Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01811-1
Laura Heinen, Marco van den Noort, Martin S. King, Edmund R. S. Kunji, Bert Poolman
Living systems depend on continuous energy input for growth, replication and information processing. Cells use membrane proteins as nanomachines to convert light or chemical energy of nutrients into other forms of energy, such as ion gradients or adenosine triphosphate (ATP). However, engineering sustained fuel supply and metabolic energy conversion in synthetic systems is challenging. Here, inspired by endosymbionts that rely on the host cell for their nutrients, we introduce the concept of cross-feeding to exchange ATP and ADP between lipid-based compartments hundreds of nanometres in size. One population of vesicles enzymatically produces ATP in the mM concentration range and exports it. A second population of vesicles takes up this ATP to fuel internal reactions. The produced ADP feeds back to the first vesicles, and ATP-dependent reactions can be fuelled sustainably for up to at least 24 h. The vesicles are a platform technology to fuel ATP-dependent processes in a sustained fashion, with potential applications in synthetic cells and nanoreactors. Fundamentally, the vesicles enable studying non-equilibrium processes in an energy-controlled environment and promote the development and understanding of constructing life-like metabolic systems on the nanoscale. Here the authors present a syntrophic vesicle system for selective transport of adenine nucleotides between ATP-producing and ATP-consuming nanoreactors. The platform can sustain synthetic cells, bionanoreactors and life-like entities with ATP.
生命系统的生长、复制和信息处理都依赖于持续的能量输入。细胞利用膜蛋白作为纳米机器，将光或营养物质的化学能转化为其他形式的能量，如离子梯度或三磷酸腺苷（ATP）。然而，在合成系统中进行持续的燃料供应和代谢能量转换工程具有挑战性。在这里，受依赖宿主细胞获取营养的内共生体的启发，我们引入了交叉进食的概念，在数百纳米大小的脂质隔间交换 ATP 和 ADP。一个囊泡群以酶促方式产生毫摩尔浓度范围内的 ATP 并将其输出。第二组囊泡吸收这种 ATP，为内部反应提供燃料。这种囊泡是一种平台技术，可持续为依赖 ATP 的过程提供燃料，有望应用于合成细胞和纳米反应器。从根本上说，囊泡能够在能量受控的环境中研究非平衡过程，并促进在纳米尺度上构建类似生命的新陈代谢系统的发展和理解。
{"title":"Synthetic syntrophy for adenine nucleotide cross-feeding between metabolically active nanoreactors","authors":"Laura Heinen, Marco van den Noort, Martin S. King, Edmund R. S. Kunji, Bert Poolman","doi":"10.1038/s41565-024-01811-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-024-01811-1","url":null,"abstract":"Living systems depend on continuous energy input for growth, replication and information processing. Cells use membrane proteins as nanomachines to convert light or chemical energy of nutrients into other forms of energy, such as ion gradients or adenosine triphosphate (ATP). However, engineering sustained fuel supply and metabolic energy conversion in synthetic systems is challenging. Here, inspired by endosymbionts that rely on the host cell for their nutrients, we introduce the concept of cross-feeding to exchange ATP and ADP between lipid-based compartments hundreds of nanometres in size. One population of vesicles enzymatically produces ATP in the mM concentration range and exports it. A second population of vesicles takes up this ATP to fuel internal reactions. The produced ADP feeds back to the first vesicles, and ATP-dependent reactions can be fuelled sustainably for up to at least 24 h. The vesicles are a platform technology to fuel ATP-dependent processes in a sustained fashion, with potential applications in synthetic cells and nanoreactors. Fundamentally, the vesicles enable studying non-equilibrium processes in an energy-controlled environment and promote the development and understanding of constructing life-like metabolic systems on the nanoscale. Here the authors present a syntrophic vesicle system for selective transport of adenine nucleotides between ATP-producing and ATP-consuming nanoreactors. The platform can sustain synthetic cells, bionanoreactors and life-like entities with ATP.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 1","pages":"112-120"},"PeriodicalIF":38.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-024-01811-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01790-3
Seung Ju Kim, In Hyuk Im, Ji Hyun Baek, Sungkyun Choi, Sung Hyuk Park, Da Eun Lee, Jae Young Kim, Soo Young Kim, Nam-Gyu Park, Donghwa Lee, J. Joshua Yang, Ho Won Jang
