Four derivatives of 9-(9-alkylcarbazol-3-yl)-3-(methoxypyridin-3-yl)carbazoles (HM1-HM4) have been synthesized from key starting compounds: 9-alkyl-3-iodocarbazoles and corresponding 3-(methoxypyridin-3-yl)-9H-carbazoles by using Ullmann coupling reactions. The objective materials have very high thermal stabilities (temperatures of 5 % weight loss 371–387 °C) and can form amorphous layers, also having rather high glass transition temperatures in the region of 89–97 °C. Triplet energy gaps of the four compounds were about 2.7–2.8 eV, making them appropriate for use as host materials in green phosphorescent OLEDs with Ir(ppy)3 guest. Additionally, a composite host system incorporating a synthesized compound of HM series and bis-4,6-(3,5-di-3-pyridylphenyl)-2-methylpyrimidine was developed. The devices with HM2 or HM4 demonstrated the best characteristics whether the emitting layer was a single host or a co-host system, indicating that both compounds could facilitate ideal energy transfer and achieve carrier balance in the device architectures. Notably, the device using 9-(9-butylcarbazol-3-yl)-3-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)carbazole (HM2) host outperformed the other devices, achieving peak efficiencies of 16.9 % (58.3 cd/A and 65.0 lm/W) with maximum luminance exceeding 241100 cd/m2.
{"title":"9-(9-Alkylcarbazol-3-yl)-3-(methoxypyridin-3-yl)carbazoles as host materials for very efficient OLEDs","authors":"Raminta Beresneviciute , Daiva Tavgeniene , Dovydas Blazevicius , Kuan-Wei Chen , Yu-Hsuan Chen , Saulius Grigalevicius , Chih-Hao Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Four derivatives of 9-(9-alkylcarbazol-3-yl)-3-(methoxypyridin-3-yl)carbazoles (<strong>HM1-HM4</strong>) have been synthesized from key starting compounds: 9-alkyl-3-iodocarbazoles and corresponding 3-(methoxypyridin-3-yl)-9<em>H</em>-carbazoles by using Ullmann coupling reactions. The objective materials have very high thermal stabilities (temperatures of 5 % weight loss 371–387 °C) and can form amorphous layers, also having rather high glass transition temperatures in the region of 89–97 °C. Triplet energy gaps of the four compounds were about 2.7–2.8 eV, making them appropriate for use as host materials in green phosphorescent OLEDs with Ir(ppy)<sub>3</sub> guest. Additionally, a composite host system incorporating a synthesized compound of <strong>HM</strong> series and bis-4,6-(3,5-di-3-pyridylphenyl)-2-methylpyrimidine was developed. The devices with <strong>HM2</strong> or <strong>HM4</strong> demonstrated the best characteristics whether the emitting layer was a single host or a co-host system, indicating that both compounds could facilitate ideal energy transfer and achieve carrier balance in the device architectures. Notably, the device using 9-(9-butylcarbazol-3-yl)-3-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)carbazole (<strong>HM2</strong>) host outperformed the other devices, achieving peak efficiencies of 16.9 % (58.3 cd/A and 65.0 lm/W) with maximum luminance exceeding 241100 cd/m<sup>2</sup>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19564,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 116273"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116282
Abely E. Mwakuna , C. Laxmikanth , R.K.N.R. Manepalli
This paper delves into the effect of replacing B2O3 with CuO on the structural, optical absorption, thermal, mechanical, and gamma(γ)-ray shielding properties of four CKB glasses formulated as (65-y)B2O3–15Bi2O3–20K2O-yCuO (where y = 0, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 mol%). The glasses were created using the melt-quenching technique, and their non-crystalline structure was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified several structural groups, predominantly consisting of BO3, BO4 units, and B–O–B linkages. Thermal properties, assessed via Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), indicated that the glass transition temperature was highest for the 0.3 mol% CuO sample (CKB0.3), demonstrating enhanced thermal stability in comparison to other compositions. Density measurements correlated positively with CuO concentration, peaking at 1.2 mol%, while molar volume, boron molar volume, oxygen packing density, and boron-boron separation distances showed a decreasing trend with increased CuO concentration. UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy indicated a decline in the optical energy gap and an increase in Urbach energy, attributed to the conversion of BO3 into BO4 units in the glass matrix. Mechanical properties, evaluated using the Makishima-Mackenzie model, demonstrated enhancements in elastic moduli and micro-hardness with rising CuO concentration. The γ-ray shielding properties (γ-RPs) were examined at energies of 0.662, 1.173, and 1.333 MeV, revealing that both the linear attenuation coefficient and effective atomic number reached their maximum values at 1.2 mol% CuO (CKB1.2). While CKB1.2 exhibited excellent mechanical and γ-ray shielding performance, CKB0.3 excelled in thermal stability and demonstrated γ-ray shielding efficiency comparable to CKB1.2. This suggests that CKB0.3 is a promising candidate for radiation shielding applications requiring a balanced combination of thermal stability and effective γ-ray attenuation properties, particularly at 0.662 MeV.
