Pub Date : 2024-01-12DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00684-y
Sandra H. Skjærvø, Christopher H. Marrows, Robert L. Stamps, Laura J. Heyderman
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Pub Date : 2024-01-12DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00690-8
Ankita Anirban
A paper in Physical Review Letters identifies topological features in the phonon spectrum of graphene.
物理评论快报》上的一篇论文确定了石墨烯声谱中的拓扑特征。
{"title":"Topological phonons in graphene","authors":"Ankita Anirban","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00690-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00690-8","url":null,"abstract":"A paper in Physical Review Letters identifies topological features in the phonon spectrum of graphene.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139461635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Controlling light with air","authors":"Ankita Anirban","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00689-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00689-1","url":null,"abstract":"A paper in Nature Photonics uses ambient air to deflect the path of high-power laser beams.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139412097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-09DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00683-z
As Nature Reviews Physics reaches its fifth birthday, we celebrate just how much high-quality content we have published so far, thanks to our authors, referees, in-house team and readers.
{"title":"Nature Reviews Physics turns five","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00683-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00683-z","url":null,"abstract":"As Nature Reviews Physics reaches its fifth birthday, we celebrate just how much high-quality content we have published so far, thanks to our authors, referees, in-house team and readers.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-023-00683-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139406991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00676-y
Oriol Artime, Marco Grassia, Manlio De Domenico, James P. Gleeson, Hernán A. Makse, Giuseppe Mangioni, Matjaž Perc, Filippo Radicchi
Complex networks are ubiquitous: a cell, the human brain, a group of people and the Internet are all examples of interconnected many-body systems characterized by macroscopic properties that cannot be trivially deduced from those of their microscopic constituents. Such systems are exposed to both internal, localized, failures and external disturbances or perturbations. Owing to their interconnected structure, complex systems might be severely degraded, to the point of disintegration or systemic dysfunction. Examples include cascading failures, triggered by an initially localized overload in power systems, and the critical slowing downs of ecosystems which can be driven towards extinction. In recent years, this general phenomenon has been investigated by framing localized and systemic failures in terms of perturbations that can alter the function of a system. We capitalize on this mathematical framework to review theoretical and computational approaches to characterize robustness and resilience of complex networks. We discuss recent approaches to mitigate the impact of perturbations in terms of designing robustness, identifying early-warning signals and adapting responses. In terms of applications, we compare the performance of the state-of-the-art dismantling techniques, highlighting their optimal range of applicability for practical problems, and provide a repository with ready-to-use scripts, a much-needed tool set. Complex biological, social and engineering systems operate through intricate connectivity patterns. Understanding their robustness and resilience against disturbances is crucial for applications. This Review addresses systemic breakdown, cascading failures and potential interventions, highlighting the importance of research at the crossroad of statistical physics and machine learning.
{"title":"Robustness and resilience of complex networks","authors":"Oriol Artime, Marco Grassia, Manlio De Domenico, James P. Gleeson, Hernán A. Makse, Giuseppe Mangioni, Matjaž Perc, Filippo Radicchi","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00676-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00676-y","url":null,"abstract":"Complex networks are ubiquitous: a cell, the human brain, a group of people and the Internet are all examples of interconnected many-body systems characterized by macroscopic properties that cannot be trivially deduced from those of their microscopic constituents. Such systems are exposed to both internal, localized, failures and external disturbances or perturbations. Owing to their interconnected structure, complex systems might be severely degraded, to the point of disintegration or systemic dysfunction. Examples include cascading failures, triggered by an initially localized overload in power systems, and the critical slowing downs of ecosystems which can be driven towards extinction. In recent years, this general phenomenon has been investigated by framing localized and systemic failures in terms of perturbations that can alter the function of a system. We capitalize on this mathematical framework to review theoretical and computational approaches to characterize robustness and resilience of complex networks. We discuss recent approaches to mitigate the impact of perturbations in terms of designing robustness, identifying early-warning signals and adapting responses. In terms of applications, we compare the performance of the state-of-the-art dismantling techniques, highlighting their optimal range of applicability for practical problems, and provide a repository with ready-to-use scripts, a much-needed tool set. Complex biological, social and engineering systems operate through intricate connectivity patterns. Understanding their robustness and resilience against disturbances is crucial for applications. This Review addresses systemic breakdown, cascading failures and potential interventions, highlighting the importance of research at the crossroad of statistical physics and machine learning.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139422122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00685-x
Melis Muradoglu, Sophie H. Arnold, Aashna Poddar, Adam Stanaland, Duygu Yilmaz, Andrei Cimpian
Women and people of colour are underrepresented in physics in many parts of the world, to the detriment of the field. How do academics’ beliefs about the role of ‘brilliance’ in career success contribute to these representation gaps, and what can be done to address them?
