Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00668-y
Odile R. Smits, Christoph E. Düllmann, Paul Indelicato, Witold Nazarewicz, Peter Schwerdtfeger
The borders of the periodic table of the elements and of the chart of nuclides are not set in stone. The desire to explore the properties of atoms and their nuclei in a regime of very large numbers of electrons, protons and neutrons has motivated new experimental facilities to create new elements and nuclides at the limits of atomic number and mass. But the small production rates and short lifetimes of superheavy nuclei and their atoms mean that ‘atom-at-a-time’ studies are the only experimental way to probe them. The physical and chemical data obtained so far, augmented by theoretical calculations, indicate significant deviations from extrapolations from lighter elements and isotopes. This situation raises the following question: how much further can one push the limits of the periodic table? In this Review, we describe the major challenges in the field of the superheavy elements and speculate about future directions. Advances in superheavy element studies providing insight into the nuclear and atomic structure and the chemical behaviour of these exotic short-lived systems will help push to the limit of the periodic table of elements and revise the concept of the island of stability.
{"title":"The quest for superheavy elements and the limit of the periodic table","authors":"Odile R. Smits, Christoph E. Düllmann, Paul Indelicato, Witold Nazarewicz, Peter Schwerdtfeger","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00668-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00668-y","url":null,"abstract":"The borders of the periodic table of the elements and of the chart of nuclides are not set in stone. The desire to explore the properties of atoms and their nuclei in a regime of very large numbers of electrons, protons and neutrons has motivated new experimental facilities to create new elements and nuclides at the limits of atomic number and mass. But the small production rates and short lifetimes of superheavy nuclei and their atoms mean that ‘atom-at-a-time’ studies are the only experimental way to probe them. The physical and chemical data obtained so far, augmented by theoretical calculations, indicate significant deviations from extrapolations from lighter elements and isotopes. This situation raises the following question: how much further can one push the limits of the periodic table? In this Review, we describe the major challenges in the field of the superheavy elements and speculate about future directions. Advances in superheavy element studies providing insight into the nuclear and atomic structure and the chemical behaviour of these exotic short-lived systems will help push to the limit of the periodic table of elements and revise the concept of the island of stability.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138576578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00662-4
Anurag Anshu, Srinivasan Arunachalam
Quantum learning theory is a new and very active area of research at the intersection of quantum computing and machine learning. Important breakthroughs in the past two years have rapidly solidified its foundations and led to a need for an encompassing survey that can be read by seasoned and early-career researchers in quantum computing. In this Perspective, we survey various results that rigorously study the complexity of learning quantum states. These include progress on quantum tomography, learning physical quantum states, alternative learning models to tomography, and learning classical functions encoded as quantum states. We highlight how these results are leading towards a successful theory with a range of exciting open questions, some of which we list throughout the text. Quantum learning theory is a new and very active area of research at the intersection of quantum computing and machine learning. This Perspective surveys the progress in this field, highlighting a number of exciting open questions.
{"title":"A survey on the complexity of learning quantum states","authors":"Anurag Anshu, Srinivasan Arunachalam","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00662-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00662-4","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum learning theory is a new and very active area of research at the intersection of quantum computing and machine learning. Important breakthroughs in the past two years have rapidly solidified its foundations and led to a need for an encompassing survey that can be read by seasoned and early-career researchers in quantum computing. In this Perspective, we survey various results that rigorously study the complexity of learning quantum states. These include progress on quantum tomography, learning physical quantum states, alternative learning models to tomography, and learning classical functions encoded as quantum states. We highlight how these results are leading towards a successful theory with a range of exciting open questions, some of which we list throughout the text. Quantum learning theory is a new and very active area of research at the intersection of quantum computing and machine learning. This Perspective surveys the progress in this field, highlighting a number of exciting open questions.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138631229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00669-x
Yue Liu, Xufeng Xue, Shiyu Sun, Norio Kobayashi, Yung Su Kim, Jianping Fu
Morphogenetic events during development shape the body plan and establish structural foundations for tissue forms and functions. Acquiring spatiotemporal information of development, especially for humans, is limited by technical and ethical constraints. Thus, both stem cell-based, in vitro development models and theoretical models have been constructed to recapitulate morphogenetic events during development. These in vitro experimental and theoretical models offer accessibility, efficiency and modulability. However, their physiological relevance often remains obscure, owing to their simplistic nature, which obstructs their applicability as faithful and predictive models of natural development. We examine existing in vitro experimental and theoretical models of various developmental events and compare them with the current knowledge of natural development, with particular considerations of biomechanical driving forces and stereotypic morphogenetic features. We highlight state-of-the-art methods used to construct these in vitro models and emphasize the biomechanical and biophysical principles these models have helped unveil. We also discuss challenges faced by the current in vitro experimental and theoretical models and propose how theoretical modelling and in vitro experimental models should be combined with in vivo studies to advance fundamental understanding of development. Beyond in vivo models, stem cell-based in vitro models and theoretical models of morphogenesis have been constructed to recapitulate morphogenetic events during embryo development with heightened quantitative specificity. This Review discusses the accomplishments, challenges and opportunities of these models in promoting knowledge of mammalian development, including human development.