The exotic properties of three-dimensional halide perovskites, such as mixed ionic–electronic conductivity and feasible ion migration, have enabled them to challenge traditional memristive materials. However, the poor moisture stability and difficulty in controlling ion transport due to their polycrystalline nature have hindered their use as a neuromorphic hardware. Recently, two-dimensional (2D) halide perovskites have emerged as promising artificial synapses owing to their phase versatility, microstructural anisotropy in electrical and optoelectronic properties, and excellent moisture resistance. However, their asymmetrical and nonlinear conductance changes still limit the efficiency of training and accuracy of inference. Here we achieve highly linear and symmetrical conductance changes in Dion–Jacobson 2D perovskites. We further build a 7 × 7 crossbar array based on analogue perovskite synapses, achieving a high device yield, low variation with synaptic weight storing capability, multi-level analogue states with long retention, and moisture stability over 7 months. We explore the potential of such devices in large-scale image inference via simulations and show an accuracy within 0.08% of the theoretical limit. The excellent device performance is attributed to the elimination of gaps between inorganic layers, allowing the halide vacancies to migrate homogeneously regardless of grain boundaries. This was confirmed by first-principles calculations and experimental analysis. This work presents a 7 × 7 crossbar array based on analog perovskite synapses and suggests that ion transport and interfacial barrier changes are more important than filaments with localized ions when constructing neuromorphic AI accelerators.
{"title":"Linearly programmable two-dimensional halide perovskite memristor arrays for neuromorphic computing","authors":"Seung Ju Kim, In Hyuk Im, Ji Hyun Baek, Sungkyun Choi, Sung Hyuk Park, Da Eun Lee, Jae Young Kim, Soo Young Kim, Nam-Gyu Park, Donghwa Lee, J. Joshua Yang, Ho Won Jang","doi":"10.1038/s41565-024-01790-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-024-01790-3","url":null,"abstract":"The exotic properties of three-dimensional halide perovskites, such as mixed ionic–electronic conductivity and feasible ion migration, have enabled them to challenge traditional memristive materials. However, the poor moisture stability and difficulty in controlling ion transport due to their polycrystalline nature have hindered their use as a neuromorphic hardware. Recently, two-dimensional (2D) halide perovskites have emerged as promising artificial synapses owing to their phase versatility, microstructural anisotropy in electrical and optoelectronic properties, and excellent moisture resistance. However, their asymmetrical and nonlinear conductance changes still limit the efficiency of training and accuracy of inference. Here we achieve highly linear and symmetrical conductance changes in Dion–Jacobson 2D perovskites. We further build a 7 × 7 crossbar array based on analogue perovskite synapses, achieving a high device yield, low variation with synaptic weight storing capability, multi-level analogue states with long retention, and moisture stability over 7 months. We explore the potential of such devices in large-scale image inference via simulations and show an accuracy within 0.08% of the theoretical limit. The excellent device performance is attributed to the elimination of gaps between inorganic layers, allowing the halide vacancies to migrate homogeneously regardless of grain boundaries. This was confirmed by first-principles calculations and experimental analysis. This work presents a 7 × 7 crossbar array based on analog perovskite synapses and suggests that ion transport and interfacial barrier changes are more important than filaments with localized ions when constructing neuromorphic AI accelerators.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 1","pages":"83-92"},"PeriodicalIF":38.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142448137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-16DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01789-w
Reducing the duration of current pulses used to perform magnetization switching via spin–orbit torques in ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic samples from microseconds to picoseconds leads to a continuous decrease in the energy consumption. These findings show that speed and efficiency of switching can be combined in various magnetic materials with different properties.