{"title":"Why a culture of brilliance is bad for physics","authors":"Melis Muradoglu, Sophie H. Arnold, Aashna Poddar, Adam Stanaland, Duygu Yilmaz, Andrei Cimpian","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00685-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00685-x","url":null,"abstract":"Women and people of colour are underrepresented in physics in many parts of the world, to the detriment of the field. How do academics’ beliefs about the role of ‘brilliance’ in career success contribute to these representation gaps, and what can be done to address them?","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139396593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00687-3
Zoe Budrikis
A paper in Nature Communications reports experiments and simulations of spherical particles that help show how finite numbers of spheres pack in practice.
{"title":"Packing finite numbers of spheres efficiently","authors":"Zoe Budrikis","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00687-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00687-3","url":null,"abstract":"A paper in Nature Communications reports experiments and simulations of spherical particles that help show how finite numbers of spheres pack in practice.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139398628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Faster Monte Carlo simulations of systems with long-range interactions","authors":"Zoe Budrikis","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00686-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00686-4","url":null,"abstract":"A paper in Physical Review X reports a new, faster, algorithm for Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations of systems with long-range interactions.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139396753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00679-9
M. Bustamante
The most energetic astrophysical sources in the Milky Way, cosmic accelerators capable of producing high-energy cosmic rays, have resisted discovery for over a century. Up to now, astrophysicists sought these sources mainly by scouring the Galaxy for the gamma rays they are expected to emit. In 2023, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory discovered high-energy neutrinos from the Milky Way, inaugurating a tell-tale stream of evidence of cosmic-ray production and interaction in the Galaxy. In 2023, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory discovered high-energy neutrinos from the Milky Way, an important clue towards understanding the origin of high-energy cosmic rays.
{"title":"The Milky Way shines in high-energy neutrinos","authors":"M. Bustamante","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00679-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00679-9","url":null,"abstract":"The most energetic astrophysical sources in the Milky Way, cosmic accelerators capable of producing high-energy cosmic rays, have resisted discovery for over a century. Up to now, astrophysicists sought these sources mainly by scouring the Galaxy for the gamma rays they are expected to emit. In 2023, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory discovered high-energy neutrinos from the Milky Way, inaugurating a tell-tale stream of evidence of cosmic-ray production and interaction in the Galaxy. In 2023, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory discovered high-energy neutrinos from the Milky Way, an important clue towards understanding the origin of high-energy cosmic rays.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138631233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00671-3
Paul Somers, Alexander Münchinger, Shoji Maruo, Christophe Moser, Xianfan Xu, Martin Wegener
The goal of 3D printing is to realize complex 3D structures by locally adding material in small volume elements called voxels — in contrast to successively subtracting material by etching, milling or machining. This field started with optics-based proposals in the 1970s. Progress has required breakthroughs in physics, chemistry, materials science, laser science and engineering. This Review focuses on the physics underlying optics-based approaches, including interference lithography, tomographic volumetric additive manufacturing, stereolithography, continuous liquid-interface printing, light-sheet printing, parallelized spatiotemporal focusing and (multi-)focus scanning. Light–matter interactions that are discussed include one-photon, two-photon, multi-photon or cascaded nonlinear optical absorption processes for excitation and stimulated-emission depletion or excited-state absorption followed by reverse intersystem crossing for de-excitation. The future physics challenges lie in further boosting three metrics: spatial resolution, rate of voxel creation and range of available dissimilar material properties. Engineering challenges lie in achieving these metrics in compact, low-cost and low-energy-consumption instruments and in identifying new applications. This Review categorizes the physics of many different light-based 3D printing modalities and expounds on the light–matter interactions required for the creation of (multi-)material 3D structures. An outlook is provided regarding key printing performance parameters and future directions.
{"title":"The physics of 3D printing with light","authors":"Paul Somers, Alexander Münchinger, Shoji Maruo, Christophe Moser, Xianfan Xu, Martin Wegener","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00671-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00671-3","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of 3D printing is to realize complex 3D structures by locally adding material in small volume elements called voxels — in contrast to successively subtracting material by etching, milling or machining. This field started with optics-based proposals in the 1970s. Progress has required breakthroughs in physics, chemistry, materials science, laser science and engineering. This Review focuses on the physics underlying optics-based approaches, including interference lithography, tomographic volumetric additive manufacturing, stereolithography, continuous liquid-interface printing, light-sheet printing, parallelized spatiotemporal focusing and (multi-)focus scanning. Light–matter interactions that are discussed include one-photon, two-photon, multi-photon or cascaded nonlinear optical absorption processes for excitation and stimulated-emission depletion or excited-state absorption followed by reverse intersystem crossing for de-excitation. The future physics challenges lie in further boosting three metrics: spatial resolution, rate of voxel creation and range of available dissimilar material properties. Engineering challenges lie in achieving these metrics in compact, low-cost and low-energy-consumption instruments and in identifying new applications. This Review categorizes the physics of many different light-based 3D printing modalities and expounds on the light–matter interactions required for the creation of (multi-)material 3D structures. An outlook is provided regarding key printing performance parameters and future directions.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138576372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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