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Withstanding californium’s RADiolysis 经受住加州辐射的考验。
IF 36.3 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00607-0
Rachel Meyer, Mikaela Pyrch, Ambarneil Saha
Radiation-induced redox chemistry is an important consideration for practical applications such as production and storage of nuclear fuels. Furthering our fundamental understanding of radioactive elements, here, the decay kinetics of californium in the presence of common anionic compounds is studied.
辐射诱导的氧化还原化学是生产和储存核燃料等实际应用的一个重要考虑因素。为了加深我们对放射性元素的基本了解,本文研究了锎在常见阴离子化合物存在下的衰变动力学。
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引用次数: 0
Clarifying the four core effects of high-entropy materials 明确高熵材料的四大核心效应
IF 36.3 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00602-5
Wei-Lin Hsu, Che-Wei Tsai, An-Chou Yeh, Jien-Wei Yeh
High-entropy materials emerged as a field of research in 2004, when the first research on high-entropy alloys was published. The scope was soon expanded from high-entropy alloys to medium-entropy alloys, as well as to ceramics, polymers and composite materials. A fundamental understanding on high-entropy materials was proposed in 2006 by the ‘four core effects’ — high-entropy, severe-lattice-distortion, sluggish-diffusion and cocktail effects — which are often used to describe and explain the mechanisms of various peculiar phenomena associated with high-entropy materials. Throughout the years, the effects have been examined rigorously, and their validity has been affirmed. This Perspective discusses the fundamental understanding of the four core effects in high-entropy materials and gives further insights to strengthen the understanding for these effects. All these clarifications are believed to be helpful in understanding low-to-high-entropy materials as well as to aid the design of materials when studying new compositions or pursuing their use in applications. The four core effects of high-entropy alloys are discussed and greater insights are presented. These clarifications are helpful in understanding materials from low entropy (simple two-component or three-component alloys) to high entropy (five components or greater), and in general materials design.
高熵材料作为一个研究领域出现于 2004 年,当时发表了第一篇关于高熵合金的研究报告。很快,研究范围从高熵合金扩展到中熵合金,以及陶瓷、聚合物和复合材料。2006 年,"四大核心效应"--高熵效应、严重晶格畸变效应、迟缓扩散效应和鸡尾酒效应--提出了对高熵材料的基本认识。多年来,人们对这些效应进行了严格研究,并肯定了它们的有效性。本视角讨论了对高熵材料中四种核心效应的基本理解,并提出了进一步的见解,以加强对这些效应的理解。相信所有这些说明都有助于理解低熵到高熵材料,并在研究新成分或追求材料应用时帮助设计材料。
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引用次数: 0
Six degrees of actinide separation 六度锕系元素分离
IF 36.3 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00610-5
Appie Peterson, Jennifer N. Wacker
Effective separations underpin actinide science and technologies. Here, we provide an overview of six recently reported approaches.
有效分离是锕系元素科学和技术的基础。在此,我们概述了最近报道的六种方法。
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引用次数: 0
Another side of side chains 侧链的另一面
IF 36.3 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00609-y
Fa-Jie Chen
Peptide stapling has traditionally relied on the incorporation of unnatural amino acids and symmetric stapling. A recent article targets a typically inert C–H bond within the serine side chain, offering new avenues for conformational control and side chain engineering.
肽钉合传统上依赖于加入非天然氨基酸和对称钉合。最近的一篇文章以丝氨酸侧链中一个典型的惰性 C-H 键为目标,为构象控制和侧链工程提供了新的途径。
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引用次数: 0
A US perspective on closing the carbon cycle to defossilize difficult-to-electrify segments of our economy 从美国角度看关闭碳循环以化解经济中难以电气化的部分
IF 36.3 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00587-1
Wendy J. Shaw, Michelle K. Kidder, Simon R. Bare, Massimiliano Delferro, James R. Morris, Francesca M. Toma, Sanjaya D. Senanayake, Tom Autrey, Elizabeth J. Biddinger, Shannon Boettcher, Mark E. Bowden, Phillip F. Britt, Robert C. Brown, R. Morris Bullock, Jingguang G. Chen, Claus Daniel, Peter K. Dorhout, Rebecca A. Efroymson, Kelly J. Gaffney, Laura Gagliardi, Aaron S. Harper, David J. Heldebrant, Oana R. Luca, Maxim Lyubovsky, Jonathan L. Male, Daniel J. Miller, Tanya Prozorov, Robert Rallo, Rachita Rana, Robert M. Rioux, Aaron D. Sadow, Joshua A. Schaidle, Lisa A. Schulte, William A. Tarpeh, Dionisios G. Vlachos, Bryan D. Vogt, Robert S. Weber, Jenny Y. Yang, Elke Arenholz, Brett A. Helms, Wenyu Huang, James L. Jordahl, Canan Karakaya, Kourosh (Cyrus) Kian, Jotheeswari Kothandaraman, Johannes Lercher, Ping Liu, Deepika Malhotra, Karl T. Mueller, Casey P. O’Brien, Robert M. Palomino, Long Qi, José A. Rodriguez, Roger Rousseau, Jake C. Russell, Michele L. Sarazen, David S. Sholl, Emily A. Smith, Michaela Burke Stevens, Yogesh Surendranath, Christopher J. Tassone, Ba Tran, William Tumas, Krista S. Walton
Electrification to reduce or eliminate greenhouse gas emissions is essential to mitigate climate change. However, a substantial portion of our manufacturing and transportation infrastructure will be difficult to electrify and/or will continue to use carbon as a key component, including areas in aviation, heavy-duty and marine transportation, and the chemical industry. In this Roadmap, we explore how multidisciplinary approaches will enable us to close the carbon cycle and create a circular economy by defossilizing these difficult-to-electrify areas and those that will continue to need carbon. We discuss two approaches for this: developing carbon alternatives and improving our ability to reuse carbon, enabled by separations. Furthermore, we posit that co-design and use-driven fundamental science are essential to reach aggressive greenhouse gas reduction targets. To achieve net-zero carbon emissions, we must close the carbon cycle for industries that are difficult to electrify. Developing the needed science to provide carbon alternatives and non-fossil carbon will accelerate advances towards defossilization.
