Christopher J. Sweeney, Marina Semchenko, Franciska T. de Vries, Bart E. van Dongen, Richard D. Bardgett
<h2>1 INTRODUCTION</h2> <p>Plant–soil feedbacks (PSFs) are a key component of terrestrial ecosystem functioning and influence vegetation dynamics in many ways, such as: the maintenance of species coexistence (Crawford et al., <span>2019</span>; Klironomos, <span>2002</span>; Teste et al., <span>2017</span>), plant invasiveness (Aldorfová et al., <span>2020</span>; Levine et al., <span>2006</span>) and successional changes in plant community composition (Bauer et al., <span>2015</span>; Kardol et al., <span>2006</span>). PSFs involve the modification of soil biological and abiotic properties by a given plant species that have downstream effects on the growth of future individuals in the same soil. These PSFs can be positive, negative or neutral, where plant performance is improved, reduced or unaffected, respectively, when grown in soil previously occupied by the same species compared with soil conditioned by other species (Bever et al., <span>1997</span>; Van der Putten et al., <span>2013</span>). Given this wide variation in PSF observed among species, there is considerable interest in developing a framework that can be used to predict the direction and magnitude of PSF responses as a function of plant species characteristics (de Vries et al., <span>2023</span>; Rutten & Allan, <span>2023</span>; Semchenko et al., <span>2022</span>). However, despite an abundance of studies exploring individual aspects of PSFs, our understanding of how plant traits and phylogeny, via associated effects on soil microbial communities, shape PSFs is still limited by the lack of comprehensive empirical tests.</p> <p>Plants modify their immediate environment in many ways and can shape the composition and diversity of microbial communities within their root zones (Grayston et al., <span>1998</span>; Hu et al., <span>2018</span>). This ‘conditioning’ of rhizosphere microbial communities can regulate PSFs, and, as such, PSF responses may be predictable based upon how a particular plant species modifies its root-associated microbiome (Fitzpatrick et al., <span>2018</span>; Semchenko et al., <span>2018</span>; Wilschut et al., <span>2019</span>). Previous studies indicate that root-associated fungi, especially arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and fungal pathotrophs, play an important role in determining PSFs (Cortois et al., <span>2016</span>; Semchenko et al., <span>2018</span>). Several studies show that these fungal guilds are strongly influenced by plant species identity (Frac et al., <span>2018</span>; Semchenko et al., <span>2018</span>) and that increased associations with AMF (Cortois et al., <span>2016</span>; Semchenko et al., <span>2018</span>) or fungal pathotrophs (Semchenko et al., <span>2018</span>; Wilschut et al., <span>2019</span>) lead to more positive and negative PSFs, respectively. There is also evidence that AMF and pathotroph communities are strongly determined by plant phylogenetic relatedness (Barberán et al., <span>2015</span>; Sweeney et
{"title":"Plant phylogeny, traits and fungal community composition as drivers of plant–soil feedbacks","authors":"Christopher J. Sweeney, Marina Semchenko, Franciska T. de Vries, Bart E. van Dongen, Richard D. Bardgett","doi":"10.1111/1365-2745.14481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14481","url":null,"abstract":"<h2>1 INTRODUCTION</h2>\u0000<p>Plant–soil feedbacks (PSFs) are a key component of terrestrial ecosystem functioning and influence vegetation dynamics in many ways, such as: the maintenance of species coexistence (Crawford et al., <span>2019</span>; Klironomos, <span>2002</span>; Teste et al., <span>2017</span>), plant invasiveness (Aldorfová et al., <span>2020</span>; Levine et al., <span>2006</span>) and successional changes in plant community composition (Bauer et al., <span>2015</span>; Kardol et al., <span>2006</span>). PSFs involve the modification of soil biological and abiotic properties by a given plant species that have downstream effects on the growth of future individuals in the same soil. These PSFs can be positive, negative or neutral, where plant performance is improved, reduced or unaffected, respectively, when grown in soil previously occupied by the same species compared with soil conditioned by other species (Bever et al., <span>1997</span>; Van der Putten et al., <span>2013</span>). Given this wide variation in PSF observed among species, there is considerable interest in developing a framework that can be used to predict the direction and magnitude of PSF responses as a function of plant species characteristics (de Vries et al., <span>2023</span>; Rutten & Allan, <span>2023</span>; Semchenko et al., <span>2022</span>). However, despite an abundance of studies exploring individual aspects of PSFs, our understanding of how plant traits and phylogeny, via associated effects on soil microbial communities, shape PSFs is still limited by the lack of comprehensive empirical tests.</p>\u0000<p>Plants modify their immediate environment in many ways and can shape the composition and diversity of microbial communities within their root zones (Grayston et al., <span>1998</span>; Hu et al., <span>2018</span>). This ‘conditioning’ of rhizosphere microbial communities can regulate PSFs, and, as such, PSF responses may be predictable based upon how a particular plant species modifies its root-associated microbiome (Fitzpatrick et al., <span>2018</span>; Semchenko et al., <span>2018</span>; Wilschut et al., <span>2019</span>). Previous studies indicate that root-associated fungi, especially arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and fungal pathotrophs, play an important role in determining PSFs (Cortois et al., <span>2016</span>; Semchenko et al., <span>2018</span>). Several studies show that these fungal guilds are strongly influenced by plant species identity (Frac et al., <span>2018</span>; Semchenko et al., <span>2018</span>) and that increased associations with AMF (Cortois et al., <span>2016</span>; Semchenko et al., <span>2018</span>) or fungal pathotrophs (Semchenko et al., <span>2018</span>; Wilschut et al., <span>2019</span>) lead to more positive and negative PSFs, respectively. There is also evidence that AMF and pathotroph communities are strongly determined by plant phylogenetic relatedness (Barberán et al., <span>2015</span>; Sweeney et ","PeriodicalId":191,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142987136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Si‐Chong Chen, Alexandre Antonelli, Xiao Huang, Neng Wei, Can Dai, Qing‐Feng Wang
