacin 48.26%, ceftriaxone 41.74%. All E. coli isolates were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate. Thirty-eight AmpC-generating E. coli isolates were detected. The most abundant determinant was CIT and EBC, FOX, and DHA had the next ranks, respectively. Six major clusters and a singleton were identified by MLVA. Conclusion: AmpC-generation ability is an effective feature in the resistance of E. coli isolates and its investigation is of crucial significance in infection management. The major mechanisms of AmpC beta-lactamase vary depending on time and geographical location. *Corresponding Author: Mohammad Rahbar; Email: rahbar@health.gov.ir Please cite this article as: Dolatyar Dehkharghani A, Haghighat S, Rahnamaye Farzami M, Rahbar M. The Mechanism of Resistance in AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2020;6:e6. https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6.32573
背景与目的:AmpC β-内酰胺酶能水解除头孢吡肟和碳青霉烯类外的所有β-内酰胺类。产ampc大肠杆菌的检测在感染管理中具有高度的优先性。本研究旨在研究产生耐药AmpC的大肠杆菌分离株，并鉴定其遗传多样性。方法:本研究对2017-2018年从有尿路感染症状的患者中分离出的230株大肠杆菌进行调查，评估其对抗菌药物的敏感性。采用PCR和10位点MLVA分型方法对AmpC基因进行鉴定。通过使用UPGMA算法，使用BioNumerics 6.6软件对MLVA图像进行检查。结果:大肠杆菌对美罗培南96.08%、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦90.43%的敏感性最高，其次是庆大霉素66.54%、头孢他啶50%、环丙沙星48.26%、头孢曲松41.74%。所有大肠杆菌分离株均对阿莫西林-克拉维酸盐耐药。检测到38株产生ampc的大肠杆菌。最丰富的决定因素是CIT和EBC, FOX和DHA分别排在第二位。MLVA鉴定出6个主要簇和1个单簇。结论:ampc生成能力是大肠杆菌耐药的有效特征，其研究对感染管理具有重要意义。AmpC -内酰胺酶的主要作用机制因时间和地理位置而异。通讯作者:Mohammad Rahbar;Dolatyar Dehkharghani A, Haghighat S, Rahnamaye Farzami M, Rahbar M.尿路感染产ampc大肠杆菌的耐药性机制。中华医学杂志，2020;6:96 - 96。https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6.32573
{"title":"The Mechanism of Resistance in AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections:","authors":"A. D. Dehkharghani, S. Haghighat, M. R. Farzami, M. Rahbar","doi":"10.22037/AMLS.V6.32573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/AMLS.V6.32573","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: AmpC β-lactamases are capable of hydrolyzing all β-lactams except cefepime and carbapenems. The detection of AmpC-producing Escherichia coli has a high priority in infection management. This research is aimed to investigate the resistant AmpC- generating E. coli isolates and identify their genetic variety. \u0000Methods: In this study, 230 E. coli isolates from patients having urinary tract infection symptoms were investigated in 2017-2018 to assess their susceptibility toward antimicrobial agents. AmpC genes were evaluated by PCR and molecular typing using the 10-loci MLVA method. MLVA images were examined by BioNumerics 6.6 software through the use of the UPGMA algorithms. \u0000Results: The highest frequencies of susceptibility among E. coli isolates were to meropenem 96.08%, piperacillin-tazobactam 90.43%, followed by gentamicin 66.54%, ceftazidime 50%, ciprofloxacin 48.26%, ceftriaxone 41.74%. All E. coli isolates were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate. Thirty-eight AmpC-generating E. coli isolates were detected. The most abundant determinant was CIT and EBC, FOX, and DHA had the next ranks, respectively. Six major clusters and a singleton were identified by MLVA. \u0000Conclusion: AmpC-generation ability is an effective feature in the resistance of E. coli isolates and its investigation is of crucial significance in infection management. The major mechanisms of AmpC beta-lactamase vary depending on time and geographical location. \u0000*Corresponding Author: Mohammad Rahbar; Email: rahbar@health.gov.ir \u0000Please cite this article as: Dolatyar Dehkharghani A, Haghighat S, Rahnamaye Farzami M, Rahbar M. The Mechanism of Resistance in AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2020;6:e6. https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6.32573","PeriodicalId":18401,"journal":{"name":"Medical laboratory sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88758639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and Aim: Multiple lines of evidence have been suggested that JAK2 is likely the main candidate gene responsible for the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasms. The V617F mutation in the pseudokinase domain of JAK2 protein has been detected in a majority of patients. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of this somatic missense substitution among Iranian patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms across different regions of Iran. The JAK2 V617F mutation was identified by allele-specific PCR. To confirm the PCR results, randomly selected positive and negative samples were sequenced. Results: Among 72 identified patients, 45 (62.5%) were found to harbor JAK2 V617F. The frequencies of the mutation ranged 100% for primary myelofibrosis, 75% for chronic myelogenous leukemia, 67% for polycythemia vera, 62.5% for myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms, and 52% for essential thrombocythemia. Our findings revealed that the mutation was more common among men in comparison with women and the correlation between the mutation and gender was statistically significant (p-value<0.01). Additionally, the presence of JAK2 V617F was associated with older ages (p-value =0.009). Conclusion: The JAK2 V617F mutation was detected in 62.5% of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. We have shown that this single acquired point mutation was presented in at least half of the patients. Hence, it seems that the identification of JAK2 V617F mutation in myeloproliferative neoplasms can be very effective in disease diagnosing and management. *Corresponding Author: Mohammad Hamid; Email: hamidi@pasteur.ac.ir Please cite this article as: Hamid M, Shahbaz Z. Prevalence of JAK2 V617F Mutation in Iranian Patients with Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2020;6:e5. https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6.32758
{"title":"Prevalence of JAK2 V617F Mutation in Iranian Patients with Myeloproliferative Neoplasms","authors":"M. Hamid, Zahra Shahbazi","doi":"10.22037/AMLS.V6.32758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/AMLS.V6.32758","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: Multiple lines of evidence have been suggested that JAK2 is likely the main candidate gene responsible for the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasms. The V617F mutation in the pseudokinase domain of JAK2 protein has been detected in a majority of patients. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of this somatic missense substitution among Iranian patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. \u0000Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms across different regions of Iran. The JAK2 V617F mutation was identified by allele-specific PCR. To confirm the PCR results, randomly selected positive and negative samples were sequenced. \u0000Results: Among 72 identified patients, 45 (62.5%) were found to harbor JAK2 V617F. The frequencies of the mutation ranged 100% for primary myelofibrosis, 75% for chronic myelogenous leukemia, 67% for polycythemia vera, 62.5% for myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms, and 52% for essential thrombocythemia. Our findings revealed that the mutation was more common among men in comparison with women and the correlation between the mutation and gender was statistically significant (p-value<0.01). Additionally, the presence of JAK2 V617F was associated with older ages (p-value =0.009). \u0000Conclusion: The JAK2 V617F mutation was detected in 62.5% of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. We have shown that this single acquired point mutation was presented in at least half of the patients. Hence, it seems that the identification of JAK2 V617F mutation in myeloproliferative neoplasms can be very effective in disease diagnosing and management. \u0000*Corresponding Author: Mohammad Hamid; Email: hamidi@pasteur.ac.ir \u0000Please cite this article as: Hamid M, Shahbaz Z. Prevalence of JAK2 V617F Mutation in Iranian Patients with Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2020;6:e5. https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6.32758","PeriodicalId":18401,"journal":{"name":"Medical laboratory sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91246518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and Aim: Nanoparticle drug delivery has recently found a special place in medicine and treatment. Different nanoparticles have different capabilities and functions. Gold nanoparticles are one of the most widely used nanoparticles and have many uses in pharmaceuticals and medical purposes, including diagnostic, therapeutic, and imaging methods, and due to their unique characteristics, such as high contact surface area compared to volume. Gold nanoparticles have many advantages over other nanoparticles such as their neutral nature, stability, high diffusion property, non-toxicity, environmental compatibility, optical adjustment. Our goal is to synthesize and characterization