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Organocatalyzed bottom-up formation of protocells. 由有机催化自下而上形成的原始细胞。
IF 15.7 1区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2026-02-23 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-026-69597-5
Marian Simon Rafael Ebeling, Otto Berninghausen, Khang Hoang Nguyen, Roland Beckmann, Oliver Trapp

The organisation of living systems into cellular structures is a characteristic that enables differentiation from the environment. A pivotal step in the development of life is compartmentalisation, achieved through the formation of vesicle-like structures. Fatty acids - or phospholipids - have been used to simulate prebiotic vesicle and protocell formation. However, a process by which amphiphiles are formed from small prebiotically plausible molecules, which spontaneously self-assemble to protocells, is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that an organocatalytic reaction cascade starting from acetaldehyde with prebiotic imidazolidine-4-thione rapidly yields poly(hydroxy)alkenyl aldehydes that spontaneously self-assemble to protocells. In this process, lipid-like molecules (up to C20) develop a membrane, which additionally incorporates the organocatalyst at the liquid-lipid interface. These catalytically active protocells (11 nm - 7 μm) tolerate external influences such as pH value, temperature and salts. This finding unveils an organocatalytic pathway to selective lipid formation and spontaneous compartmentalisation without the necessity of preformed amphiphiles.

将生命系统组织成细胞结构是使其能够从环境中分化出来的一个特征。生命发展的关键一步是区隔化,这是通过形成囊泡状结构实现的。脂肪酸-或磷脂-已被用于模拟益生元囊泡和原始细胞的形成。然而,两亲生物是如何由看似合理的小分子自发地自组装成原始细胞的,这个过程是未知的。在这里,我们证明了从乙醛和益生元咪唑烷-4-硫酮开始的有机催化反应级联迅速产生聚(羟基)烯基醛,这些醛可以自发地自组装成原始细胞。在这个过程中,类脂分子(高达C20)形成一层膜,该膜在液-脂界面处附加了有机催化剂。这些具有催化活性的原始细胞(11 nm - 7 μm)可耐受外部影响,如pH值、温度和盐。这一发现揭示了选择性脂质形成和自发区隔化的有机催化途径,而不需要预先形成的两亲分子。
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引用次数: 0
Master field equations for spherically symmetric gravitational fields beyond general relativity. 超越广义相对论的球对称引力场的主场方程。
IF 15.7 1区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2026-02-23 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-026-69035-6
Raúl Carballo-Rubio

According to general relativity, black holes are incomplete, which prevents developing a complete physical description of their dynamical formation and evolution once quantum effects are taken into account. Theories beyond general relativity may provide a more complete description of black hole interiors. In this work, the most general form of the field equations for spherically symmetric gravitational fields, in which the Einstein tensor is deformed into a conserved tensor constructed from up to second-order derivatives of the metric, is described. These equations set up the stage for the study of the dynamics of spherically symmetric spacetimes beyond general relativity, providing tools for the theoretical exploration of a paradigm of black hole physics free of the incompleteness characteristic of Einstein's theory. A general proof of the Birkhoff-Jebsen theorem for vacuum solutions, and the construction of field equations describing the effective geometrodynamics of regular black holes interacting with matter, are discussed.

根据广义相对论,黑洞是不完整的,一旦考虑到量子效应,就无法对其动态形成和演化进行完整的物理描述。广义相对论之外的理论可能会提供对黑洞内部更完整的描述。在这项工作中,描述了球对称引力场的最一般形式的场方程,其中爱因斯坦张量被变形为由度规的二阶导数构造的守恒张量。这些方程为超越广义相对论的球对称时空动力学的研究奠定了基础,为摆脱爱因斯坦理论的不完备性特征的黑洞物理范式的理论探索提供了工具。讨论了真空解的Birkhoff-Jebsen定理的一般证明,以及描述规则黑洞与物质相互作用的有效几何动力学的场方程的构造。
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引用次数: 0
Normative growth trajectories of fetal brain regions validated by satisfactory maturation of neurodevelopmental domains at 2 years of age. 胎儿大脑区域的正常生长轨迹在2岁时通过神经发育领域的满意成熟得到验证。
IF 15.7 1区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2026-02-23 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-026-69657-w
Madeleine K Wyburd, Stephen H Kennedy, Michelle Fernandes, Nicola K Dinsdale, Linde S Hesse, Robert B Gunier, Leila Cheikh Ismail, Eric O Ohuma, Michael G Gravett, Manorama Purwar, Wu Qingqing, Adele Winsey, Enrico Bertino, Yasmin Jaffer, Maria Carvalho, Fernando C Barros, Alan Stein, Alison J Noble, Zoltán Molnár, Mark Jenkinson, Thomas E Nichols, Stephen Smith, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Aris T Papageorghiou, Jose Villar, Ana I L Namburete