Large seeds interact with a wide range of animals (e.g. predators) and are dispersed via certain small animals' foraging behaviours, such as caching. Some of the most iconic species of large‐seeded plants have long fascinated ecologists studying biotic interactions, such as oaks and their relatives in the Fagaceae family.The Fagaceae acorns are dispersed through synzoochory, a specific dispersal mode in which animal partners act as both seed dispersers and granivores. Although granivory (i.e. seed herbivory) can profoundly impact the survival of plant offspring, partial damage on seed reserves is a prevalent phenomenon that does not always result in seed mortality. However, previous single‐species studies have resulted in mixed evidence across treatments and traits, leaving the impact of partial granivory on plant regeneration unclear.Using artificial granivory experiments on 1185 seeds of 20 Fagaceae species, here we quantify how partial loss of seed reserve affects seed germination, seedling growth and biomass allocation across a damage gradient from 0% to 96% biomass loss.We show that, although partial granivory reduces seedling growth (e.g. total biomass and number of leaves), it does not significantly affect seed germination or the overall biomass allocation of seedlings (e.g. leaf mass fraction and root:shoot biomass ratio). Seedlings from seeds more preyed upon have higher specific leaf area, indicating that they tend to grow larger but less protected leaves against herbivores, perhaps to compete for light.Synthesis. As seeds dispersed through scatter‐hoarding granivores have evolved relatively large sizes, like Fagaceae acorns, our findings demonstrate that this type of seeds may tolerate partial granivory in exchange for high dispersal efficiency. This study opens new perspectives to our understanding of seed size diversity and evolution. We conclude that seed size per se is a defensive trait, that large seeds counteract potential losses of seed reserve to escape full predation and allow germination.
{"title":"Large seeds as a defensive strategy against partial granivory in the Fagaceae","authors":"Si‐Chong Chen, Alexandre Antonelli, Xiao Huang, Neng Wei, Can Dai, Qing‐Feng Wang","doi":"10.1111/1365-2745.14480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14480","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Large seeds interact with a wide range of animals (e.g. predators) and are dispersed via certain small animals' foraging behaviours, such as caching. Some of the most iconic species of large‐seeded plants have long fascinated ecologists studying biotic interactions, such as oaks and their relatives in the Fagaceae family.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The Fagaceae acorns are dispersed through synzoochory, a specific dispersal mode in which animal partners act as both seed dispersers and granivores. Although granivory (i.e. seed herbivory) can profoundly impact the survival of plant offspring, partial damage on seed reserves is a prevalent phenomenon that does not always result in seed mortality. However, previous single‐species studies have resulted in mixed evidence across treatments and traits, leaving the impact of partial granivory on plant regeneration unclear.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Using artificial granivory experiments on 1185 seeds of 20 Fagaceae species, here we quantify how partial loss of seed reserve affects seed germination, seedling growth and biomass allocation across a damage gradient from 0% to 96% biomass loss.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We show that, although partial granivory reduces seedling growth (e.g. total biomass and number of leaves), it does not significantly affect seed germination or the overall biomass allocation of seedlings (e.g. leaf mass fraction and root:shoot biomass ratio). Seedlings from seeds more preyed upon have higher specific leaf area, indicating that they tend to grow larger but less protected leaves against herbivores, perhaps to compete for light.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item><jats:italic>Synthesis</jats:italic>. As seeds dispersed through scatter‐hoarding granivores have evolved relatively large sizes, like Fagaceae acorns, our findings demonstrate that this type of seeds may tolerate partial granivory in exchange for high dispersal efficiency. This study opens new perspectives to our understanding of seed size diversity and evolution. We conclude that seed size per se is a defensive trait, that large seeds counteract potential losses of seed reserve to escape full predation and allow germination.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":191,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecology","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142986000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yvonne Künzi, Michaela Zeiter, Markus Fischer, Andreas Stampfli
Due to climate change, temperate grasslands are being exposed to increasingly severe droughts. Concurrently, land‐use intensification is altering grasslands' functional composition by promoting fast‐growing, resource‐acquisitive species with high specific leaf area (SLA).How SLA affects the ability of grassland species to resist and recover from increasingly severe droughts and if deep roots improve their drought performance remains unclear. To investigate this, we established a common‐garden field experiment including temperate grassland species with SLAs of 17.9–39.3 mm2 g−1 and maximal rooting depths of 16–252 cm. After 1.5 years, we simulated droughts for 0, 79, 134, 177 and 220 days.Drought effects on plant performance increased with drought length, reducing the survival of green tissue and annual biomass by up to ~50% across all 32 species considered. As plant‐available water remained in deep soil layers by the end of all treatments, deep roots mitigated the negative effect of increasing drought length on productivity in the later stage of drought and favoured productivity after a longer drought. The low‐to‐high SLA trait gradient among the 16 graminoid species seemed to represent alternative survival strategies ranging from dehydration tolerance to dehydration avoidance, rather than drought sensitivity. Variable drought responses along the SLA gradient of forbs imply that multiple other traits are related to drought resistance across evolutionarily distant species.Synthesis. Our results suggest that deep roots are beneficial for temperate grassland species subjected to longer periods without rainfall when plant‐available water is lacking in shallow soil layers but remaining in deep soil layers. In the face of increasing drought severity, we thus recommend (1) fostering deep‐rooted species in intensive grasslands on deep, productive soil and (2) directing further studies towards identifying management practices that support deep rooting in semi‐natural grasslands.
