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Immigration and European Politics 移民与欧洲政治
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2019-11-26 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0289
S. Goodman
Immigration is among the most transformative experiences of postwar Europe. It has reoriented political parties, restructured the European party system, and given birth to new political parties, namely far-right exclusionary populist parties. Alongside these political changes, immigration presents innumerable social and economic challenges that have forced political elites to face hard questions about national belonging, economic growth, and demographic realities in aging nation-states. Reflecting the scale of this challenge, there are several branches of scholarship that strive to understanding and contextualize immigration in the European political landscape. There are three, general areas of immigration-related fields: immigration policy, immigration politics, and migrant politics. Immigration policy studies examine the rules and procedures that facilitate the entry, settlement, integration, and citizenship of a migrant. This is an admittedly maximalist definition—one can reserve the term “immigration policy” merely to the process and dynamics of admission. Yet, the reality of immigrant-related policy design and implementation shows policies as joined-up, aligned, and mutually reinforcing. As such, “immigration policy” incorporates all policies that address the condition of and consequences of migration. This body of work traditionally examines political, economic, and social determinants of policy and the effects of immigration policy on a variety of attitudinal and behavior outcomes, among both immigrant and native populations. The second group of scholarship looks at immigration politics. This body of work considers how political parties and elections structure and mobilize around immigration issues and saliency. Work within this strand may range from studying public opinion and electoral data to interviews that capture elite or other stakeholder (e.g., firm) preferences. This strand stretches across multiple levels of analysis, from the very local—like neighborhoods and city blocks, to regions, to national politics, to the supranational European Union. A final strand of literature looks at migrant politics. These are studies that look specifically at the formation of political identity, migrant political behavior, and migrant representation. Of course, these three strands of immigration studies are not mutually exclusive and often overlap, e.g., studies on how policies affect immigrant political behavior. Immigration politics is a critical factor shaping domestic politics and foreign policy alike. As immigration continues to fundamentally transform the European political space—immigration from both within Europe and without—we identify a number of critical pieces that help shape our understanding of this transition here to which scholars that seek to understand European politics today ignore at their own peril.
移民是战后欧洲最具变革性的经历之一。它重新定位了政党,重组了欧洲政党体系,并催生了新的政党,即极右翼排外民粹主义政党。除了这些政治变化之外,移民还带来了无数的社会和经济挑战,迫使政治精英们面对老龄化民族国家的民族归属、经济增长和人口现实等严峻问题。反映出这一挑战的规模,有几个学术分支致力于理解欧洲政治格局中的移民并将其背景化。移民相关领域有三个一般领域:移民政策、移民政治和移民政治。移民政策研究审查了促进移民入境、定居、融合和入籍的规则和程序。这是一个公认的最大化定义——人们可以将“移民政策”一词仅保留在录取的过程和动态中。然而,与移民相关的政策设计和实施的现实表明,政策是相互联系、一致和相辅相成的。因此,“移民政策”包括所有处理移民条件和后果的政策。这一系列工作传统上考察了政策的政治、经济和社会决定因素,以及移民政策对移民和原住民的各种态度和行为结果的影响。第二组奖学金着眼于移民政治。这一系列工作考虑了政党和选举如何围绕移民问题和突出性进行结构和动员。这一领域的工作可能包括研究公众舆论和选举数据,以及采访精英或其他利益相关者(如公司)的偏好。这条线索涵盖了多个层面的分析,从非常地方的社区和城市街区,到地区,到国家政治,再到超国家的欧盟。最后一批文学作品着眼于移民政治。这些研究专门关注政治身份的形成、移民的政治行为和移民的代表性。当然,这三种移民研究并不相互排斥,而且经常重叠,例如,关于政策如何影响移民政治行为的研究。移民政治是影响国内政治和外交政策的关键因素。随着移民继续从根本上改变欧洲政治空间——来自欧洲内部和外部的移民——我们发现了一些关键的部分,这些部分有助于我们理解这一转变,而今天试图理解欧洲政治的学者忽视了这些部分,自担风险。
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引用次数: 0
Neoliberalism in US Politics 美国政治中的新自由主义
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2019-10-30 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0284
M. Hindman, Andrew B. Noland