{"title":"Effect of replacing B2O3 with CuO on the structural, optical absorption, thermal, mechanical, and gamma-ray shielding properties of B2O3–Bi2O3–K2O glass","authors":"Abely E. Mwakuna , C. Laxmikanth , R.K.N.R. Manepalli","doi":"10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116282","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper delves into the effect of replacing B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> with CuO on the structural, optical absorption, thermal, mechanical, and gamma(γ)-ray shielding properties of four CKB glasses formulated as (65-y)B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–15Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–20K<sub>2</sub>O-yCuO (where y = 0, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 mol%). The glasses were created using the melt-quenching technique, and their non-crystalline structure was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified several structural groups, predominantly consisting of BO<sub>3</sub>, BO<sub>4</sub> units, and B–<em>O</em>–B linkages. Thermal properties, assessed via Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), indicated that the glass transition temperature was highest for the 0.3 mol% CuO sample (CKB0.3), demonstrating enhanced thermal stability in comparison to other compositions. Density measurements correlated positively with CuO concentration, peaking at 1.2 mol%, while molar volume, boron molar volume, oxygen packing density, and boron-boron separation distances showed a decreasing trend with increased CuO concentration. UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy indicated a decline in the optical energy gap and an increase in Urbach energy, attributed to the conversion of BO<sub>3</sub> into BO<sub>4</sub> units in the glass matrix. Mechanical properties, evaluated using the Makishima-Mackenzie model, demonstrated enhancements in elastic moduli and micro-hardness with rising CuO concentration. The γ-ray shielding properties (γ-RPs) were examined at energies of 0.662, 1.173, and 1.333 MeV, revealing that both the linear attenuation coefficient and effective atomic number reached their maximum values at 1.2 mol% CuO (CKB1.2). While CKB1.2 exhibited excellent mechanical and γ-ray shielding performance, CKB0.3 excelled in thermal stability and demonstrated γ-ray shielding efficiency comparable to CKB1.2. This suggests that CKB0.3 is a promising candidate for radiation shielding applications requiring a balanced combination of thermal stability and effective γ-ray attenuation properties, particularly at 0.662 MeV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19564,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 116282"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142533511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116281
Huisheng Lin , Tingting Shi , Yi Huang , Shuncong Zhong , Bing Wang , Zhenghao Zhang , Yonglin Huang
Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) finds extensive applications in the high-end equipment manufacturing industry owing to its advantages of light weight, high strength, and corrosion resistance. Since the residual stress in GFRP builds up during the curing process and affect its mechanical properties and service life, the characterization of the residual stress in GFRP is crucial. In this study, we establish a theoretical model based on the anisotropic stress-optics law for the orthorhombic crystalline system to describe the terahertz-elasticity of GFRP and calibrate the stress optical coefficients of GFRP. First, the residual stress in GFRP at different curing temperatures are measured by fiber Bragg grating sensors. Then, the refractive index of GFRP with different residual stress are obtained based on transmission-type THz-TDS. Finally, based on the proposed photoelastic model of GFRP, the stress optical coefficients of GFRP are measured by combining the measurement results of residual stress and refractive index. The experimental results show that the refractive index of GFRP decreases with the increase of residual stress; the stress optical coefficients of GFRP are determined as q11 = −5.612 × 10−9 Pa−1, q12 = −2.548 × 10−9 Pa−1, q21 = −1.305 × 10−8 Pa−1, q22 = −1.408 × 10−9 Pa−1. The modeling of terahertz photoelasticity in GFRP and the determination of stress optical coefficients provide a basis for characterizing residual stress in GFRP by THz-TDS.