{"title":"Rooting depth and specific leaf area modify the impact of experimental drought duration on temperate grassland species","authors":"Yvonne Künzi, Michaela Zeiter, Markus Fischer, Andreas Stampfli","doi":"10.1111/1365-2745.14468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14468","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Due to climate change, temperate grasslands are being exposed to increasingly severe droughts. Concurrently, land‐use intensification is altering grasslands' functional composition by promoting fast‐growing, resource‐acquisitive species with high specific leaf area (SLA).</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>How SLA affects the ability of grassland species to resist and recover from increasingly severe droughts and if deep roots improve their drought performance remains unclear. To investigate this, we established a common‐garden field experiment including temperate grassland species with SLAs of 17.9–39.3 mm<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> g<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> and maximal rooting depths of 16–252 cm. After 1.5 years, we simulated droughts for 0, 79, 134, 177 and 220 days.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Drought effects on plant performance increased with drought length, reducing the survival of green tissue and annual biomass by up to ~50% across all 32 species considered. As plant‐available water remained in deep soil layers by the end of all treatments, deep roots mitigated the negative effect of increasing drought length on productivity in the later stage of drought and favoured productivity after a longer drought. The low‐to‐high SLA trait gradient among the 16 graminoid species seemed to represent alternative survival strategies ranging from dehydration tolerance to dehydration avoidance, rather than drought sensitivity. Variable drought responses along the SLA gradient of forbs imply that multiple other traits are related to drought resistance across evolutionarily distant species.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item><jats:italic>Synthesis.</jats:italic> Our results suggest that deep roots are beneficial for temperate grassland species subjected to longer periods without rainfall when plant‐available water is lacking in shallow soil layers but remaining in deep soil layers. In the face of increasing drought severity, we thus recommend (1) fostering deep‐rooted species in intensive grasslands on deep, productive soil and (2) directing further studies towards identifying management practices that support deep rooting in semi‐natural grasslands.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":191,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecology","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142961303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paul Kühn, Raymond Umazekabiri, Christine Römermann, Helge Bruelheide, Karsten Wesche
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors state that no conflict of interest exists.
{"title":"Nitrogen content of herbarium specimens from arable fields and mesic meadows reflect the intensifying agricultural management during the 20th century","authors":"Paul Kühn, Raymond Umazekabiri, Christine Römermann, Helge Bruelheide, Karsten Wesche","doi":"10.1111/1365-2745.14474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14474","url":null,"abstract":"<h2> CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT</h2>\u0000<p>The authors state that no conflict of interest exists.</p>","PeriodicalId":191,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecology","volume":"203 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142936527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana E. Bonato Asato, Claudia Guimarães‐Steinicke, Gideon Stein, Berit Schreck, Teja Kattenborn, Anne Ebeling, Stefan Posch, Joachim Denzler, Tim Büchner, Maha Shadaydeh, Christian Wirth, Nico Eisenhauer, Jes Hines
The significance of biological diversity as a mechanism that optimizes niche breadth for resource acquisition and enhancing ecosystem functionality is well‐established. However, a significant gap remains in exploring temporal niche breadth, particularly in the context of phenological aspects of community dynamics. This study takes a unique approach by examining plant phenology, which has traditionally been focused on above‐ground assessments, and delving into the relatively unexplored realm of below‐ground processes. As a result, the influence of biological diversity on the synchronization of above‐ground and below‐ground dynamics is brought to the forefront, providing a novel perspective on this complex relationship.In this study, community traits (including plant height and greenness) and soil processes (such as root growth and detritivore feeding activity) were meticulously monitored at 2‐week intervals over a year within an experimental grassland exhibiting a spectrum of plant diversity, ranging from monocultures to 60‐species mixtures.Our findings revealed that plant diversity increased yearly plant height, root growth and detritivore feeding activity, while enhancing the synchrony between above‐ground traits and soil dynamics. Soil microclimate also played a role in shaping the phenology of these traits and processes. However, plant diversity and soil microclimate on above‐ground traits and soil dynamics effects varied considerably in strength and direction across seasons, indicating a nuanced relationship between biodiversity, climate and ecosystem processes.Notably, observations during the growing season unveiled a sequential pattern wherein peak plant community height preceded the onset of greenness. Meanwhile, root production commenced immediately after leaf senescence and persisted throughout winter. Although consistent throughout the year, detritivore activity exhibited pronounced peaks in the summer and late fall, albeit with notable variability.Synthesis. The study underscores the dynamic interplay between plant diversity, above‐ground–below‐ground phenological patterns and ecosystem functioning. It suggests that plant diversity modulates above‐ground–below‐ground interdependence through intricate phenological dynamics, with the degree of synchrony fluctuating in response to the varying combination of processes and seasonal changes. Thus, by providing comprehensive within‐year data, the research elucidates the fundamental disparities in phenological patterns across shoots, roots and soil fauna activities, thereby emphasizing the pivotal role of plant diversity in shaping ecosystem processes.