In the waning decades of the 20th century, inequalities of wealth and political influence intensified amid what many scholars recognize as a “New Gilded Age.” Scholars point to manifold reasons for these inequalities, including globalization, the declining strength of organized labor, corporate political activity, a shrinking public sector, and tax reforms favoring the wealthy, to cite only a few. These various drivers of inequality, though, did not arise in isolation; an intelligible governing ethos underlies these various phenomena. This ethos is marked by its promotion of private-sector solutions to collective problems vis-à-vis government-led ones, its deference to markets vis-à-vis coordinated collective action, and its focus on entrepreneurialism and consumerism in nearly all facets of life. These features of contemporary political life all cohere into a concept recognized as “neoliberalism.” Depending on whom you ask, this term either helpfully assigns a logic to the amalgam of political problems confronting governance in the 21st century or, alternatively, serves as yet another hackneyed buzzword du jour. This article takes the former perspective, casting neoliberalism as a useful concept uniting a ranging of phenomena of which scholars of US politics ought to be familiar. This article describes and categorizes scholarship on neoliberalism according to three interrelated definitions of the term. Neoliberalism is: (1) a historical and intellectual trajectory that emerged in response to postwar Keynesianism; (2) a political project designed to foster a business-friendly social and political climate; and (3) an endeavor to transform citizenship itself. This article builds on these three characterizations, outlining the major works that explore and explain how neoliberal principles have impacted US politics, policy, and civic life. Scholarship on neoliberalism is vast and wide-ranging. Most of the works cited throughout this article explicitly note the influence of neoliberalism on one aspect or another of American life. Some works, however, uncover a critical aspect of neoliberalism without explicitly accepting or even mentioning the term itself. Collectively, however, these works will give readers a stronger grasp on what neoliberalism is and how the trends and principles associated with it have taken root within US politics and society.
在20世纪的最后几十年里,财富和政治影响力的不平等加剧,许多学者认为这是一个“新镀金时代”。学者们指出了造成这些不平等的多种原因,包括全球化、有组织劳工力量的下降、企业政治活动、公共部门的萎缩以及有利于富人的税收改革,这只是其中的一些原因。然而,这些不同的不平等驱动因素并不是孤立出现的;一种可理解的统治精神是这些不同现象的基础。这种精神的特点是提倡私营部门解决集体问题,而不是-à-vis政府主导的集体问题;尊重市场,而不是-à-vis协调的集体行动;关注几乎生活所有方面的企业家精神和消费主义。当代政治生活的这些特征都凝聚成一个被称为“新自由主义”的概念。这取决于你问的是谁,这个词要么有助于为21世纪治理面临的各种政治问题提供一个逻辑,要么又成为另一个老生常谈的流行词。本文采用了前一种观点,将新自由主义视为一个有用的概念,它结合了美国政治学者应该熟悉的一系列现象。本文根据新自由主义的三个相互关联的定义来描述和分类新自由主义的学术研究。新自由主义是:(1)为回应战后凯恩斯主义而出现的一种历史和思想轨迹;(2)旨在营造有利于商业的社会和政治环境的政治项目;(3)努力改变公民身份本身。本文以这三个特征为基础,概述了探索和解释新自由主义原则如何影响美国政治、政策和公民生活的主要著作。关于新自由主义的学术研究非常广泛。本文引用的大多数作品都明确指出了新自由主义对美国生活的影响。然而,一些作品揭示了新自由主义的一个关键方面,而没有明确接受甚至提到这个术语本身。然而,总的来说,这些作品将让读者更好地理解什么是新自由主义,以及与之相关的趋势和原则是如何在美国政治和社会中扎根的。
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引用次数: 0
The Path Toward Authoritarianism in Venezuela 委内瑞拉走向威权主义的道路
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2019-10-30 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0286
Adriana Boersner
Venezuela formally democratized in 1958 after several political and social forces fought together against the dictatorship of Marcos Pérez Jiménez. The evolution of this democracy was fast, partly due to the rapid economic growth and social mobility that prevailed as a result of oil wealth. In October 1958, three political parties, Acción Democrática, Comité de Organización Política Electoral Independiente, and Unión Republicana Democrática, signed a political pact, commonly known as Punto Fijo. In this document, all political parties committed themselves to respect the results of the elections and establish a government of national unity with equitable representation of the political forces. In 1961 a new constitution consolidated the principles of the nascent representative democracy. However, over time, economic inequality, power centralism, and patronage relationships led the country to fall into an institutional