{"title":"Energy-efficient magnetization manipulation using picosecond current pulses","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41565-024-01789-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-024-01789-w","url":null,"abstract":"Reducing the duration of current pulses used to perform magnetization switching via spin–orbit torques in ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic samples from microseconds to picoseconds leads to a continuous decrease in the energy consumption. These findings show that speed and efficiency of switching can be combined in various magnetic materials with different properties.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 1","pages":"10-11"},"PeriodicalIF":38.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142439791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01818-8
The Nano4EARTH challenge, launched by the National Nanotechnology Initiative in the United States, has identified four strategic areas where nanotechnology can make the most impact in addressing the climate crisis.
{"title":"The climate crisis is a call for action for nanotechnology","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41565-024-01818-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-024-01818-8","url":null,"abstract":"The Nano4EARTH challenge, launched by the National Nanotechnology Initiative in the United States, has identified four strategic areas where nanotechnology can make the most impact in addressing the climate crisis.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"19 10","pages":"1421-1421"},"PeriodicalIF":38.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-024-01818-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142439501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01798-9
Ye Ji Kim, Noah Kent, Emmanuel Vargas Paniagua, Nicolette Driscoll, Anthony Tabet, Florian Koehler, Elian Malkin, Ethan Frey, Marie Manthey, Atharva Sahasrabudhe, Taylor M. Cannon, Keisuke Nagao, David Mankus, Margaret Bisher, Giovanni de Nola, Abigail Lytton-Jean, Lorenzo Signorelli, Danijela Gregurec, Polina Anikeeva
Deep brain stimulation with implanted electrodes has transformed neuroscience studies and treatment of neurological and psychiatric conditions. Discovering less invasive alternatives to deep brain stimulation could expand its clinical and research applications. Nanomaterial-mediated transduction of magnetic fields into electric potentials has been explored as a means for remote neuromodulation. Here we synthesize magnetoelectric nanodiscs (MENDs) with a core–double-shell Fe3O4–CoFe2O4–BaTiO3 architecture (250 nm diameter and 50 nm thickness) with efficient magnetoelectric coupling. We find robust responses to magnetic field stimulation in neurons decorated with MENDs at a density of 1 µg mm−2 despite individual-particle potentials below the neuronal excitation threshold. We propose a model for repetitive subthreshold depolarization that, combined with cable theory, supports our observations in vitro and informs magnetoelectric stimulation in vivo. Injected into the ventral tegmental area or the subthalamic nucleus of genetically intact mice at concentrations of 1 mg ml−1, MENDs enable remote control of reward or motor behaviours, respectively. These findings set the stage for mechanistic optimization of magnetoelectric neuromodulation towards applications in neuroscience research. In this study, the authors present magnetoelectric nanodiscs that enable minimally invasive, remote magnetic neuromodulation with subsecond precision to drive reward and motor behaviours in genetically intact mice.
{"title":"Magnetoelectric nanodiscs enable wireless transgene-free neuromodulation","authors":"Ye Ji Kim, Noah Kent, Emmanuel Vargas Paniagua, Nicolette Driscoll, Anthony Tabet, Florian Koehler, Elian Malkin, Ethan Frey, Marie Manthey, Atharva Sahasrabudhe, Taylor M. Cannon, Keisuke Nagao, David Mankus, Margaret Bisher, Giovanni de Nola, Abigail Lytton-Jean, Lorenzo Signorelli, Danijela Gregurec, Polina Anikeeva","doi":"10.1038/s41565-024-01798-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-024-01798-9","url":null,"abstract":"Deep brain stimulation with implanted electrodes has transformed neuroscience studies and treatment of neurological and psychiatric conditions. Discovering less invasive alternatives to deep brain stimulation could expand its clinical and research applications. Nanomaterial-mediated transduction of magnetic fields into electric potentials has been explored as a means for remote neuromodulation. Here we synthesize magnetoelectric nanodiscs (MENDs) with a core–double-shell Fe3O4–CoFe2O4–BaTiO3 architecture (250 nm diameter and 50 nm thickness) with efficient magnetoelectric coupling. We find robust responses to magnetic field stimulation in neurons decorated with MENDs at a density of 1 µg mm−2 despite individual-particle potentials below the neuronal excitation threshold. We propose a model for repetitive subthreshold depolarization that, combined with cable theory, supports our observations in vitro and informs magnetoelectric stimulation in vivo. Injected into the ventral tegmental area or the subthalamic nucleus of genetically intact mice at concentrations of 1 mg ml−1, MENDs enable remote control of reward or motor behaviours, respectively. These findings set the stage for mechanistic optimization of magnetoelectric neuromodulation towards applications in neuroscience research. In this study, the authors present magnetoelectric nanodiscs that enable minimally invasive, remote magnetic neuromodulation with subsecond precision to drive reward and motor behaviours in genetically intact mice.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 1","pages":"121-131"},"PeriodicalIF":38.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-024-01798-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142404903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01772-5