{"title":"Seasonal shifts in plant diversity effects on above‐ground–below‐ground phenological synchrony","authors":"Ana E. Bonato Asato, Claudia Guimarães‐Steinicke, Gideon Stein, Berit Schreck, Teja Kattenborn, Anne Ebeling, Stefan Posch, Joachim Denzler, Tim Büchner, Maha Shadaydeh, Christian Wirth, Nico Eisenhauer, Jes Hines","doi":"10.1111/1365-2745.14470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14470","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>The significance of biological diversity as a mechanism that optimizes niche breadth for resource acquisition and enhancing ecosystem functionality is well‐established. However, a significant gap remains in exploring temporal niche breadth, particularly in the context of phenological aspects of community dynamics. This study takes a unique approach by examining plant phenology, which has traditionally been focused on above‐ground assessments, and delving into the relatively unexplored realm of below‐ground processes. As a result, the influence of biological diversity on the synchronization of above‐ground and below‐ground dynamics is brought to the forefront, providing a novel perspective on this complex relationship.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>In this study, community traits (including plant height and greenness) and soil processes (such as root growth and detritivore feeding activity) were meticulously monitored at 2‐week intervals over a year within an experimental grassland exhibiting a spectrum of plant diversity, ranging from monocultures to 60‐species mixtures.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our findings revealed that plant diversity increased yearly plant height, root growth and detritivore feeding activity, while enhancing the synchrony between above‐ground traits and soil dynamics. Soil microclimate also played a role in shaping the phenology of these traits and processes. However, plant diversity and soil microclimate on above‐ground traits and soil dynamics effects varied considerably in strength and direction across seasons, indicating a nuanced relationship between biodiversity, climate and ecosystem processes.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Notably, observations during the growing season unveiled a sequential pattern wherein peak plant community height preceded the onset of greenness. Meanwhile, root production commenced immediately after leaf senescence and persisted throughout winter. Although consistent throughout the year, detritivore activity exhibited pronounced peaks in the summer and late fall, albeit with notable variability.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item><jats:italic>Synthesis</jats:italic>. The study underscores the dynamic interplay between plant diversity, above‐ground–below‐ground phenological patterns and ecosystem functioning. It suggests that plant diversity modulates above‐ground–below‐ground interdependence through intricate phenological dynamics, with the degree of synchrony fluctuating in response to the varying combination of processes and seasonal changes. Thus, by providing comprehensive within‐year data, the research elucidates the fundamental disparities in phenological patterns across shoots, roots and soil fauna activities, thereby emphasizing the pivotal role of plant diversity in shaping ecosystem processes.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":191,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142928986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rameez Ahmad, Showkeen A. Lone, Irfan Rashid, Anzar Ahmad Khuroo
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
{"title":"A global synthesis of the ecological effects of co-invasions","authors":"Rameez Ahmad, Showkeen A. Lone, Irfan Rashid, Anzar Ahmad Khuroo","doi":"10.1111/1365-2745.14475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14475","url":null,"abstract":"<h2> CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT</h2>\u0000<p>The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.</p>","PeriodicalId":191,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecology","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142929713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xavier Morin, Maude Toigo, Lorenz Fahse, Joannès Guillemot, Maxime Cailleret, Romain Bertrand, Eugénie Cateau, François de Coligny, Raúl García-Valdés, Sophia Ratcliffe, Louise Riotte-Lambert, Miguel A. Zavala, Patrick Vallet
<h2>1 INTRODUCTION</h2> <p>Despite having supplied humanity for millennia with many important goods and services (Brockerhoff et al., <span>2017</span>; FAO and UNEP, <span>2020</span>), forests have only recently received large international attention regarding their role in mitigating both climate change and the biodiversity crisis (FAO and UNEP, <span>2020</span>; Griscom et al., <span>2017</span>; Pachauri & Meyer, <span>2014</span>). Many studies have shown that tree species diversity can foster forest productivity and carbon sequestration, resulting in positive diversity–productivity relationships (DPRs) (Brockerhoff et al., <span>2017</span>; Hooper et al., <span>2012</span>; Liang et al., <span>2016</span>). This result is now well-established in the literature and has been corroborated by many methodological approaches relating biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF), including studies relying on forest inventories (Aussenac et al., <span>2021</span>; Liang et al., <span>2016</span>; Paquette & Messier, <span>2011</span>; Ratcliffe et al., <span>2016</span>; Toigo et al., <span>2015</span>) or empirical observations (Jucker et al., <span>2014</span>; Pretzsch et al., <span>2015</span>), experiments (Sapijanskas et al., <span>2014</span>; Toïgo et al., <span>2022</span>; Williams et al., <span>2017</span>), and simulations with process-based models (Bohn & Huth, <span>2017</span>; Maréchaux & Chave, <span>2017</span>; Morin et al., <span>2011</span>).