实现电气化以减少或消除温室气体排放,对于减缓气候变化至关重要。然而,我们的大部分制造和运输基础设施将难以电气化和/或将继续使用碳作为关键部件,包括航空、重型和海洋运输以及化学工业领域。在本路线图中,我们将探讨如何通过多学科方法,使这些难以电气化的领域和将继续需要碳的领域实现非化石化,从而关闭碳循环,创造循环经济。为此,我们讨论了两种方法:开发碳替代品和通过分离提高碳的再利用能力。此外,我们还认为,共同设计和使用驱动的基础科学对于实现积极的温室气体减排目标至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
The power of putting education first 教育为先的力量
IF 36.3 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00604-3
Tebello Nyokong, Stephanie Greed
From high school to distinguished professor of chemistry at Rhodes University, Tebello Nyokong discusses her inspiration and ambitions to promote science in South Africa.
从高中生到罗德大学杰出的化学教授,特贝罗-尼奥孔(Tebello Nyokong)讲述了她在南非推广科学的灵感和抱负。
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引用次数: 0
Halogen-powered static conversion chemistry 卤素动力静态转换化学
IF 36.3 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-04-26 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00597-z
Xinliang Li, Wenyu Xu, Chunyi Zhi
Halogen-powered static conversion batteries (HSCBs) thrive in energy storage applications. They fall into the category of secondary non-flow batteries and operate by reversibly changing the chemical valence of halogens in the electrodes or/and electrolytes to transfer electrons, distinguishing them from the classic rocking-chair batteries. The active halide chemicals developed for these purposes include organic halides, halide salts, halogenated inorganics, organic–inorganic halides and the most widely studied elemental halogens. Aside from this, various redox mechanisms have been discovered based on multi-electron transfer and effective reaction pathways, contributing to improved electrochemical performances and stabilities of HSCBs. In this Review, we discuss the status of HSCBs and their electrochemical mechanism–performance correlations. We first provide a detailed exposition of the fundamental redox mechanisms, thermodynamics, conversion and catalysis chemistry, and mass or electron transfer modes involved in HSCBs. We conclude with a perspective on the challenges faced by the community and opportunities towards practical applications of high-energy halogen cathodes in energy-storage devices. Substantial progress in halide chemicals and redox mechanisms has spawned a boom in halogen-powered static conversion batteries. This Review tracks the natural benefits and intricate redox behaviour of halogen conversion chemistry, highlighting its pivotal role in electrochemical energy storage.
卤素动力静态转换电池(HSCB)在储能应用领域蓬勃发展。它们属于二次非流动电池,通过可逆地改变电极或/和电解质中卤素的化合价来转移电子,从而使其有别于传统的摇椅电池。为此开发的活性卤化物化学物质包括有机卤化物、卤化物盐、卤代无机物、有机-无机卤化物以及最广泛研究的卤素元素。除此之外,人们还发现了基于多电子转移和有效反应途径的各种氧化还原机制,从而提高了 HSCBs 的电化学性能和稳定性。在本综述中,我们将讨论 HSCB 的现状及其电化学机理-性能相关性。我们首先详细阐述了 HSCBs 所涉及的基本氧化还原机制、热力学、转化和催化化学以及质量或电子转移模式。最后,我们展望了高能卤素阴极在储能设备中的实际应用所面临的挑战和机遇。
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引用次数: 0
Harnessing the power of f-block elements in radiopharmaceuticals 在放射性药物中利用 f 块元素的力量
IF 36.3 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00601-6
Alex Rigby, Trevor Arino
Radiopharmaceuticals are becoming an essential tool in the fight against cancer, and the field has been diversified with the investigation of f-block elements over the past decade. Here we discuss the highlights in 2023 research leading the charge in utilizing f-block elements in innovative ways, changing how we treat these diseases.