Maria Fernanda Campa, Craig M. Brown, Peter Byrley, Jason Delborne, Nicholas Glavin, Craig Green, Mark Griep, Tina Kaarsberg, Igor Linkov, Jeffrey B. Miller, Joshua E. Porterfield, Birgit Schwenzer, Quinn Spadola, Branden Brough, James A. Warren
Climate change is one of humankind’s biggest challenges, leading to more frequent and intense climate extremes, including heatwaves, wildfires, hurricanes, ocean acidification, and increased extinction rates. Nanotechnology already plays an important role in decarbonizing critical processes. Still, despite the technical advances seen in the last decades, the International Energy Agency has identified many sectors that are not on track to achieve the global climate mitigation goals by 2030. Here, a multi-stakeholder group of nanoscientists from the public, private, and philanthropic sectors discuss four high-potential application spaces where nanotechnologies could accelerate progress: batteries and energy storage; catalysis; coatings, lubricants, membranes, and other interface technology; and capture of greenhouse gases. This Comment highlights opportunities and current gaps for those working to minimize the climate crisis and provides a framework for the nanotechnology community to answer the call to action on this global issue.
{"title":"Nanotechnology solutions for the climate crisis","authors":"Maria Fernanda Campa, Craig M. Brown, Peter Byrley, Jason Delborne, Nicholas Glavin, Craig Green, Mark Griep, Tina Kaarsberg, Igor Linkov, Jeffrey B. Miller, Joshua E. Porterfield, Birgit Schwenzer, Quinn Spadola, Branden Brough, James A. Warren","doi":"10.1038/s41565-024-01772-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-024-01772-5","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is one of humankind’s biggest challenges, leading to more frequent and intense climate extremes, including heatwaves, wildfires, hurricanes, ocean acidification, and increased extinction rates. Nanotechnology already plays an important role in decarbonizing critical processes. Still, despite the technical advances seen in the last decades, the International Energy Agency has identified many sectors that are not on track to achieve the global climate mitigation goals by 2030. Here, a multi-stakeholder group of nanoscientists from the public, private, and philanthropic sectors discuss four high-potential application spaces where nanotechnologies could accelerate progress: batteries and energy storage; catalysis; coatings, lubricants, membranes, and other interface technology; and capture of greenhouse gases. This Comment highlights opportunities and current gaps for those working to minimize the climate crisis and provides a framework for the nanotechnology community to answer the call to action on this global issue.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"19 10","pages":"1422-1426"},"PeriodicalIF":38.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-024-01772-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142385131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-08DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01786-z
Tapas R. Nayak, Adrian Chrastina, Jose Valencia, Oscar Cordova-Robles, Robert Yedidsion, Tim Buss, Brittany Cederstrom, Jim Koziol, Michael D. Levin, Bogdan Olenyuk, Jan E. Schnitzer
Modern medicine seeks precision targeting, imaging and therapy to maximize efficacy and avoid toxicities. Nanoparticles (NPs) have tremendous yet unmet clinical potential to carry and deliver imaging and therapeutic agents systemically with tissue precision. But their size contributes to rapid scavenging by the reticuloendothelial system and poor penetration of key endothelial cell (EC) barriers, limiting target tissue uptake, safety and efficacy. Here we discover the ability of the EC caveolae pumping system to outpace scavenging and deliver NPs rapidly and specifically into the lungs. Gold and dendritic NPs are conjugated to antibodies targeting caveolae of the lung microvascular endothelium. SPECT-CT imaging and biodistribution analyses reveal that rat lungs extract most of the intravenous dose within minutes to achieve precision lung imaging and targeting with high lung concentrations exceeding peak blood levels. These results reveal how much ECs can both limit and promote tissue penetration of NPs and the power and size-dependent limitations of the caveolae pumping system. This study provides a new retargeting paradigm for NPs to avoid reticuloendothelial system uptake and achieve rapid precision nanodelivery for future diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Reducing scavenging of nanoparticles by the reticuloendothelial system and increasing their penetration through endothelial cell barriers would increase their clinical potential. Here the authors show that small nanoparticles targeting the caveolae of the lung microvascular endothelium are rapidly delivered to the lungs for precision imaging and targeting.