We previously constructed a qualitative, 3D ultrasound derived atlas of the normative spatiotemporal dynamics of fetal brain maturation. Here, using the same healthy multi-national cohort, we applied deep learning methods to 4205 fetal brain scans from 18-27 weeks' gestation, to produce an extensive, quantitative description of the growth of 16 fetal brain structures associated with satisfactory domain-specific neurodevelopmental scores at 2 years of age. The methodology, which is publicly available, takes less than 10 seconds per scan. We define 28 region-specific, functionally relevant, normative growth trajectories, a ratio between the relative volumes of the insular (rILV) and parietal (rPLV) lobes reflecting asynchronous maturation of fetal brain regions, and introduce a fetal brain maturation index that quantifies biological age and deviations from chronological age. Finally, the very low percentage of variance explained by between site differences (0.6% to 5.8% of the total variance) reinforces a fundamental biological principle: fetal growth and development across populations with diverse ancestries is similar provided that environmental constraints on growth are minimal.

我们之前构建了一个定性的,三维超声衍生的胎儿脑成熟的规范时空动态图谱。在这里,我们使用相同的健康的多国队列,我们应用深度学习方法对妊娠18-27周的4205个胎儿的大脑扫描,对16个胎儿大脑结构的生长进行了广泛、定量的描述,这些结构与2岁时令人满意的领域特异性神经发育评分有关。这种方法是公开的,每次扫描用时不到10秒。我们定义了28个特定区域,功能相关,规范的生长轨迹,反映胎儿大脑区域异步成熟的岛叶(rILV)和顶叶(rPLV)相对体积之间的比率,并引入了胎儿大脑成熟指数,量化生物年龄和与实足年龄的偏差。最后,由位点差异解释的非常低的方差百分比(占总方差的0.6%至5.8%)强化了一个基本的生物学原理:如果环境对生长的限制最小,不同祖先群体的胎儿生长和发育是相似的。
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引用次数: 0
Synergistic sulfur-chlorine battery chemistry towards efficient energy storage. 实现高效储能的协同硫氯电池化学。
IF 15.7 1区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2026-02-23 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-026-69748-8
Xiaoju Zhao, Meng Liao, Shitao Geng, Yan Wang, Shuo Wang, Zhaofeng Ouyang, Qiuchen Xu, Bin Yuan, Chengxiao Zhang, Shanshan Tang, Lei Ye, Liang Wu, Huisheng Peng, Hao Sun

Conversion-type batteries with high energy storage efficiencies are crucial to minimize the energy loss during energy storage. However, current conversion-type batteries generally show relatively low energy storage efficiencies of (59-95)% with large charge-discharge overpotentials of 200-1500 mV. Here we report a rechargeable battery with a maximum energy storage efficiency of 99.5% and a small overpotential of 9 mV, based on a S-Cl synergistic chemistry with fast reaction kinetics. We verify that the in situ formed Cl2 during charging can trigger highly efficient SO2/SO2Cl2 conversion with a maximum current density of 400 mA/cm2, which is one to three orders of magnitude higher than those of state-of-the-art conversion-type batteries. In addition, the high energy storage efficiencies of (93 - 97)% have been validated under a variety of harsh yet practical conditions, e.g., at a low temperature of - 20 °C and a high areal capacity of 13.5 mAh/cm2. We further demonstrate their potential applications by producing a 250 mAh pouch cell, an on-chip microbattery, and a wearable fiber battery, which exhibit high electrochemical properties and practicability.