{"title":"Morphogenesis beyond in vivo","authors":"Yue Liu, Xufeng Xue, Shiyu Sun, Norio Kobayashi, Yung Su Kim, Jianping Fu","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00669-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00669-x","url":null,"abstract":"Morphogenetic events during development shape the body plan and establish structural foundations for tissue forms and functions. Acquiring spatiotemporal information of development, especially for humans, is limited by technical and ethical constraints. Thus, both stem cell-based, in vitro development models and theoretical models have been constructed to recapitulate morphogenetic events during development. These in vitro experimental and theoretical models offer accessibility, efficiency and modulability. However, their physiological relevance often remains obscure, owing to their simplistic nature, which obstructs their applicability as faithful and predictive models of natural development. We examine existing in vitro experimental and theoretical models of various developmental events and compare them with the current knowledge of natural development, with particular considerations of biomechanical driving forces and stereotypic morphogenetic features. We highlight state-of-the-art methods used to construct these in vitro models and emphasize the biomechanical and biophysical principles these models have helped unveil. We also discuss challenges faced by the current in vitro experimental and theoretical models and propose how theoretical modelling and in vitro experimental models should be combined with in vivo studies to advance fundamental understanding of development. Beyond in vivo models, stem cell-based in vitro models and theoretical models of morphogenesis have been constructed to recapitulate morphogenetic events during embryo development with heightened quantitative specificity. This Review discusses the accomplishments, challenges and opportunities of these models in promoting knowledge of mammalian development, including human development.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138576583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00675-z
Orit Peleg
Orit Peleg describes how a blend of models and experiments are revealing new insights about the intricate physics of firefly swarms.
Orit Peleg 介绍了模型与实验的结合如何揭示萤火虫群错综复杂的物理学原理。
{"title":"A new chapter in the physics of firefly swarms","authors":"Orit Peleg","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00675-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00675-z","url":null,"abstract":"Orit Peleg describes how a blend of models and experiments are revealing new insights about the intricate physics of firefly swarms.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138576925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00678-w
Ben Shepherd
Environmental concerns and rising energy costs are causing leadership of accelerator facilities to consider the impact of the magnets used. How do permanent magnets — which don’t use electricity to operate — stack up?
{"title":"Using permanent magnets to reduce the impact of accelerators","authors":"Ben Shepherd","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00678-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00678-w","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental concerns and rising energy costs are causing leadership of accelerator facilities to consider the impact of the magnets used. How do permanent magnets — which don’t use electricity to operate — stack up?","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138556940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00674-0
Joanna Marshall-Cook, Martin Farley
Reproducibility is known to be one of the biggest issues facing science today — but what is less discussed is its connection to science’s environmental impact, as experiments that aren’t replicable still consume resources. Joanna Marshall-Cook and Martin Farley describe processes that can both improve sustainability in science and help tackle the reproducibility crisis.
{"title":"The hidden sustainability cost of the reproducibility crisis","authors":"Joanna Marshall-Cook, Martin Farley","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00674-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00674-0","url":null,"abstract":"Reproducibility is known to be one of the biggest issues facing science today — but what is less discussed is its connection to science’s environmental impact, as experiments that aren’t replicable still consume resources. Joanna Marshall-Cook and Martin Farley describe processes that can both improve sustainability in science and help tackle the reproducibility crisis.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138556473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00672-2
A. J. Hudspeth, Pascal Martin
Vertebrate hearing uses mechanosensory cells operating near an oscillatory instability. Physics reveals how this mechanism might have evolved from ‘chance and necessity’.
{"title":"Evolving critical oscillators for hearing","authors":"A. J. Hudspeth, Pascal Martin","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00672-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00672-2","url":null,"abstract":"Vertebrate hearing uses mechanosensory cells operating near an oscillatory instability. Physics reveals how this mechanism might have evolved from ‘chance and necessity’.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138513958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00663-3
Teresa Puig, Joffre Gutierrez, Xavier Obradors
High-temperature superconducting REBa2Cu3O7 (RE = rare earth or yttrium) coated conductors have emerged as a new class of materials with exceptional physical properties, such as very high critical currents and irreversibility field. Understanding the physics of vortices in these complex materials and controlling of the atomic structure of defects have made it possible to design their performance and achieve exceptional values of superconducting properties which enable their integration into devices. In order to improve performance and reduce costs, faster growth methods are now being explored, which raise new vortex physics scenarios. In this Technical Review, we distinguish the rich vortex pinning microstructure for vapour–solid, solid–solid and liquid–solid growth methods and how it is modified in the fast-growth process. The interplay between vortex physics and defect structure generated at high growth rates is addressed, as well as the implications of the electronic structure on vortex physics. Understanding vortex pinning in high-temperature superconducting materials is crucial to optimizing their properties. This Technical Review analyses the impact of growth method on vortex microstructure.
{"title":"Impact of high growth rates on the microstructure and vortex pinning of high-temperature superconducting coated conductors","authors":"Teresa Puig, Joffre Gutierrez, Xavier Obradors","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00663-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00663-3","url":null,"abstract":"High-temperature superconducting REBa2Cu3O7 (RE = rare earth or yttrium) coated conductors have emerged as a new class of materials with exceptional physical properties, such as very high critical currents and irreversibility field. Understanding the physics of vortices in these complex materials and controlling of the atomic structure of defects have made it possible to design their performance and achieve exceptional values of superconducting properties which enable their integration into devices. In order to improve performance and reduce costs, faster growth methods are now being explored, which raise new vortex physics scenarios. In this Technical Review, we distinguish the rich vortex pinning microstructure for vapour–solid, solid–solid and liquid–solid growth methods and how it is modified in the fast-growth process. The interplay between vortex physics and defect structure generated at high growth rates is addressed, as well as the implications of the electronic structure on vortex physics. Understanding vortex pinning in high-temperature superconducting materials is crucial to optimizing their properties. This Technical Review analyses the impact of growth method on vortex microstructure.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138513966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00677-x
As we close volume 5 of Nature Reviews Physics, here are some highlights of the past year.
在我们结束《自然评论物理学》第五卷的时候，这里是过去一年的一些亮点。
{"title":"A snapshot of 2023","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00677-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00677-x","url":null,"abstract":"As we close volume 5 of Nature Reviews Physics, here are some highlights of the past year.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-023-00677-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138524295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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