</p> <p>DPRs have been assumed to result mostly from species complementarity in resources uptake and use-efficiency (Barry et al., <span>2019</span>), thus primarily depending on niche partitioning between species. In the case of forests, niche partitioning can occur through root spatial stratification (Cabal et al., <span>2024</span>), but most evidence concerns light uptake as forest dynamics are generally strongly driven by light availability (Pacala et al., <span>1996</span>; Rüger et al., <span>2020</span>), leading to a size-asymmetric competition (Cordonnier et al., <span>2019</span>; Schwinning & Weiner, <span>1998</span>). Niche partitioning may lead to a more efficient use of canopy volume in multispecific forests than in monospecific ones and to an increased light interception at the ecosystem level (Guillemot et al., <span>2020</span>; Rissanen et al., <span>2019</span>; Williams et al., <span>2021</span>). This ‘canopy packing’ effect has thus been proposed as a key mechanism explaining the positive effect of species diversity on forest productivity (Morin et al., <span>2011</span>), and has been evidenced in both temperate (Jucker et al., <span>2015</span>; Pretzsch, <span>2014</span>; Williams et al., <span>2017</span>) and tropical forests (Sapijanskas et al., <span>2014</span>).</p> <p>The optimization of canopy packing in multispecific stands is usually explained by two complementary processes: neighbourhood-driven plasticity in crown shape and volum
树冠包装效应所涉及的过程与树与树之间的相互作用有关，并不影响单位面积的树木数量，而更多地影响相邻树木的个体异型和功能。树冠包装效应所涉及的过程在群落水平上起作用，也就是说，树木总数在林分水平上发生变化。首先，林分密度对森林生产力的影响由来已久（Forrester，2014；Reineke，1933）。其次，林分密度通常在树木多样性实验（Schnabel 等人，2019 年；Toïgo 等人，2022 年；Williams 等人，2017 年）和半实验性野外采样（Jucker 等人，2015 年；Pretzsch 等人，2015 年）中得到控制，这些实验旨在通过树木与树木之间的相互作用来区分物种丰富度对生态系统功能的影响。同样，在观察性研究中，林分密度（或林分密度近似值）通常被认为是一个需要控制的协变量，以分离树木多样性对生产力的假定影响，而不是驱动DPR的响应变量（Chisholm等人，2013；Paquette & Messier, 2011；Ratcliffe等人，2016；Vila等人，2013）。因此，多样性对林分密度的影响在很大程度上仍未被探索（Chisholm & Dutta Gupta, 2023）。然而，如果 TPE 得到证实，就意味着多样性对森林生产力的关键影响在 BEF 研究中被忽视了：(因此，TPE 依赖于两个组成部分：（i）平均而言，物种丰富度会增加最大林分密度；（ii）物种丰富度的增加会提高林分密度，从而促进森林生产力。据我们所知，这两个部分从未被明确地联系起来，因此也从未被检验过。关于第一部分，一些研究（Pretzsch & Biber, 2016; Tatsumi & Loreau, 2023）已经提出或间接提到了物种丰富度对林分密度的积极影响，但尚未普遍量化，尤其是在大量树种和环境条件下。据我们所知，虽然以前的研究对混交林中林分密度（或林分密度近似值）对森林功能的作用提供了一些见解（如 Brunner & Forrester, 2020; Paquette & Messier, 2011; Ratcliffe 等人, 2016），但物种多样性、林分密度和森林生产力之间的联系尚未得到清晰和普遍的描述。此外，对第二个组成部分的测试并不简单，因为林分密度越高，平均树龄越小和/或树龄越短，可能导致每棵树的生物量产量下降。此外，了解树种多样性、林分密度和森林生产力之间的联系也具有挑战性，因为它们受到气候、土壤、林分年龄或过去管理等多种因素的影响。在此，我们在欧洲广泛的森林生态系统和环境条件下检验了 TPE 的存在。考虑到 TPE 的两个组成部分，我们测试了 (i) 多样性森林是否比单一物种森林具有更大的最大林分密度，以及 (ii) 这是否会导致物种丰富度对森林生产力产生积极影响。为了检验 TPE 的第一个组成部分，我们分析了物种丰富度对林地最大林分密度（Nmax [树木数量.公顷-1]）的影响，Nmax 定义为林地在特定生长阶段可维持的最大树木数量，这是森林生态系统中的一条著名规则，也称为自稀疏边界（Forrester 等人，2021 年；Reineke，1933 年）。我们通过分析六个欧洲国家的国家森林资源清查数据（Ratcliffe 等人，2016 年），从而对树种组合和环境条件的多样性进行了采样。为了检验 TPE 的第二个组成部分，我们使用了模拟实验来探索 TPE 是否会参与形成欧洲森林的 DPR。以前在大型观测数据集中对DPRs进行量化的研究（Liang等人，2016年；Paquette & Messier，2011年；Ratcliffe等人，2016年）并未关注物种丰富度与林分密度之间的联系及其对森林生产力的影响。事实上，在观测数据中评估物种丰富度和林分密度对生产力的交互影响是无法正确进行的，因为要将这些影响区分开来，就必须比较具有相似树种组成、相同环境条件但林分密度截然不同的森林，而这在实践中是不可能的。
{"title":"More species, more trees: The role of tree packing in promoting forest productivity","authors":"Xavier Morin, Maude Toigo, Lorenz Fahse, Joannès Guillemot, Maxime Cailleret, Romain Bertrand, Eugénie Cateau, François de Coligny, Raúl García-Valdés, Sophia Ratcliffe, Louise Riotte-Lambert, Miguel A. Zavala, Patrick Vallet","doi":"10.1111/1365-2745.14460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14460","url":null,"abstract":"<h2>1 INTRODUCTION</h2>\u0000<p>Despite having supplied humanity for millennia with many important goods and services (Brockerhoff et al., <span>2017</span>; FAO and UNEP, <span>2020</span>), forests have only recently received large international attention regarding their role in mitigating both climate change and the biodiversity crisis (FAO and UNEP, <span>2020</span>; Griscom et al., <span>2017</span>; Pachauri & Meyer, <span>2014</span>). Many studies have shown that tree species diversity can foster forest productivity and carbon sequestration, resulting in positive diversity–productivity relationships (DPRs) (Brockerhoff et al., <span>2017</span>; Hooper et al., <span>2012</span>; Liang et al., <span>2016</span>). This result is now well-established in the literature and has been corroborated by many methodological approaches relating biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF), including studies relying on forest inventories (Aussenac et al., <span>2021</span>; Liang et al., <span>2016</span>; Paquette & Messier, <span>2011</span>; Ratcliffe et al., <span>2016</span>; Toigo et al., <span>2015</span>) or empirical observations (Jucker et al., <span>2014</span>; Pretzsch et al., <span>2015</span>), experiments (Sapijanskas et al., <span>2014</span>; Toïgo et al., <span>2022</span>; Williams et al., <span>2017</span>), and simulations with process-based models (Bohn & Huth, <span>2017</span>; Maréchaux & Chave, <span>2017</span>; Morin et al., <span>2011</span>).</p>\u0000<p>DPRs have been assumed to result mostly from species complementarity in resources uptake and use-efficiency (Barry et al., <span>2019</span>), thus primarily depending on niche partitioning between species. In the case of forests, niche partitioning can occur through root spatial stratification (Cabal et al., <span>2024</span>), but most evidence concerns light uptake as forest dynamics are generally strongly driven by light availability (Pacala et al., <span>1996</span>; Rüger et al., <span>2020</span>), leading to a size-asymmetric competition (Cordonnier et al., <span>2019</span>; Schwinning & Weiner, <span>1998</span>). Niche partitioning may lead to a more efficient use of canopy volume in multispecific forests than in monospecific ones and to an increased light interception at the ecosystem level (Guillemot et al., <span>2020</span>; Rissanen et al., <span>2019</span>; Williams et al., <span>2021</span>). This ‘canopy packing’ effect has thus been proposed as a key mechanism explaining the positive effect of species diversity on forest productivity (Morin et al., <span>2011</span>), and has been evidenced in both temperate (Jucker et al., <span>2015</span>; Pretzsch, <span>2014</span>; Williams et al., <span>2017</span>) and tropical forests (Sapijanskas et al., <span>2014</span>).