具有高储能效率的转换型电池对于减少储能过程中的能量损失至关重要。然而,电流转换型电池的储能效率普遍较低,为(59 ~ 95)%,充放电过电压较大,为200 ~ 1500 mV。在这里,我们报道了一种基于S-Cl协同化学和快速反应动力学的可充电电池,其最大储能效率为99.5%,过电位为9 mV。我们验证了在充电过程中原位形成的Cl2可以触发高效的SO2/SO2Cl2转换,最大电流密度为400 mA/cm2,比最先进的转换型电池高出一到三个数量级。此外,在各种苛刻的实际条件下,例如- 20°C的低温和13.5 mAh/cm2的高面积容量,已经验证了(93 - 97%)%的高能量存储效率。我们通过生产250毫安时的袋状电池、片上微电池和可穿戴光纤电池进一步证明了它们的潜在应用,这些电池具有高电化学性能和实用性。
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引用次数: 0
Sono-mechanical nanostructures-enabled sustained precise ultrasound brain stimulation. 超声机械纳米结构实现持续精确的超声脑刺激。
IF 15.7 1区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2026-02-23 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-026-69710-8
Xuandi Hou, Jianing Jing, Zhuohan Shi, Yizhou Jiang, Lei Sun

Ultrasound can enable deep brain neuromodulation with high spatiotemporal resolution, comparable to well-known modalities like TMS, tDCS, and tACS. However, conventional transcranial ultrasound still lacks the precision needed to modulate a small set of neurons. Here, we introduce hollow silica nanostructures (HSN) that localize and amplify ultrasonic effects for long-term neuromodulation in male mice brains (>9 weeks) by activating mechanosensitive ion channels. By controlling the HSN amount and delivery site, ultrasound can selectively activate targeted brain regions, including M1, striatum, VTA, and STN, at time points ranging from days to weeks, and relieve PD motor symptoms in mice models, without evident toxicity. Overall, our stimulation approach offers a safe, minimally-invasive strategy for effective chronic neuromodulation without genetic modification, with notable therapeutic applications.

超声可以实现高时空分辨率的深层脑神经调节,可与TMS, tDCS和tACS等众所周知的模式相媲美。然而,传统的经颅超声仍然缺乏调节一小部分神经元所需的精度。在这里,我们引入了中空二氧化硅纳米结构(HSN),它通过激活机械敏感离子通道来定位和放大超声波效应,以实现雄性小鼠大脑(bb0 - 9周)的长期神经调节。超声通过控制HSN的量和给药部位,可在数天至数周的时间点上选择性激活靶脑区,包括M1、纹状体、VTA和STN,减轻小鼠模型PD运动症状,且无明显毒性。总的来说,我们的刺激方法为有效的慢性神经调节提供了一种安全、微创的策略,无需基因改造,具有显著的治疗应用。
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引用次数: 0
Diverse regulation of functional dimerization of a sugar transporter by different interfacial lipids 不同界面脂质对糖转运蛋白功能二聚化的不同调控
IF 16.6 1区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2026-02-23 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-026-69804-3
Yan Zhang, Weijing Zhao, Mojie Duan, Yang Shen, Jianping Li, Huayong Xie, Qiong Tong, Yongxiang Zhao, Jun Yang
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引用次数: 0
BRAHMA represses STOP1-NRT1.1 module to control plant rhizosphere alkalization and acid stress adaptation. BRAHMA通过抑制STOP1-NRT1.1模块控制植物根际碱化和酸胁迫适应。
IF 15.7 1区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2026-02-23 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-026-69905-z
Jia Yuan Ye, Wen Hao Tian, De Rui Zhang, Qian Yi Yu, Ji Ming Xu, Wo Na Ding, Gui Xin Li, Jing Ying Yan, Chong Wei Jin, Moussa Benhamed, Shao Jian Zheng, Zhong Jie Ding