gold nanoparticles with specific applications to produce the best delivery system of drugs to the asthmatic lung. Methods: Turkevich method has been used for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles and approving studies have been done. Results: The produced GNP has the average diameter 100-200 nm and the Z-average was 137.9 d.nm and in positive charge area. PDI for GNP was 0.358. Conclusion: In this study, we were able to produce the applicable gold nanoparticles for carrying drugs to asthmatic bronchi. Gold nanoparticles easily reach target cells due to their high dispersion power. Drug side effects are reduced when gold nanoparticles are used in conjunction with the drug for drug delivery purposes. *Corresponding Authors: Alireza Taheri, Email: taheri@ilam-iau.ac.ir; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Email: ss.athari@zums.ac.ir Please cite this article as: Mehrabi Nasab D, Taheri A, Athari SS. Design and Fabrication of Gold Nanoparticles for Anti-Asthma Drug Delivery. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2020;6:e4. https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6.32580
背景与目的:纳米颗粒给药在医学和治疗中有着特殊的地位。不同的纳米颗粒具有不同的性能和功能。金纳米颗粒是使用最广泛的纳米颗粒之一，在制药和医疗领域有许多用途，包括诊断、治疗和成像方法，并且由于其独特的特性，例如与体积相比的高接触表面积。与其他纳米粒子相比，金纳米粒子具有中性、稳定性、高扩散性能、无毒性、环境相容性、光学调节性等优点。我们的目标是合成和表征具有特定应用的金纳米颗粒，以生产最佳的药物输送系统到哮喘肺。方法:采用Turkevich法合成金纳米颗粒，并进行了初步研究。结果:所得GNP的平均粒径为100 ~ 200 nm, z -平均值为137.9 d.nm，且在正电荷区。GNP的PDI为0.358。结论:本研究制备出适用于哮喘支气管药物输送的金纳米颗粒。金纳米粒子具有高分散能力，容易到达靶细胞。当金纳米颗粒与药物一起用于药物递送目的时，药物副作用会减少。*通讯作者:Alireza Taheri, Email: taheri@ilam-iau.ac.ir;Mehrabi Nasab D, Taheri A, Athari SS.用于抗哮喘药物递送的金纳米颗粒的设计和制备。中华医学杂志，2020;6:1 - 4。https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6.32580
{"title":"Design and Fabrication of Gold Nanoparticles for Anti-Asthma Drug Delivery","authors":"Didar Mehrabi Nasab, A. Taheri, S. Athari","doi":"10.22037/AMLS.V6.32580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/AMLS.V6.32580","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: Nanoparticle drug delivery has recently found a special place in medicine and treatment. Different nanoparticles have different capabilities and functions. Gold nanoparticles are one of the most widely used nanoparticles and have many uses in pharmaceuticals and medical purposes, including diagnostic, therapeutic, and imaging methods, and due to their unique characteristics, such as high contact surface area compared to volume. Gold nanoparticles have many advantages over other nanoparticles such as their neutral nature, stability, high diffusion property, non-toxicity, environmental compatibility, optical adjustment. Our goal is to synthesize and characterization gold nanoparticles with specific applications to produce the best delivery system of drugs to the asthmatic lung. \u0000Methods: Turkevich method has been used for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles and approving studies have been done. \u0000Results: The produced GNP has the average diameter 100-200 nm and the Z-average was 137.9 d.nm and in positive charge area. PDI for GNP was 0.358. \u0000Conclusion: In this study, we were able to produce the applicable gold nanoparticles for carrying drugs to asthmatic bronchi. Gold nanoparticles easily reach target cells due to their high dispersion power. Drug side effects are reduced when gold nanoparticles are used in conjunction with the drug for drug delivery purposes. \u0000*Corresponding Authors: \u0000Alireza Taheri, Email: taheri@ilam-iau.ac.ir; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Email: ss.athari@zums.ac.ir \u0000Please cite this article as: Mehrabi Nasab D, Taheri A, Athari SS. Design and Fabrication of Gold Nanoparticles for Anti-Asthma Drug Delivery. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2020;6:e4. https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6.32580","PeriodicalId":18401,"journal":{"name":"Medical laboratory sciences","volume":"219 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77849651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