</p>\u0000<p>The optimization of canopy packing in multispecific stands is usually explained by two complementary processes: neighbourhood-driven plasticity in crown shape and volum","PeriodicalId":191,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142929715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<h2>1 INTRODUCTION</h2> <p>Understanding the intricate relationship between environmental changes and vegetation distribution is a key challenge in ecological research, particularly in light of accelerating climate change (IPCC, <span>2023</span>). Alpine ecosystems, with their high sensitivity to climate change, are an important starting point for analysing these effects. In general, alpine plant species are expected to undergo substantial shifts in habitat range and community structure (Engler et al., <span>2011</span>; Gottfried et al., <span>2012</span>; Thuiller et al., <span>2005</span>). For example, there can be typically observed an upward migration of lower-elevation species and an upward shift of the treeline, which illustrate the profound ecological transformations that are currently ongoing (Gottfried et al., <span>2012</span>; He et al., <span>2023</span>; Malfasi & Cannone, <span>2020</span>).</p> <p>However, such vegetation responses to climate change are not uniform. Species range adjustments are observed, with particularly fast dynamics at the treeline, and at lower alpine and nival belts (Cannone et al., <span>2007</span>; He et al., <span>2023</span>; Pauli et al., <span>2012</span>). Evidence suggests that the range of cold-adapted species is shrinking (Lamprecht et al., <span>2018</span>), while lower-elevation species migrate more rapidly upslope, which increases local species richness but also leads to more competition for space (Steinbauer et al., <span>2018</span>; Wipf et al., <span>2013</span>). This thermophilisation of assemblages (Gottfried et al., <span>2012</span>; Lamprecht et al., <span>2018</span>; Rumpf et al., <span>2018</span>) is driven especially by a prolongation of the growing season, increased energy availability, and changes in precipitation types (Filippa et al., <span>2019</span>; Pauli et al., <span>2012</span>; Vitasse et al., <span>2021</span>).</p> <p>Besides these direct climatic effects, vegetation distribution is also modulated by a complex interplay of other factors, including nutrient availability, soil development, and land use changes, while being mediated by individual adaptation and species interactions (Bektaş et al., <span>2021</span>; Bellard et al., <span>2012</span>; Bourgeois et al., <span>2019</span>; Martinez-Almoyna et al., <span>2020</span>; Rogora et al., <span>2006</span>; Tasser & Tappeiner, <span>2002</span>; Theurillat et al., <span>1998</span>; Wipf et al., <span>2015</span>). For instance, changes in land use, such as abandonment or intensification of pasture use, play a crucial role in the distribution of plant species, as they facilitate or suppress species and thus contribute to the homogenisation of communities, regardless of their natural elevation distribution (Gehrig-Fasel et al., <span>2007</span>; Hülber et al., <span>2020</span>; Niedrist et al., <span>2009</span>; Tasser et al., <span>2017</span>).</p> <p>The dynamic framework emerging from this interp
{"title":"Understanding the long-term dynamics of vegetation since 1953 in high-mountain regions","authors":"Katharina Ramskogler, Léon Lepesant, Erich Tasser","doi":"10.1111/1365-2745.14472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14472","url":null,"abstract":"<h2>1 INTRODUCTION</h2>\u0000<p>Understanding the intricate relationship between environmental changes and vegetation distribution is a key challenge in ecological research, particularly in light of accelerating climate change (IPCC, <span>2023</span>). Alpine ecosystems, with their high sensitivity to climate change, are an important starting point for analysing these effects. In general, alpine plant species are expected to undergo substantial shifts in habitat range and community structure (Engler et al., <span>2011</span>; Gottfried et al., <span>2012</span>; Thuiller et al., <span>2005</span>). For example, there can be typically observed an upward migration of lower-elevation species and an upward shift of the treeline, which illustrate the profound ecological transformations that are currently ongoing (Gottfried et al., <span>2012</span>; He et al., <span>2023</span>; Malfasi & Cannone, <span>2020</span>).</p>\u0000<p>However, such vegetation responses to climate change are not uniform. Species range adjustments are observed, with particularly fast dynamics at the treeline, and at lower alpine and nival belts (Cannone et al., <span>2007</span>; He et al., <span>2023</span>; Pauli et al., <span>2012</span>). Evidence suggests that the range of cold-adapted species is shrinking (Lamprecht et al., <span>2018</span>), while lower-elevation species migrate more rapidly upslope, which increases local species richness but also leads to more competition for space (Steinbauer et al., <span>2018</span>; Wipf et al., <span>2013</span>). This thermophilisation of assemblages (Gottfried et al., <span>2012</span>; Lamprecht et al., <span>2018</span>; Rumpf et al., <span>2018</span>) is driven especially by a prolongation of the growing season, increased energy availability, and changes in precipitation types (Filippa et al., <span>2019</span>; Pauli et al., <span>2012</span>; Vitasse et al., <span>2021</span>).