Covering 40-50% of world's arable lands, acidic soils pose a major constraint on global crop productivity by severely restricting root development and nutrient acquisition. The Arabidopsis C2H2-type transcription factor STOP1 plays a fundamental role in mitigating acid stress by activating H+/NO3- symport via NRT1.1, thereby driving rhizosphere alkalinization to protect root growth and improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). However, the upstream regulation of this pH-responsive STOP1-NRT1.1 pathway remains poorly defined. Here, we identify the central SWI2/SNF2-type ATPase BRAHMA (BRM) as a key suppressor of the STOP1 pathway. BRM physically interacts with STOP1 and occupies the genomic region of NRT1.1, repressing the STOP1-dependent activation of NRT1.1 expression and consequently limiting NO3- uptake and rhizosphere alkalization under chronic acidity. Genetic epistasis analysis using brm stop1 and brm nrt1.1 double mutants establish BRM as an upstream regulator of this signaling module. Notably, low pH rapidly triggers BRM degradation independent of NO3- availability, thereby relieving its repression on the STOP1-NRT1.1 pathway. This dynamic BRM disintegration enables robust induction of H+-coupled NO3- uptake, remodeling the rhizosphere pH landscape to foster optimal root growth under acidity. Collectively, our findings uncover the BRM-STOP1-NRT1.1 axis as a central regulatory module integrating NO3- acquisition with pH homeostasis, offering a dual-benefit strategy for enhancing crop resilience to acid soils and reducing fertilizer-driven acidification through improved NUE.

酸性土壤覆盖了世界40-50%的耕地,严重限制了根系发育和养分获取,对全球作物生产力构成了重大制约。拟南芥c2h2型转录因子STOP1通过NRT1.1激活H+/NO3-同质转运,从而驱动根际碱化,保护根系生长,提高氮素利用效率(NUE),在缓解酸胁迫中发挥基础性作用。然而,这种ph响应性STOP1-NRT1.1通路的上游调控仍然不明确。在这里,我们确定了中央sw2 / snf2型atp酶BRAHMA (BRM)是STOP1途径的关键抑制因子。BRM与STOP1物理相互作用,占据NRT1.1的基因组区域,抑制STOP1依赖的NRT1.1表达激活,从而限制慢性酸性条件下NO3-摄取和根际碱化。利用brm stop1和brm nrt1.1双突变体进行遗传上位分析,确定brm是该信号模块的上游调节因子。值得注意的是,低pH快速触发BRM降解而不依赖于NO3-可用性,从而减轻其对STOP1-NRT1.1途径的抑制。这种动态的BRM分解能够强大地诱导H+耦合的NO3-吸收,重塑根际pH景观,以促进酸性条件下根系的最佳生长。总的来说,我们的研究结果揭示了BRM-STOP1-NRT1.1轴是一个整合NO3-获取和pH稳态的中心调控模块,为提高作物对酸性土壤的适应能力和通过提高氮肥利用效率减少肥料驱动的酸化提供了双重效益策略。
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引用次数: 0
From the same supramolecular framework to distinct types of porous liquids via in-situ transformation. 通过原位转化,从相同的超分子框架到不同类型的多孔液体。
IF 15.7 1区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2026-02-23 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-026-69837-8
Yang Liu, Han-Yan Jin, Meng-Meng Li, Tao Yang, Mingrui Zuo, Chenrui Li, Lifeng Ding, Lin-Bing Sun

Porous liquids (PLs), integrating porous hosts into flowing liquids through intermolecular interactions, attract significant attention, while their controlled synthesis remains challenging. Here we report a controllable in-situ transformation strategy to fabricate distinct types of PLs from the same supramolecular framework (SMF). Two isomorphic polyethylene-glycol-based ionic liquids, IL-Br and IL-NTf2, differing only in anions, exhibit contrasting electrostatic interactions with the SMF. Strong attraction between IL-Br and the SMF disrupts the ionic bonds within the framework, yielding a type II PL, PL2(SMF-Br), while electrostatic repulsion in IL-NTf2 preserves the framework, producing a type III PL, PL3(SMF-NTf2). These tailored host-solvent interactions endow PL2(SMF-Br) with over twice the CO2 uptake and photoresponsivity of its counterpart, as well as record-high CO2 capacity among reported type II PLs. In this work, we establish a general strategy for tunable PL construction through electrostatically guided host-solvent design.