{"title":"Rapid precision targeting of nanoparticles to lung via caveolae pumping system in endothelium","authors":"Tapas R. Nayak, Adrian Chrastina, Jose Valencia, Oscar Cordova-Robles, Robert Yedidsion, Tim Buss, Brittany Cederstrom, Jim Koziol, Michael D. Levin, Bogdan Olenyuk, Jan E. Schnitzer","doi":"10.1038/s41565-024-01786-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-024-01786-z","url":null,"abstract":"Modern medicine seeks precision targeting, imaging and therapy to maximize efficacy and avoid toxicities. Nanoparticles (NPs) have tremendous yet unmet clinical potential to carry and deliver imaging and therapeutic agents systemically with tissue precision. But their size contributes to rapid scavenging by the reticuloendothelial system and poor penetration of key endothelial cell (EC) barriers, limiting target tissue uptake, safety and efficacy. Here we discover the ability of the EC caveolae pumping system to outpace scavenging and deliver NPs rapidly and specifically into the lungs. Gold and dendritic NPs are conjugated to antibodies targeting caveolae of the lung microvascular endothelium. SPECT-CT imaging and biodistribution analyses reveal that rat lungs extract most of the intravenous dose within minutes to achieve precision lung imaging and targeting with high lung concentrations exceeding peak blood levels. These results reveal how much ECs can both limit and promote tissue penetration of NPs and the power and size-dependent limitations of the caveolae pumping system. This study provides a new retargeting paradigm for NPs to avoid reticuloendothelial system uptake and achieve rapid precision nanodelivery for future diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Reducing scavenging of nanoparticles by the reticuloendothelial system and increasing their penetration through endothelial cell barriers would increase their clinical potential. Here the authors show that small nanoparticles targeting the caveolae of the lung microvascular endothelium are rapidly delivered to the lungs for precision imaging and targeting.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 1","pages":"144-155"},"PeriodicalIF":38.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142384302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01795-y
M. Kravtsov, A. L. Shilov, Y. Yang, T. Pryadilin, M. A. Kashchenko, O. Popova, M. Titova, D. Voropaev, Y. Wang, K. Shein, I. Gayduchenko, G. N. Goltsman, M. Lukianov, A. Kudriashov, T. Taniguchi, K. Watanabe, D. A. Svintsov, S. Adam, K. S. Novoselov, A. Principi, D. A. Bandurin
Light incident upon materials can induce changes in their electrical conductivity, a phenomenon referred to as photoresistance. In semiconductors, the photoresistance is negative, as light-induced promotion of electrons across the bandgap enhances the number of charge carriers participating in transport. In superconductors and normal metals, the photoresistance is positive because of the destruction of the superconducting state and enhanced momentum-relaxing scattering, respectively. Here we report a qualitative deviation from the standard behaviour in doped metallic graphene. We show that Dirac electrons exposed to continuous-wave terahertz (THz) radiation can be thermally decoupled from the lattice, which activates hydrodynamic electron transport. In this regime, the resistance of graphene constrictions experiences a decrease caused by the THz-driven superballistic flow of correlated electrons. We analyse the dependencies of the negative photoresistance on the carrier density, and the radiation power, and show that our superballistic devices operate as sensitive phonon-cooled bolometers and can thus offer, in principle, a picosecond-scale response time. Beyond their fundamental implications, our findings underscore the practicality of electron hydrodynamics in designing ultra-fast THz sensors and electron thermometers. Terahertz absorption reduces the viscosity of the hydrodynamic electron fluid in graphene and thereby enables easier flow of electrons. This results in a drop in resistance within graphene constrictions under terahertz radiation, facilitating fast and sensitive terahertz detection.