</p>\u0000<p>Besides these direct climatic effects, vegetation distribution is also modulated by a complex interplay of other factors, including nutrient availability, soil development, and land use changes, while being mediated by individual adaptation and species interactions (Bektaş et al., <span>2021</span>; Bellard et al., <span>2012</span>; Bourgeois et al., <span>2019</span>; Martinez-Almoyna et al., <span>2020</span>; Rogora et al., <span>2006</span>; Tasser & Tappeiner, <span>2002</span>; Theurillat et al., <span>1998</span>; Wipf et al., <span>2015</span>). For instance, changes in land use, such as abandonment or intensification of pasture use, play a crucial role in the distribution of plant species, as they facilitate or suppress species and thus contribute to the homogenisation of communities, regardless of their natural elevation distribution (Gehrig-Fasel et al., <span>2007</span>; Hülber et al., <span>2020</span>; Niedrist et al., <span>2009</span>; Tasser et al., <span>2017</span>).</p>\u0000<p>The dynamic framework emerging from this interp","PeriodicalId":191,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142911626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<h2>1 INTRODUCTION</h2> <p>Terrestrial biodiversity is rapidly decreasing as a consequence of several factors of global change, including soil pollution (IPBES, <span>2019</span>). Of particular concern is pollution with microplastics (plastic particles <5 mm), which is recognized as an important threat to ecosystems worldwide (Sigmund et al., <span>2023</span>). Microplastics can contaminate terrestrial systems through soil amendments, plastic mulching, irrigation, flooding, atmospheric input and littering or street run-off (Rochman et al., <span>2019</span>), with both positive and negative effects on plant–soil systems (Boots et al., <span>2019</span>; Huang et al., <span>2019</span>). For instance, in European grasslands, the biomass of the native species <i>Daucus carota</i> can increase in response to the presence of microplastic films in the soil (Huang et al., <span>2019</span>; Lozano, Lehnert, et al., <span>2021</span>). This effect is thought to occur because plastic particles could improve soil properties such as porosity and aeration (de Souza Machado et al., <span>2019</span>; Lozano, Aguilar-Trigueros, et al., <span>2021</span>). By contrast, the biomass of the native species <i>Lolium perenne</i> may decrease (Boots et al., <span>2019</span>), presumably due to toxic effects from microplastic leachates. However, not only are native plants affected by microplastics, invasive plants may potentially benefit from microplastic pollution due to traits that enhance their ability to thrive in polluted environments (Lozano & Rillig, <span>2024</span>). Research shows that microplastic fibres can enhance the growth of species of invasive character such as the range-expanding species <i>Calamagrostis epigejos</i> (Lozano & Rillig, <span>2020</span>). Microplastic beads can increase fine root biomass and photosynthesis efficiency in invasive plants compared to native species under dry–wet water cycles (Zhang et al., <span>2024</span>). Also, microplastic fragments may have negligible effects on the growth of the invasive plant <i>Solidago canadensis</i>, while having negative effects on its native counterpart <i>Solidago decurrens</i> (Li et al., <span>2024</span>). This advantage can be expected, as invasive species could benefit more from the novel environmental conditions created by microplastics, such as changes in soil water content, aeration, microbial activity and aggregation (de Souza Machado et al., <span>2019</span>; Lozano, Aguilar-Trigueros, et al., <span>2021</span>). In addition, invasive species can possess advantageous traits that might help them to avoid or better tolerate microplastic pollution (Lozano & Rillig, <span>2024</span>), enabling them to thrive in human-altered environments (Montesinos, <span>2021</span>), which are most likely the ones exposed to higher levels of plastic pollution. Nonetheless, microplastics can also inhibit the establishment of invasive plants like <i>Amaranthus palmeri</i> (Meng
{"title":"Plastic particles and their additives promote plant invasion through physicochemical mechanisms on seed germination","authors":"Yudi M. Lozano, Lena Landt, Matthias C. Rillig","doi":"10.1111/1365-2745.14476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14476","url":null,"abstract":"<h2>1 INTRODUCTION</h2>\u0000<p>Terrestrial biodiversity is rapidly decreasing as a consequence of several factors of global change, including soil pollution (IPBES, <span>2019</span>). Of particular concern is pollution with microplastics (plastic particles <5 mm), which is recognized as an important threat to ecosystems worldwide (Sigmund et al., <span>2023</span>). Microplastics can contaminate terrestrial systems through soil amendments, plastic mulching, irrigation, flooding, atmospheric input and littering or street run-off (Rochman et al., <span>2019</span>), with both positive and negative effects on plant–soil systems (Boots et al., <span>2019</span>; Huang et al., <span>2019</span>). For instance, in European grasslands, the biomass of the native species <i>Daucus carota</i> can increase in response to the presence of microplastic films in the soil (Huang et al., <span>2019</span>; Lozano, Lehnert, et al., <span>2021</span>). This effect is thought to occur because plastic particles could improve soil properties such as porosity and aeration (de Souza Machado et al., <span>2019</span>; Lozano, Aguilar-Trigueros, et al., <span>2021</span>). By contrast, the biomass of the native species <i>Lolium perenne</i> may decrease (Boots et al., <span>2019</span>), presumably due to toxic effects from microplastic leachates. However, not only are native plants affected by microplastics, invasive