多孔液体(PLs)通过分子间相互作用将多孔宿主整合到流动液体中,引起了人们的广泛关注,但它们的控制合成仍然具有挑战性。在这里,我们报告了一种可控的原位转化策略,可以从相同的超分子框架(SMF)中制造不同类型的PLs。两种同构的聚乙二醇基离子液体IL-Br和IL-NTf2仅阴离子不同,它们与SMF的静电相互作用截然不同。IL-Br和SMF之间的强烈吸引力破坏了框架内的离子键,产生II型PL, PL2(SMF- br),而IL-NTf2中的静电斥力保留了框架,产生III型PL, PL3(SMF- ntf2)。这些定制的宿主-溶剂相互作用使PL2(SMF-Br)具有超过其对应物两倍的二氧化碳吸收率和光响应性,以及在已报道的II型PLs中创纪录的高二氧化碳容量。在这项工作中,我们通过静电引导宿主-溶剂设计建立了可调PL构建的一般策略。
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引用次数: 0
Best practices for moving from correlation to causation in ecological research. 生态学研究中从相关性转向因果关系的最佳实践。
IF 15.7 1区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2026-02-23 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-026-69878-z
Hannah E Correia, Laura E Dee, Jarrett E K Byrnes, John R Fieberg, Marie-Josée Fortin, Clark Glymour, Jakob Runge, Bill Shipley, Ilya Shpitser, Katherine J Siegel, George Sugihara, Betsy von Holle, Paul J Ferraro

In ecology, causal questions are ubiquitous, yet the literature describing systematic approaches to answering these questions is vast and fragmented across different traditions (e.g., randomization, structural equation modeling, convergent cross mapping). In our Perspective, we connect the causal assumptions, tasks, frameworks, and methods across these traditions, thereby providing a synthesis of the concepts and methodological advances for detecting and quantifying causal relationships in ecological systems. Through a newly developed workflow, we emphasize how ecologists' choices among empirical approaches are guided by the pre-existing knowledge that ecologists have and the causal assumptions that ecologists are willing to make.

在生态学中,因果问题无处不在,然而,描述系统方法来回答这些问题的文献是大量的,并且在不同的传统中分散(例如,随机化,结构方程建模,收敛交叉映射)。在我们的观点中,我们将这些传统中的因果假设、任务、框架和方法联系起来,从而为检测和量化生态系统中的因果关系提供了概念和方法进步的综合。通过新开发的工作流程,我们强调生态学家在经验方法中的选择是如何受到生态学家所拥有的预先存在的知识和生态学家愿意做出的因果假设的指导的。
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引用次数: 0
Direct synthesis of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) boronates from carboxylic acids. 羧酸直接合成硼酸二氯[1.1.1]戊烷(BCP)
IF 15.7 1区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2026-02-23 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-026-69851-w
Yongchen Wang, Jess C Tang, Gang Wu, Julian G West

Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) boronic esters are crucial intermediates for accessing BCP-containing drugs with improved pharmacokinetic profiles, yet their synthesis typically relies on pre-formed redox-active esters derived from carboxylic acids. Here we report a general, single-step method for the direct conversion of carboxylic acids into BCP boronic esters. Upon irradiation of carboxylic acids with [1.1.1]propellane and bis(pinacolato)diboron (B2pin2) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), BCP boronates are obtained in good yields, which are further enhanced by the addition of an iron catalyst. Mechanistic studies suggest that photolytic cleavage of a B2pin2-DMSO complex initiates decarboxylation via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), while iron catalysis enables a parallel ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) pathway. This synergistic HAT/LMCT process displays broad substrate scope and remarkable functional group tolerance. Additionally, BCP analogs of two approved drugs, butenafine and buclizine, have been readily synthesized, underscoring the potential of this dual HAT/LMCT paradigm to reshape strategies in synthetic chemistry and drug discovery.

双环[1.1.1]戊烷(BCP)硼酯是获得具有改善药代动力学特征的含BCP药物的关键中间体,但它们的合成通常依赖于由羧酸衍生的预形成的氧化还原活性酯。在这里,我们报告了一个一般的,单步的方法直接转化羧酸成BCP硼酯。[1.1.1]推进剂和双(pinacolato)二硼(B2pin2)在二甲亚砜(DMSO)中辐照羧酸后,得到了收率较高的BCP硼酸盐,并通过添加铁催化剂进一步提高了收率。机理研究表明,b2pin - dmso配合物的光解裂解通过氢原子转移(HAT)引发脱羧,而铁催化可以实现平行的配体到金属电荷转移(LMCT)途径。这种协同的HAT/LMCT工艺具有广泛的底物范围和显著的功能基团耐受性。此外,两种获批药物butenafine和buclizine的BCP类似物已经被很容易地合成,这突显了这种双重HAT/LMCT范式重塑合成化学和药物发现策略的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
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