crisis. After a strong devaluation of the national currency in 1983, a critical event known as Viernes Negro, and fiscal adjustments, the government proposed macroeconomic adjustments in 1989, including cuts in subsidies on domestic gasoline. This resulted in massive riots across the country. This episode is historically known as El Caracazo or El Sacudón. Amid the economic and social turmoil, a lieutenant colonel named Hugo Chávez and other military leaders launched a military coup in 1992. Although the coup was unsuccessful in removing the president from power, Chávez became known at the national level. After two years in prison and launching a political party, Hugo Chávez won the presidential election in 1998. The contemporary literature on Venezuelan politics is periodized, emphasizing the division between the pre- and post-Chávez periods. Much of the work analyzing Venezuela prior to 1998 focuses on specific issues such as the economy and oil rentierism, El Caracazo, and the characteristics of the party system. Contrary, initial accounts of Chávez’s government mostly highlight his charismatic leadership. Later works, especially after the year 2002, focus much more on the authoritarian features of Chávez regime related to, for example, autocratic legalism, the supremacy of one-party regime, the connections between the government of Venezuela and other nondemocratic leaders in the world, and attacks against media and the press. Although experts do not agree about what type of authoritarianism exists is Venezuela, or even if one can characterize the first years of Chávez’s rule as an authoritarian one, since 2013, with Nicolás Maduro as president, the authoritarian features of the Venezuelan political regime are more manifest than ever.
1958年,在几股政治和社会力量共同反对马科斯·潘萨雷兹·吉米内斯的独裁统治之后,委内瑞拉正式实现了民主化。这个民主国家的发展很快,部分原因是由于石油财富带来的经济快速增长和社会流动性。1958年10月,三个政党Acción Democrática、Organización Política独立选举委员会和Unión共和Democrática签署了一项政治协定,俗称Punto Fijo。在这份文件中,所有政党都承诺尊重选举结果,并建立一个公平代表各政治力量的民族团结政府。1961年,新宪法巩固了新生的代议制民主的原则。然而,随着时间的推移,经济不平等、权力集中化和庇护关系导致该国陷入制度危机。在经历了1983年本国货币的大幅贬值和财政调整之后,政府在1989年提出了宏观经济调整,包括削减国内汽油补贴。这导致了全国范围内的大规模骚乱。这一事件在历史上被称为El Caracazo或El Sacudón。在经济和社会动荡中,一位名叫雨果Chávez的中校和其他军事领导人于1992年发动了军事政变。虽然政变没有成功地将总统赶下台,但Chávez在全国范围内已经广为人知。在入狱两年并成立了一个政党之后,雨果Chávez在1998年赢得了总统选举。关于委内瑞拉政治的当代文献是分期的,强调前和post-Chávez时期之间的划分。分析1998年之前委内瑞拉的大部分工作都集中在具体问题上,如经济和石油食利者主义、El Caracazo和政党制度的特点。相反,对Chávez政府的最初描述主要强调了他的魅力领导。后来的作品,特别是在2002年之后,更多地关注Chávez政权的专制特征,例如专制的法律主义,一党专制政权的霸权,委内瑞拉政府与世界上其他非民主领导人之间的联系,以及对媒体和新闻界的攻击。尽管专家们对委内瑞拉存在何种类型的威权主义意见不一,即使人们可以将Chávez统治的头几年定性为威权主义,但自2013年Nicolás马杜罗担任总统以来,委内瑞拉政权的威权主义特征比以往任何时候都更加明显。
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引用次数: 0
Minority Governments 少数民族政府
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2019-10-30 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0281
Bonnie N. Field, Shane Martin
A minority government is one that comprises ministers from one or more political parties where the party or parties represented in the cabinet do not simultaneously hold an absolute majority (50 percent plus one) of the seats in the parliament or legislature. Minority governments are particularly interesting in parliamentary systems, where the government is responsible to parliament, meaning that the parliament can remove the government with a vote of no confidence. Minority governments are puzzling in this environment because, presumably, the political composition of the parliament determines who will govern, and the parliament can remove a sitting government that it does not support. This bibliography focuses primarily on parliamentary systems and national governments (we acknowledge, however, a growing literature on minority governments at the subnational level). Minority governments are common, representing approximately one-third of all governments in parliamentary systems. In the European context, minority governments have been particularly common in the Scandinavian democracies of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, and in Spain, Romania, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Ireland. They have also occurred in Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and