plants may potentially benefit from microplastic pollution due to traits that enhance their ability to thrive in polluted environments (Lozano & Rillig, <span>2024</span>). Research shows that microplastic fibres can enhance the growth of species of invasive character such as the range-expanding species <i>Calamagrostis epigejos</i> (Lozano & Rillig, <span>2020</span>). Microplastic beads can increase fine root biomass and photosynthesis efficiency in invasive plants compared to native species under dry–wet water cycles (Zhang et al., <span>2024</span>). Also, microplastic fragments may have negligible effects on the growth of the invasive plant <i>Solidago canadensis</i>, while having negative effects on its native counterpart <i>Solidago decurrens</i> (Li et al., <span>2024</span>). This advantage can be expected, as invasive species could benefit more from the novel environmental conditions created by microplastics, such as changes in soil water content, aeration, microbial activity and aggregation (de Souza Machado et al., <span>2019</span>; Lozano, Aguilar-Trigueros, et al., <span>2021</span>). In addition, invasive species can possess advantageous traits that might help them to avoid or better tolerate microplastic pollution (Lozano & Rillig, <span>2024</span>), enabling them to thrive in human-altered environments (Montesinos, <span>2021</span>), which are most likely the ones exposed to higher levels of plastic pollution. Nonetheless, microplastics can also inhibit the establishment of invasive plants like <i>Amaranthus palmeri</i> (Meng ","PeriodicalId":191,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142917750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gaytán, Á., Matías, L., Godoy, Ó., Pérez-Ramos, I. M., Homet, P., Moreira, X., & Gómez-Aparicio, L. (2024). Climate change and exotic pathogens shift carbon allocation in Mediterranean mixed forests. Journal of Ecology, 112(12), 2843–2860. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14426.
In Figure 2, the years in the headings of Columns 3 and 4 are incorrect—they should read 2018.
The updated Figure 2 is included below.
FIGURE 2
Open in figure viewerPowerPoint
Relationships between P. cinnamomi abundance in the soil and photosynthetic rates, acorn production and abortion, Olea fruit production, and root NSC at the two forest types 1 year (2017) and 2 years (2018) after the start of the experiment. The lines and shaded areas are the model predictions and associated 95% confidence intervals (respectively). Continuous lines indicate effects included in the best models, whereas discontinuous lines indicate effects included in the subset of best models (∆AIC < 2 with the best model; Tables 1 and 2). Regressions are shown separated by species only when the best models included the interaction of rainfall exclusion with the species. NA indicates the absence of data. Note that the range of the x-axis varied among forest types and years, being larger in the closed forest, particularly in 2018. In panels marked with asterisks (i.e., acorn production in 2018), y-values should be interpreted as of an order of magnitude smaller (y-axis ×10−1).
We apologize for this error.
{"title":"Correction to ‘Climate change and exotic pathogens shift carbon allocation in Mediterranean mixed forests’","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/1365-2745.14478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14478","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Gaytán, Á., Matías, L., Godoy, Ó., Pérez-Ramos, I. M., Homet, P., Moreira, X., & Gómez-Aparicio, L. (2024). Climate change and exotic pathogens shift carbon allocation in Mediterranean mixed forests. <i>Journal of Ecology</i>, <i>112</i>(12), 2843–2860. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14426.</p>\u0000<p>In Figure 2, the years in the headings of Columns 3 and 4 are incorrect—they should read 2018.</p>\u0000<p>The updated Figure 2 is included below.</p>\u0000<figure><picture>\u0000<source media=\"(min-width: 1650px)\" srcset=\"/cms/asset/1dee3598-d27f-459e-98d2-1b2310fd4b4d/jec14478-fig-0001-m.jpg\"/><img alt=\"Details are in the caption following the image\" data-lg-src=\"/cms/asset/1dee3598-d27f-459e-98d2-1b2310fd4b4d/jec14478-fig-0001-m.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"/cms/asset/78cf6b0b-fff9-414f-a689-a06e6a850c05/jec14478-fig-0001-m.png\" title=\"Details are in the caption following the image\"/></picture><figcaption>\u0000<div><strong>FIGURE 2<span style=\"font-weight:normal\"></span></strong><div>Open in figure viewer<i aria-hidden=\"true\"></i><span>PowerPoint</span></div>\u0000</div>\u0000<div>Relationships between <i>P. cinnamomi</i> abundance in the soil and photosynthetic rates, acorn production and abortion, <i>Olea</i> fruit production, and root NSC at the two forest types 1 year (2017) and 2 years (2018) after the start of the experiment. The lines and shaded areas are the model predictions and associated 95% confidence intervals (respectively). Continuous lines indicate effects included in the best models, whereas discontinuous lines indicate effects included in the subset of best models (∆AIC < 2 with the best model; Tables 1 and 2). Regressions are shown separated by species only when the best models included the interaction of rainfall exclusion with the species. NA indicates the absence of data. Note that the range of the x-axis varied among forest types and years, being larger in the closed forest, particularly in 2018. In panels marked with asterisks (i.e., acorn production in 2018), y-values should be interpreted as of an order of magnitude smaller (<i>y</i>-axis ×10<sup>−1</sup>).</div>\u0000</figcaption>\u0000</figure>\u0000<p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":191,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142905053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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