{"title":"Viscous terahertz photoconductivity of hydrodynamic electrons in graphene","authors":"M. Kravtsov, A. L. Shilov, Y. Yang, T. Pryadilin, M. A. Kashchenko, O. Popova, M. Titova, D. Voropaev, Y. Wang, K. Shein, I. Gayduchenko, G. N. Goltsman, M. Lukianov, A. Kudriashov, T. Taniguchi, K. Watanabe, D. A. Svintsov, S. Adam, K. S. Novoselov, A. Principi, D. A. Bandurin","doi":"10.1038/s41565-024-01795-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-024-01795-y","url":null,"abstract":"Light incident upon materials can induce changes in their electrical conductivity, a phenomenon referred to as photoresistance. In semiconductors, the photoresistance is negative, as light-induced promotion of electrons across the bandgap enhances the number of charge carriers participating in transport. In superconductors and normal metals, the photoresistance is positive because of the destruction of the superconducting state and enhanced momentum-relaxing scattering, respectively. Here we report a qualitative deviation from the standard behaviour in doped metallic graphene. We show that Dirac electrons exposed to continuous-wave terahertz (THz) radiation can be thermally decoupled from the lattice, which activates hydrodynamic electron transport. In this regime, the resistance of graphene constrictions experiences a decrease caused by the THz-driven superballistic flow of correlated electrons. We analyse the dependencies of the negative photoresistance on the carrier density, and the radiation power, and show that our superballistic devices operate as sensitive phonon-cooled bolometers and can thus offer, in principle, a picosecond-scale response time. Beyond their fundamental implications, our findings underscore the practicality of electron hydrodynamics in designing ultra-fast THz sensors and electron thermometers. Terahertz absorption reduces the viscosity of the hydrodynamic electron fluid in graphene and thereby enables easier flow of electrons. This results in a drop in resistance within graphene constrictions under terahertz radiation, facilitating fast and sensitive terahertz detection.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 1","pages":"51-56"},"PeriodicalIF":38.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142383634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01799-8
Donghwan Koo, Yunseong Choi, Ungsoo Kim, Jihyun Kim, Jihyung Seo, Eunbin Son, Hanul Min, Joohoon Kang, Hyesung Park
Mesoporous structured electron transport layers (ETLs) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have an increased surface contact with the perovskite layer, enabling effective charge separation and extraction, and high-efficiency devices. However, the most widely used ETL material in PSCs, TiO2, requires a sintering temperature of more than 500 °C and undergoes photocatalytic reaction under incident illumination that limits operational stability. Recent efforts have focused on finding alternative ETL materials, such as SnO2. Here we propose mesoporous MoS2 as an efficient and stable ETL material. The MoS2 interlayer increases the surface contact area with the adjacent perovskite layer, improving charge transfer dynamics between the two layers. In addition, the matching between the MoS2 and the perovskite lattices facilitates preferential growth of perovskite crystals with low residual strain, compared with TiO2. Using mesoporous structured MoS2 as ETL, we obtain PSCs with 25.7% (0.08 cm2, certified 25.4%) and 22.4% (1.00 cm2) efficiencies. Under continuous illumination, our cell remains stable for more than 2,000 h, demonstrating improved photostability with respect to TiO2. Mesoporous MoS2 is proposed as an efficient electron transport layer in perovskite solar cells, achieving efficiencies >25% with over 2,000 h of stable operation.