India, which historically were more accustomed to single-party majority governments. Minority governments also frequently occur at the regional and local level. Several questions drive research on minority governments. The first is why minority governments form. Are they an illogical outcome or one that a troubled political environment produces, or are they the consequences of rational decisions by political parties? Are there certain political or institutional characteristics that favor the formation of minority governments? A second line of research delves into how minority governments govern. This includes whether they govern with formal agreements with other parties in parliament, and through their alliance-building strategies within parliament. It also includes investigations into parties that provide support to minority governments within parliament—what scholars term “support parties.” A third line of research investigates the performance of minority governments. In particular, how does minority status affect the duration of the government and its ability to accomplish its policy goals and generate public support? While the research on minority governments varies, in general it has moved from viewing minority governments as peculiar and potentially problematic toward seeing them as rational cabinet solutions capable of effective governance.
少数派政府是由一个或多个政党的部长组成的政府,在这些政党中,内阁中代表的一个或几个政党并不同时在议会或立法机构中占据绝对多数(50%加1)席位。少数党政府对议会制度特别感兴趣,在议会制度中,政府对议会负责,这意味着议会可以通过不信任投票罢免政府。在这种环境下,少数党政府令人困惑,因为据推测,议会的政治组成决定了谁将执政,而议会可以罢免它不支持的现任政府。本参考书目主要关注议会制度和国家政府(然而,我们承认,关于国家以下一级少数民族政府的文献越来越多)。少数党政府很常见,在议会系统中约占所有政府的三分之一。在欧洲背景下,少数民族政府在丹麦、瑞典和挪威等斯堪的纳维亚民主国家以及西班牙、罗马尼亚、波兰、捷克共和国和爱尔兰尤为常见。它们也发生在加拿大、澳大利亚、英国和印度,这些国家历史上更习惯于一党多数政府。少数民族政府也经常出现在地区和地方一级。几个问题推动了对少数民族政府的研究。第一个问题是少数党政府的形成原因。它们是不合逻辑的结果,还是动荡的政治环境产生的结果,或者是政党理性决策的结果?是否存在某些有利于组建少数民族政府的政治或制度特征?第二条研究线深入探讨了少数民族政府是如何治理的。这包括他们是否通过与议会其他政党的正式协议执政,以及通过议会内的联盟建设战略执政。它还包括对议会中为少数民族政府提供支持的政党的调查,学者称之为“支持政党”。第三条研究线调查少数民族政府的表现。特别是,少数群体地位如何影响政府的任期及其实现政策目标和获得公众支持的能力?虽然对少数民族政府的研究各不相同,但总的来说,它已经从认为少数民族政府是独特的和潜在的问题转变为将其视为能够有效治理的理性内阁解决方案。
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引用次数: 1
Nationalism 民族主义
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2019-10-30 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0283
Umut Özkırımlı
Nationalism is the belief that the interests and values of a particular nation are prior to, and often superior to, those of others. Etymologically, the origins of the term can be traced back to the Latin word natio, or “something born,” which was used by Romans to refer to a community of foreigners. It is commonly believed that in its modern sense of “love for a particular nation,” the term was first used in 1798. Nationalism refers to both an ideology and a political movement. In the context of the French Revolution, nationalism has come to be associated with the more inclusive idea of popular sovereignty based on shared and equal citizenship. Later, under the impact of German Romantic thought, it has also been connected to exclusivist notions of ethnic and cultural distinctiveness. As a political movement, nationalism has often entailed the fusion of these two ideals, presupposing a world composed of “nation-states” in which, at least in theory, each nation has a right to a state of its own, later called the principle of national self-determination. Nationalism has outlived the expectations of a great many thinkers, both on the right and the left, who predicted its imminent demise, and reasserted itself as a powerful tool for mobilization in the wake of the end of the Cold War, inspiring or energizing a vast array of political projects, from independentism and isolationism to authoritarianism and populism. Despite attempts to pool sovereignty in supranational or transnational bodies, mostly to counter the corrosive and uneven impact of globalization, nationalism remains the fundamental organizing principle of interstate order and the ultimate source of political legitimacy. For many, it is also the taken-for-granted context of everyday life and a readily available cognitive and discursive frame to make sense of the world that surrounds them.