{"title":"Measurement of stress optical coefficients for GFRP based on terahertz time-domain spectroscopy","authors":"Huisheng Lin , Tingting Shi , Yi Huang , Shuncong Zhong , Bing Wang , Zhenghao Zhang , Yonglin Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) finds extensive applications in the high-end equipment manufacturing industry owing to its advantages of light weight, high strength, and corrosion resistance. Since the residual stress in GFRP builds up during the curing process and affect its mechanical properties and service life, the characterization of the residual stress in GFRP is crucial. In this study, we establish a theoretical model based on the anisotropic stress-optics law for the orthorhombic crystalline system to describe the terahertz-elasticity of GFRP and calibrate the stress optical coefficients of GFRP. First, the residual stress in GFRP at different curing temperatures are measured by fiber Bragg grating sensors. Then, the refractive index of GFRP with different residual stress are obtained based on transmission-type THz-TDS. Finally, based on the proposed photoelastic model of GFRP, the stress optical coefficients of GFRP are measured by combining the measurement results of residual stress and refractive index. The experimental results show that the refractive index of GFRP decreases with the increase of residual stress; the stress optical coefficients of GFRP are determined as <em>q</em><sub>11</sub> = −5.612 × 10<sup>−9</sup> Pa<sup>−1</sup>, <em>q</em><sub>12</sub> = −2.548 × 10<sup>−9</sup> Pa<sup>−1</sup>, <em>q</em><sub>21</sub> = −1.305 × 10<sup>−8</sup> Pa<sup>−1</sup>, <em>q</em><sub>22</sub> = −1.408 × 10<sup>−9</sup> Pa<sup>−1</sup>. The modeling of terahertz photoelasticity in GFRP and the determination of stress optical coefficients provide a basis for characterizing residual stress in GFRP by THz-TDS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19564,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 116281"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142533509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116264
Ph Veber , G. Gadret , Y. Guyot , O. Plantevin , Ph Goldner , A. Ferrier , G. Buşe , M.E.H. El Hafid , R. Moncorgé , M. Velázquez
Heavily-doped and fully concentrated 2.78 % Tb:Y2O3 and Tb2O3 single crystals with high optical quality and very low levels of impurities have been grown and studied for their luminescence and Faraday rotation properties. Absorption, emission and fluorescence decay measurements performed vs excitation wavelength and temperature and their confrontation with Judd-Ofelt and crystal-field calculations show the contributions of two types of luminescent centers: dominant ones with a 5D4 emission lifetime of 23 μs corresponding to coupled near-neighbor Tb3+ ions, all in C2 symmetry sites, and minority ones with a 5D4 emission lifetime of about 2 ms corresponding to coupled Tb3+ ions in C2 and C3i near-neighbor symmetry sites. Faraday rotation measurements confirm Tb2O3 as the Tb-based Faraday crystalline material with the largest ever measured Verdet constant, at all temperatures and from the visible to the near-infrared. They also show that the dominant luminescent centers contribute more particularly to this large Verdet constant thanks to a favorable crystal-field splitting of their 7F6 ground multiplet and also to the contributions of both types of spin-allowed and spin-forbidden 4f-5d absorption bands.