COVID-19 pneumonia signs and symptoms are not specific and it may be similar to other cases of pneumonia caused by other microorganisms such as Mycoplasma pneumonia. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of M. pneumonia co-infection among patients with COVID-19 by a systematic review and meta-analysis. Two authors performed the search process independently in Scopus, Web of sciences, and PubMed for studies reporting COVID-19-associated Mycoplasma pneumonia co-infections published in the English language from December 2019 to 1st June 2020. The MeSH terms used in the present review were; “COVID-19”, “co-infection”, “secondary infection”, “2019 novel coronavirus”, “2019-nCoV”, “COVID-19 virus”, “coronavirus disease 2019 virus”, “Mycoplasma pneumoniae”, “M. pneumoniae”, “prevalence”, and “respiratory pathogens”. Data analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-analysis (CMA) software. Heterogeneity among included studies was checked by I2 statistic and the Q2 test. M. pneumonia co-infection was varied between 1 and 40.6% in the included studies. The combined prevalence of M. pneumoniae co-infection among patients with COVID-19 was reported by 17% (95% CI: 7.4–34.3). Overall, our systematic review and meta-analysis showed a quite high co-infection of M. pneumonia in patients with COVID-19 infection, therefore, routine diagnostic tests are recommended for respiratory pathogens like M. pneumonia, because on-time treatment has a beneficial effect on patient survival. Also, an increasing number of cases of asymptomatic COVID-19 infection, the differentiation and diagnosis of pneumonia caused by COVID-19 from non-COVID-19 pneumonia be considered. It helps avoid unnecessary quarantine and waste of medical resources. *Corresponding Author: Hakimeh Akbari; Email: akbarih@gerums.ac.ir Please cite this article as: Akbari H. Prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumonia Coinfection among Patients with COVID-19; a systematic review. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2020;6:e3. https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6.32399
COVID-19肺炎的体征和症状不具有特异性，可能与其他微生物(如肺炎支原体)引起的其他肺炎病例相似。本研究旨在通过系统回顾和荟萃分析调查COVID-19患者中肺炎支原体合并感染的患病率。两位作者在Scopus、Web of sciences和PubMed中独立进行了搜索过程，检索了2019年12月至2020年6月1日以英语发表的报告covid -19相关支原体肺炎合并感染的研究。本审查中使用的MeSH术语是;“COVID-19”、“合并感染”、“继发感染”、“2019新型冠状病毒”、“2019- ncov”、“COVID-19病毒”、“冠状病毒病2019病毒”、“肺炎支原体”、“M。“肺炎”、“患病率”和“呼吸道病原体”。数据分析采用综合元分析(CMA)软件。采用I2统计量和Q2检验检验纳入研究间的异质性。在纳入的研究中，肺炎支原体合并感染的发生率在1%至40.6%之间。COVID-19患者中合并肺炎支原体感染的总患病率为17% (95% CI: 7.4-34.3)。总体而言，我们的系统回顾和荟萃分析显示，COVID-19感染患者的肺炎支原体合并感染率相当高，因此，建议对肺炎支原体等呼吸道病原体进行常规诊断检查，因为及时治疗对患者的生存有有益的影响。同时，随着新冠肺炎无症状感染者的增多，需要考虑新冠肺炎与非新冠肺炎的鉴别诊断。这有助于避免不必要的隔离和医疗资源的浪费。*通讯作者:Hakimeh Akbari;Akbari H. COVID-19患者肺炎支原体合并感染的患病率;系统回顾。中华医学杂志，2020;6:3。https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6.32399
{"title":"Prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumonia Coinfection among Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review","authors":"H. Akbari","doi":"10.22037/AMLS.V6.32399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/AMLS.V6.32399","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 pneumonia signs and symptoms are not specific and it may be similar to other cases of pneumonia caused by other microorganisms such as Mycoplasma pneumonia. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of M. pneumonia co-infection among patients with COVID-19 by a systematic review and meta-analysis. \u0000Two authors performed the search process independently in Scopus, Web of sciences, and PubMed for studies reporting COVID-19-associated Mycoplasma pneumonia co-infections published in the English language from December 2019 to 1st June 2020. The MeSH terms used in the present review were; “COVID-19”, “co-infection”, “secondary infection”, “2019 novel coronavirus”, “2019-nCoV”, “COVID-19 virus”, “coronavirus disease 2019 virus”, “Mycoplasma pneumoniae”, “M. pneumoniae”, “prevalence”, and “respiratory pathogens”. Data analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-analysis (CMA) software. Heterogeneity among included studies was checked by I2 statistic and the Q2 test. M. pneumonia co-infection was varied between 1 and 40.6% in the included studies. The combined prevalence of M. pneumoniae co-infection among patients with COVID-19 was reported by 17% (95% CI: 7.4–34.3). \u0000Overall, our systematic review and meta-analysis showed a quite high co-infection of M. pneumonia in patients with COVID-19 infection, therefore, routine diagnostic tests are recommended for respiratory pathogens like M. pneumonia, because on-time treatment has a beneficial effect on patient survival. Also, an increasing number of cases of asymptomatic COVID-19 infection, the differentiation and diagnosis of pneumonia caused by COVID-19 from non-COVID-19 pneumonia be considered. It helps avoid unnecessary quarantine and waste of medical resources. \u0000*Corresponding Author: Hakimeh Akbari; Email: akbarih@gerums.ac.ir \u0000Please cite this article as: Akbari H. Prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumonia Coinfection among Patients with COVID-19; a systematic review. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2020;6:e3. https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6.32399","PeriodicalId":18401,"journal":{"name":"Medical laboratory sciences","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87136177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-21DOI: 10.22037/AMLS.V4I4.24934