放射性药物正成为抗击癌症的重要工具,而在过去十年中,随着对 f-受体元素的研究,这一领域已变得多样化。在此,我们将讨论 2023 年以创新方式利用 f-受体元素的研究亮点,以改变我们治疗这些疾病的方式。
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引用次数: 0
Seeking a quantum advantage with trapped-ion quantum simulations of condensed-phase chemical dynamics 利用捕获离子量子模拟凝聚相化学动力学,寻求量子优势
IF 36.3 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-04-19 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00595-1
Mingyu Kang, Hanggai Nuomin, Sutirtha N. Chowdhury, Jonathon L. Yuly, Ke Sun, Jacob Whitlow, Jesús Valdiviezo, Zhendian Zhang, Peng Zhang, David N. Beratan, Kenneth R. Brown
Simulating the quantum dynamics of molecules in the condensed phase represents a longstanding challenge in chemistry. Trapped-ion quantum systems may serve as a platform for the analog-quantum simulation of chemical dynamics that is beyond the reach of current classical-digital simulation. To identify a ‘quantum advantage’ for these simulations, performance analysis of both analog-quantum simulation on noisy hardware and classical-digital algorithms is needed. In this Review, we make a comparison between a noisy analog trapped-ion simulator and a few choice classical-digital methods on simulating the dynamics of a model molecular Hamiltonian with linear vibronic coupling. We describe several simple Hamiltonians that are commonly used to model molecular systems, which can be simulated with existing or emerging trapped-ion hardware. These Hamiltonians may serve as stepping stones towards the use of trapped-ion simulators for systems beyond the reach of classical-digital methods. Finally, we identify dynamical regimes in which classical-digital simulations seem to have the weakest performance with respect to analog-quantum simulations. These regimes may provide the lowest hanging fruit to make the most of potential quantum advantages. Analog-quantum simulations derived from tracking the evolution of trapped-ion systems hold the potential to simulate molecular quantum dynamics that are beyond the reach of classical-digital strategies. This Review explores the prospects for developing this quantum advantage.
模拟凝聚相中分子的量子动力学是化学领域的一项长期挑战。潴留离子量子系统可以作为模拟量子化学动力学的平台,这是目前经典数字模拟所无法企及的。为了确定这些模拟的 "量子优势",需要对噪声硬件上的模量模拟和经典数字算法进行性能分析。在这篇综述中,我们比较了有噪声的模拟困离子模拟器和几种可供选择的经典数字方法,以模拟具有线性振子耦合的分子哈密顿模型的动力学。我们介绍了几种常用于分子系统建模的简单哈密顿,它们可以用现有的或新出现的困离子硬件进行模拟。这些哈密顿可以作为使用阱离子模拟器模拟经典数字方法无法模拟的系统的垫脚石。最后,我们确定了经典数字模拟与模拟量子模拟相比性能最弱的动力学状态。在这些情况下,我们可以充分利用量子的潜在优势。
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引用次数: 0
Tackling assay interference associated with small molecules 解决与小分子相关的检测干扰问题
IF 36.3 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00593-3
Lu Tan, Steffen Hirte, Vincenzo Palmacci, Conrad Stork, Johannes Kirchmair
Biochemical and cell-based assays are essential to discovering and optimizing efficacious and safe drugs, agrochemicals and cosmetics. However, false assay readouts stemming from colloidal aggregation, chemical reactivity, chelation, light signal attenuation and emission, membrane disruption, and other interference mechanisms remain a considerable challenge in screening synthetic compounds and natural products. To address assay interference, a range of powerful experimental approaches are available and in silico methods are now gaining traction. This Review begins with an overview of the scope and limitations of experimental approaches for tackling assay interference. It then focuses on theoretical methods, discusses strategies for their integration with experimental approaches, and provides recommendations for best practices. The Review closes with a summary of the critical facts and an outlook on potential future developments. Biological assays are essential to pharmaceutical, agrochemical and cosmetics research. However, false readouts pose substantial challenges in screening small molecules. This Review explores the current methods for tackling assay interference, focusing on computational approaches and their integration with experimental methods.
基于生化和细胞的检测对于发现和优化高效安全的药物、农用化学品和化妆品至关重要。然而,由胶体聚集、化学反应、螯合、光信号衰减和发射、膜破坏和其他干扰机制引起的错误检测读数仍然是筛选合成化合物和天然产品的一大挑战。为了解决检测干扰问题,目前有一系列功能强大的实验方法可供选择,硅学方法也正日益受到重视。本综述首先概述了应对检测干扰的实验方法的范围和局限性。然后重点介绍理论方法,讨论将理论方法与实验方法相结合的策略,并提供最佳实践建议。最后,本综述总结了关键事实并展望了未来的潜在发展。
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引用次数: 0
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Nature reviews. Chemistry
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