{"title":"Luminescence and Faraday rotation properties of Tb2O3 and Tb:Y2O3 single crystals","authors":"Ph Veber , G. Gadret , Y. Guyot , O. Plantevin , Ph Goldner , A. Ferrier , G. Buşe , M.E.H. El Hafid , R. Moncorgé , M. Velázquez","doi":"10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116264","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116264","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heavily-doped and fully concentrated 2.78 % Tb:Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Tb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> single crystals with high optical quality and very low levels of impurities have been grown and studied for their luminescence and Faraday rotation properties. Absorption, emission and fluorescence decay measurements performed vs excitation wavelength and temperature and their confrontation with Judd-Ofelt and crystal-field calculations show the contributions of two types of luminescent centers: dominant ones with a <sup>5</sup>D<sub>4</sub> emission lifetime of 23 μs corresponding to coupled near-neighbor Tb<sup>3+</sup> ions, all in C<sub>2</sub> symmetry sites, and minority ones with a <sup>5</sup>D<sub>4</sub> emission lifetime of about 2 ms corresponding to coupled Tb<sup>3+</sup> ions in C<sub>2</sub> and C<sub>3i</sub> near-neighbor symmetry sites. Faraday rotation measurements confirm Tb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> as the Tb-based Faraday crystalline material with the largest ever measured Verdet constant, at all temperatures and from the visible to the near-infrared. They also show that the dominant luminescent centers contribute more particularly to this large Verdet constant thanks to a favorable crystal-field splitting of their <sup>7</sup>F<sub>6</sub> ground multiplet and also to the contributions of both types of spin-allowed and spin-forbidden 4f-5d absorption bands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19564,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 116264"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142533513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116270
Sana Ghaffar , Adeel Ahmed , Rashid Iqbal , Muhammad Jamshaid , Mohamed S. Elshikh , Mohamed Farouk Elsadek , Mohammad Ashraf Hossain
In recent times, effluent pollution has had an exceptionally detrimental effect on aquatic life as well as human beings. The management of wastewater has emerged as a formidable undertaking for scientists owing to the existence of organic contaminants. Herein, we synthesized the manganese-doped copper bismuth oxide (Mn0.15Cu0.85Bi2O4) through hydrothermal method and employed them for successfully eliminating complex pollutants. The assessment of the visible light-induced photocatalytic efficacy of the catalyst was performed for the degradation of methyl violet (MV). MV had a degradation of 89.68% when CuBi2O4 was used. However, the degrading rate of the Mn0.15Cu0.85Bi2O4 escalated to 99.18% in 36 min. The rate constant exhibited a rise between 0.0627 and 0.1134 min−1, confirming the effectiveness of the Mn0.15Cu0.85Bi2O4. The effectiveness of the Mn0.15Cu0.85Bi2O4 is due to its superior surface area (51.97 m2/g), which arises from the integration of Mn-ions. Additionally, examining the impact of different reaction variables revealed a substantial correlation with the elimination of MV dye. The potential reason for the deterioration of MV could be attributed to the generation of •OH and O2•− radicals, which was confirmed by radical trapping experiments. The photostability of the generated Mn0.15Cu0.85Bi2O4 catalyst exhibited remarkable characteristics. Ultimately, this study presents a technique for creating effective catalysts for treating wastewater that is both economical and practical.
{"title":"Uncovering the synthesis of a visible light-driven manganese-doped copper bismuth oxide catalyst for enhanced degradation of dye: Insights into the factors affecting the degradation","authors":"Sana Ghaffar , Adeel Ahmed , Rashid Iqbal , Muhammad Jamshaid , Mohamed S. Elshikh , Mohamed Farouk Elsadek , Mohammad Ashraf Hossain","doi":"10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent times, effluent pollution has had an exceptionally detrimental effect on aquatic life as well as human beings. The management of wastewater has emerged as a formidable undertaking for scientists owing to the existence of organic contaminants. Herein, we synthesized the manganese-doped copper bismuth oxide (Mn<sub>0.15</sub>Cu<sub>0.85</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) through hydrothermal method and employed them for successfully eliminating complex pollutants. The assessment of the visible light-induced photocatalytic efficacy of the catalyst was performed for the degradation of methyl violet (MV). MV had a degradation of 89.68% when CuBi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> was used. However, the degrading rate of the Mn<sub>0.15</sub>Cu<sub>0.85</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> escalated to 99.18% in 36 min. The rate constant exhibited a rise between 0.0627 and 0.1134 min<sup>−1</sup>, confirming the effectiveness of the