G. Mohammadi, Fariba Mohammadi Tahroodi, H. Fallah, Marzieh Bahar Moghaddam
Background: Insulin resistance can increase the risk of metabolic syndrome. Studies have shown that expression of PPAR alpha improved insulin function in patients with insulin resistance. Also ApoB100 is an essential ligand for the receptors of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Increased plasma level of apoB100 is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its increased production leads to insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Q. Infectoria and Z. multiflora extracts on the expression of PPARα and Apo-B100 genes in adipose and hepatic tissues of insulin-resistant rats Materials and methods : Forty Wistar rats were divided into 1- healthy control, 2- high fat control, 3- fenofibrate,4- Q. Infectoria and 5- Z. multiflora groups. All groups were fed with high fat diet for 6 weeks expect for the healthy control. Glucose tolerance test was performed to confirm insulin resistance in rats. Then groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated by fenofibrate , Q. Infectoria and Z. multiflora extracts respectively. After sacrificing the rats, their liver and fat tissues were removed. Real-time PCR was used to assess PPARα and ApoB100 gene expressions. Results: All groups had significant weight gain after 8 weeks. Expression of PPAR-α and ApoB100 genes were the same in Q. Infectoria , Z. multiflora, fenofibrate and healthy control groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, Q. Infectoria and Z. multiflora extracts decreased ApoB100 and increased PPARα gene expressions but these changes were not statistically significant.
{"title":"Effect of Quercus infectoria and Zataria multiflora extracts on the expression of Apo-B100 and PPAR-α in liver and adipose tissues in insulin resistant rats","authors":"G. Mohammadi, Fariba Mohammadi Tahroodi, H. Fallah, Marzieh Bahar Moghaddam","doi":"10.22037/AMLS.V4I4.24934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/AMLS.V4I4.24934","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Insulin resistance can increase the risk of metabolic syndrome. Studies have shown that expression of PPAR alpha improved insulin function in patients with insulin resistance. Also ApoB100 is an essential ligand for the receptors of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Increased plasma level of apoB100 is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its increased production leads to insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Q. Infectoria and Z. multiflora extracts on the expression of PPARα and Apo-B100 genes in adipose and hepatic tissues of insulin-resistant rats Materials and methods : Forty Wistar rats were divided into 1- healthy control, 2- high fat control, 3- fenofibrate,4- Q. Infectoria and 5- Z. multiflora groups. All groups were fed with high fat diet for 6 weeks expect for the healthy control. Glucose tolerance test was performed to confirm insulin resistance in rats. Then groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated by fenofibrate , Q. Infectoria and Z. multiflora extracts respectively. After sacrificing the rats, their liver and fat tissues were removed. Real-time PCR was used to assess PPARα and ApoB100 gene expressions. Results: All groups had significant weight gain after 8 weeks. Expression of PPAR-α and ApoB100 genes were the same in Q. Infectoria , Z. multiflora, fenofibrate and healthy control groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, Q. Infectoria and Z. multiflora extracts decreased ApoB100 and increased PPARα gene expressions but these changes were not statistically significant.","PeriodicalId":18401,"journal":{"name":"Medical laboratory sciences","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86933794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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