{"title":"Mesoporous structured MoS2 as an electron transport layer for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells","authors":"Donghwan Koo, Yunseong Choi, Ungsoo Kim, Jihyun Kim, Jihyung Seo, Eunbin Son, Hanul Min, Joohoon Kang, Hyesung Park","doi":"10.1038/s41565-024-01799-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-024-01799-8","url":null,"abstract":"Mesoporous structured electron transport layers (ETLs) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have an increased surface contact with the perovskite layer, enabling effective charge separation and extraction, and high-efficiency devices. However, the most widely used ETL material in PSCs, TiO2, requires a sintering temperature of more than 500 °C and undergoes photocatalytic reaction under incident illumination that limits operational stability. Recent efforts have focused on finding alternative ETL materials, such as SnO2. Here we propose mesoporous MoS2 as an efficient and stable ETL material. The MoS2 interlayer increases the surface contact area with the adjacent perovskite layer, improving charge transfer dynamics between the two layers. In addition, the matching between the MoS2 and the perovskite lattices facilitates preferential growth of perovskite crystals with low residual strain, compared with TiO2. Using mesoporous structured MoS2 as ETL, we obtain PSCs with 25.7% (0.08 cm2, certified 25.4%) and 22.4% (1.00 cm2) efficiencies. Under continuous illumination, our cell remains stable for more than 2,000 h, demonstrating improved photostability with respect to TiO2. Mesoporous MoS2 is proposed as an efficient electron transport layer in perovskite solar cells, achieving efficiencies >25% with over 2,000 h of stable operation.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 1","pages":"75-82"},"PeriodicalIF":38.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142383635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-03DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01753-8
Lang Rao, Yuan Yuan, Xi Shen, Guocan Yu, Xiaoyuan Chen
The inherent limits of traditional diagnoses and therapies have driven the development and application of emerging nanotechnologies for more effective and safer management of diseases, herein referred to as ‘nanotheranostics’. Although many important technological successes have been achieved in this field, widespread adoption of nanotheranostics as a new paradigm is hindered by specific obstacles, including time-consuming synthesis of nanoparticles, incomplete understanding of nano–bio interactions, and challenges regarding chemistry, manufacturing and the controls required for clinical translation and commercialization. As a key branch of artificial intelligence, machine learning (ML) provides a set of tools capable of performing time-consuming and result-perception tasks, thus offering unique opportunities for nanotheranostics. This Review summarizes the progress and challenges in this emerging field of ML-aided nanotheranostics, and discusses the opportunities in developing next-generation nanotheranostics with reliable datasets and advanced ML models to offer better clinical benefits to patients. This Review explores how machine learning approaches can drive progress in nanotheranostics.
{"title":"Designing nanotheranostics with machine learning","authors":"Lang Rao, Yuan Yuan, Xi Shen, Guocan Yu, Xiaoyuan Chen","doi":"10.1038/s41565-024-01753-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-024-01753-8","url":null,"abstract":"The inherent limits of traditional diagnoses and therapies have driven the development and application of emerging nanotechnologies for more effective and safer management of diseases, herein referred to as ‘nanotheranostics’. Although many important technological successes have been achieved in this field, widespread adoption of nanotheranostics as a new paradigm is hindered by specific obstacles, including time-consuming synthesis of nanoparticles, incomplete understanding of nano–bio interactions, and challenges regarding chemistry, manufacturing and the controls required for clinical translation and commercialization. As a key branch of artificial intelligence, machine learning (ML) provides a set of tools capable of performing time-consuming and result-perception tasks, thus offering unique opportunities for nanotheranostics. This Review summarizes the progress and challenges in this emerging field of ML-aided nanotheranostics, and discusses the opportunities in developing next-generation nanotheranostics with reliable datasets and advanced ML models to offer better clinical benefits to patients. This Review explores how machine learning approaches can drive progress in nanotheranostics.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"19 12","pages":"1769-1781"},"PeriodicalIF":38.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142369435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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