Mn<sub>0.15</sub>Cu<sub>0.85</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. The effectiveness of the Mn<sub>0.15</sub>Cu<sub>0.85</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> is due to its superior surface area (51.97 m<sup>2</sup>/g), which arises from the integration of Mn-ions. Additionally, examining the impact of different reaction variables revealed a substantial correlation with the elimination of MV dye. The potential reason for the deterioration of MV could be attributed to the generation of <sup>•</sup>OH and O<sub>2</sub><sup>•−</sup> radicals, which was confirmed by radical trapping experiments. The photostability of the generated Mn<sub>0.15</sub>Cu<sub>0.85</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> catalyst exhibited remarkable characteristics. Ultimately, this study presents a technique for creating effective catalysts for treating wastewater that is both economical and practical.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19564,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 116270"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this communication, eco-friendly, cost effective and facile hydrothermal route was adopted to synthesize pure WO3, Nb-doped WO3 and (Nb, Ta) co-doped WO3 nanoparticles. Phase, lattice constants, crystallite size and crystallinity have been evaluated through X-ray diffraction. The insertion of Nb and Ta ions into WO3 nanoparticles was confirmed by XPS, FTIR and EDS studies. HRTEM and SAED micrographs exhibited highly nanocrystalline nature of samples. UV–visible studies was carried out to analyse nature of band gap, band gap energy, extinction coefficient, refractive index, Urbach energy and optical conductivity of prepared samples. Optical band gap was narrowed from 2.94 to 2.49 eV and Urbach energy was extended from 0.08 to 0.35 eV through co-doping of (Nb, Ta) ions into WO3 NPs. Reduction in PL intensity revealed that electron-hole pair recombination rate was decreased with co-doping of (Nb, Ta) ions. The photo-degradation efficiency of (Nb 5 %, Ta 5 %) co-doped WO3 nanophotocatalysts was 93.12 % against MG and 90.11 % against RhB dyes. The rate constant was found to be increased from 0.0107 to 0.0203 min−1 for MG and 0.0086 to 0.0174 min−1 for RhB. Thermal results exhibited the weight loss in three phase degradation processes, and thermal stability. The results showed that (Nb 5 %, Ta 5 %) co-doped WO3 NPs is a potential candidate for practical applications in environmental remediation (organic dyes degradation).
{"title":"Structural, optical, photocatalytic and thermal behaviour of (Nb, Ta) co-doped WO3 nanoparticles and its application in photocatalytic degradation of MG and RhB dyes","authors":"Manjeet Pawar , Poonam Nain , Saruchi Rani , Bharti Sharma , Sushil Kumar , M.A. Majeed Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this communication, eco-friendly, cost effective and facile hydrothermal route was adopted to synthesize pure WO<sub>3</sub>, Nb-doped WO<sub>3</sub> and (Nb, Ta) co-doped WO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles. Phase, lattice constants, crystallite size and crystallinity have been evaluated through X-ray diffraction. The insertion of Nb and Ta ions into WO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles was confirmed by XPS, FTIR and EDS studies. HRTEM and SAED micrographs exhibited highly nanocrystalline nature of samples. UV–visible studies was carried out to analyse nature of band gap, band gap energy, extinction coefficient, refractive index, Urbach energy and optical conductivity of prepared samples. Optical band gap was narrowed from 2.94 to 2.49 eV and Urbach energy was extended from 0.08 to 0.35 eV through co-doping of (Nb, Ta) ions into WO<sub>3</sub> NPs. Reduction in PL intensity revealed that electron-hole pair recombination rate was decreased with co-doping of (Nb, Ta) ions. The photo-degradation efficiency of (Nb 5 %, Ta 5 %) co-doped WO<sub>3</sub> nanophotocatalysts was 93.12 % against MG and 90.11 % against RhB dyes. The rate constant was found to be increased from 0.0107 to 0.0203 min<sup>−1</sup> for MG and 0.0086 to 0.0174 min<sup>−1</sup> for RhB. Thermal results exhibited the weight loss in three phase degradation processes, and thermal stability. The results showed that (Nb 5 %, Ta 5 %) co-doped WO<sub>3</sub> NPs is a potential candidate for practical applications in environmental remediation (organic dyes degradation).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19564,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 116277"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dy:CaHfO3 single crystals were synthesized by the floating zone technique and examined for their photoluminescence and scintillation properties. Under excitation at 350 nm, the 3.0 % Dy:CaHfO3 showed the highest quantum yield of 72.5 % among all the samples. Under X-ray irradiation, all the samples showed multiple emission peaks at 480, 575, and 670 nm associated with the 4f–4f transitions of Dy3+. Pulse height spectra of 137Cs as a -ray source revealed 3.0 % Dy:CaHfO3 showed the highest light yield of 20,000 photons/MeV among the samples.
{"title":"Development of Dy-doped CaHfO3 single crystal scintillator for X-ray detectors","authors":"Yusuke Endo , Kensei Ichiba , Daisuke Nakauchi , Kai Okazaki , Kenichi Watanabe , Takumi Kato , Noriaki Kawaguchi , Takayuki Yanagida","doi":"10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dy:CaHfO<sub>3</sub> single crystals were synthesized by the floating zone technique and examined for their photoluminescence and scintillation properties. Under excitation at 350 nm, the 3.0 % Dy:CaHfO<sub>3</sub> showed the highest quantum yield of 72.5 % among all the samples. Under X-ray irradiation, all the samples showed multiple emission peaks at 480, 575, and 670 nm associated with the 4f–4f transitions of Dy<sup>3+</sup>. Pulse height spectra of <sup>137</sup>Cs as a <span><math><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow></math></span>-ray source revealed 3.0 % Dy:CaHfO<sub>3</sub> showed the highest light yield of 20,000 photons/MeV among the samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19564,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 116276"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Designing and synthesizing phosphate nonlinear optical materials with novel structures and excellent properties remains challenging. In this work, the electronic structure and optical properties (second harmonic generation (SHG) response or birefringence) of alkali rare-earth double phosphates M3RE(PO4)2 (M = K, Rb; RE = Y, La, and Lu) are systematically investigated. It is worth mentioning that P31m-Rb3Lu(PO4)2 was successfully synthesized by a flux-method, and the UV–vis–NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy showed that Rb3Lu(PO4)2 exhibits a short absorption edge at 207 nm and a high transmittance of 77.9 %. Based on first-principles calculations, the results show that the birefringence of the M3RE(PO4)2 series of crystals exhibits significant differences (0.009-0.028@1064 nm). Subsequently, analysis of the electronic structure and the real-space atom cutting method reveals that rare-earth polyhedra play a major role in enhanced birefringence. Overall, this work enriches the study of nonlinear optical crystals of rare earth phosphates and provides a case for further exploration.
{"title":"Structure and optical properties of alkali rare-earth double phosphates of M3RE(PO4)2 (M = K, Rb; RE = Y, La, and Lu)","authors":"Qun Jing, Mei Hu, Menglin Zhu, Jialong Wang, Haiming Duan, Zhaohui Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Designing and synthesizing phosphate nonlinear optical materials with novel structures and excellent properties remains challenging. In this work, the electronic structure and optical properties (second harmonic generation (SHG) response or birefringence) of alkali rare-earth double phosphates M<sub>3</sub>RE(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (M = K, Rb; RE = Y, La, and Lu) are systematically investigated. It is worth mentioning that <em>P</em>31<em>m</em><strong>-</strong>Rb<sub>3</sub>Lu(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> was successfully synthesized by a flux-method, and the UV–vis–NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy showed that Rb<sub>3</sub>Lu(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> exhibits a short absorption edge at 207 nm and a high transmittance of 77.9 %. Based on first-principles calculations, the results show that the birefringence of the M<sub>3</sub>RE(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> series of crystals exhibits significant differences (<span><span>0.009-0.028@1064</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> nm). Subsequently, analysis of the electronic structure and the real-space atom cutting method reveals that rare-earth polyhedra play a major role in enhanced birefringence. Overall, this work enriches the study of nonlinear optical crystals of rare earth phosphates and provides a case for further exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19564,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 116278"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research experimentally investigates the nonlinear absorption and refraction in promising nonlinear crystals, sulfur-containing and selenium-containing barium chalcogenides by the single-beam Z-scan technique. A nanosecond Nd: YLF laser operating at 1.053 μm was used as the radiation source. The experimental data are compared with values obtained from theoretical models. The obtained results demonstrate significant agreement with the predicted ones.
本研究通过单光束 Z 扫描技术，对有前途的非线性晶体--含硫和含硒钡瑀的非线性吸收和折射进行了实验研究。辐射源使用的是工作波长为 1.053 μm 的纳秒 Nd: YLF 激光器。实验数据与理论模型得出的数值进行了比较。所得结果与预测结果非常吻合。
{"title":"Nonlinear absorption and refraction study of barium chalcogenide crystals","authors":"E.Y. Erushin , A.A. Boyko , G.S. Shevyrdyaeva , D.V. Badikov , N.Y. Kostyukova","doi":"10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research experimentally investigates the nonlinear absorption and refraction in promising nonlinear crystals, sulfur-containing and selenium-containing barium chalcogenides by the single-beam Z-scan technique. A nanosecond Nd: YLF laser operating at 1.053 μm was used as the radiation source. The experimental data are compared with values obtained from theoretical models. The obtained results demonstrate significant agreement with the predicted ones.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19564,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 116275"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142533512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the effects of Nickel doping and a SnO2 interlayer on the structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of ZnO thin films. Undoped and Ni-doped ZnO films were fabricated on glass substrates, with and without an SnO2 interlayer, using the sol-gel spin coating method. The samples—denoted as ZG (undoped ZnO), NZG (Ni-doped ZnO), ZSG (undoped ZnO with SnO2 interlayer), and NZSG (Ni-doped ZnO with SnO2 interlayer)—underwent comprehensive characterization via XRD, AFM, PL, UV–Vis spectroscopy, Hall effect measurements, Hot probe, and Two-point method. XRD analysis confirmed successful Ni incorporation and enhanced ZnO crystallinity, particularly in the presence of the SnO2 interlayer. AFM analysis revealed improved grain distribution and size due to the synergistic effects of Ni doping and the SnO2 interlayer. UV–Vis results indicated significant impacts on transparency and the Urbach energy, with Ni doping alone broadening the bandgap. PL measurements showed that the synergistic effects quenched UV luminescence associated with the glass substrate, enhancing visible luminescence. Chromaticity analysis suggested that ZSG and NZSG samples are suitable for warm blue region applications. Electrical measurements revealed n-type conductivity across all films except NZG, with Ni doping increasing resistivity. Additionally, the ZSG (PTC) sensor exhibited a slightly higher sensitivity (0.3852 Ω/°C) compared to the NZSG sensor (0.3782 Ω/°C), with a similar trend observed in NTC sensors. These findings suggest that Ni-doped ZnO films with SnO2 interlayers could potentially serve as thermistors and RTDs, offering promising applications in temperature sensing and optoelectronics.
{"title":"Enhancing low-temperature sensor applications: Synergistic effects of Ni doping and SnO2 interlayer on spin-coated ZnO thin films on glass substrate","authors":"Maya Hanane Rezoug , Chewki Zegadi , Abdelkader Nouri , Nasr-Eddine Hamdadou , M'hamed Guezzoul","doi":"10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effects of Nickel doping and a SnO<sub>2</sub> interlayer on the structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of ZnO thin films. Undoped and Ni-doped ZnO films were fabricated on glass substrates, with and without an SnO<sub>2</sub> interlayer, using the sol-gel spin coating method. The samples—denoted as ZG (undoped ZnO), NZG (Ni-doped ZnO), ZSG (undoped ZnO with SnO<sub>2</sub> interlayer), and NZSG (Ni-doped ZnO with SnO<sub>2</sub> interlayer)—underwent comprehensive characterization via XRD, AFM, PL, UV–Vis spectroscopy, Hall effect measurements, Hot probe, and Two-point method. XRD analysis confirmed successful Ni incorporation and enhanced ZnO crystallinity, particularly in the presence of the SnO<sub>2</sub> interlayer. AFM analysis revealed improved grain distribution and size due to the synergistic effects of Ni doping and the SnO<sub>2</sub> interlayer. UV–Vis results indicated significant impacts on transparency and the Urbach energy, with Ni doping alone broadening the bandgap. PL measurements showed that the synergistic effects quenched UV luminescence associated with the glass substrate, enhancing visible luminescence. Chromaticity analysis suggested that ZSG and NZSG samples are suitable for warm blue region applications. Electrical measurements revealed n-type conductivity across all films except NZG, with Ni doping increasing resistivity. Additionally, the ZSG (PTC) sensor exhibited a slightly higher sensitivity (0.3852 Ω/°C) compared to the NZSG sensor (0.3782 Ω/°C), with a similar trend observed in NTC sensors. These findings suggest that Ni-doped ZnO films with SnO<sub>2</sub> interlayers could potentially serve as thermistors and RTDs, offering promising applications in temperature sensing and optoelectronics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19564,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 116272"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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