民族主义是一种信念,认为一个特定国家的利益和价值观高于其他国家,而且往往高于其他国家。从词源上讲,这个词的起源可以追溯到拉丁语单词natio,或“出生的东西”,罗马人用它来指代外国人群体。人们普遍认为,在现代意义上的“对特定国家的爱”,这个词最早使用于1798年。民族主义是指一种意识形态和一种政治运动。在法国大革命的背景下,民族主义已经与基于共享和平等公民身份的更具包容性的民众主权理念联系在一起。后来,在德国浪漫主义思想的影响下,它也与种族和文化独特性的排他性观念联系在一起。作为一场政治运动,民族主义往往意味着这两种理想的融合,预设了一个由“民族国家”组成的世界,在这个世界中,至少在理论上,每个国家都有权建立自己的国家,后来被称为民族自决原则。民族主义的寿命超过了许多左翼和右翼思想家的预期,他们预测民族主义即将消亡,并在冷战结束后重申自己是动员的有力工具,激发或激励了从独立主义、孤立主义到威权主义和民粹主义的一系列政治项目。尽管试图将主权集中在超国家或跨国机构中,主要是为了应对全球化的腐蚀性和不均衡影响,但民族主义仍然是国家间秩序的基本组织原则和政治合法性的最终来源。对许多人来说,这也是日常生活中理所当然的背景,也是一个现成的认知和话语框架,可以理解他们周围的世界。
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引用次数: 0
Argentine Government and Politics 阿根廷政府与政治
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2019-09-25 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0278
Juan Pablo Micozzi
Even long before its last democratic restoration in 1983, Argentina has been a salient case for comparative political analyses. Several relevant concepts and events—such as the bureaucratic-authoritarian state and the presence of an impossible game developed by O’Donnell; the paradox of underdevelopment compared to Australia or Canada, as explained by Platt, Martin, and Di Tella; the emergence of a rara avis called Peronism in the work of Gino Germani and others; or the path of transition by collapse depicted by O’Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead—kept the profile of this country high in the consideration of academic scholarship. History helped to bring about this high profile in an undeniable manner. Within a century, Argentina hosted multiple military coups and further democratic restorations, successive calls for elections where the plurality party was banned from competition, an almost never-ending cycle of economic crises, and even a war against a NATO member that triggered the last return to democracy in 1983. Throughout the more than three straight decades of contemporary democracy, different dimensions of politics and government in Argentina have been analyzed by the literature. The complex interactions among actors and institutions in a country characterized by presidentialism, federalism, political mobilization, interruptions of executive mandates, a wide middle class, redistributive claims, a past of repression, and cyclical economic shocks, among others, forged substantive political dynamics. Most of these dimensions will be reviewed in this chapter, whose contributions have been published in the most relevant journals and presses, especially in the areas of institutions, subnational politics, and clientelism and patronage.
早在1983年上一次恢复民主之前,阿根廷就已经成为比较政治分析的突出案例。几个相关的概念和事件——比如官僚专制国家和奥唐纳开发的不可能游戏的存在;与澳大利亚或加拿大相比,发展不足的悖论,正如普拉特、马丁和迪特拉所解释的那样;在吉诺·日尔曼等人的作品中出现了一种名为庇隆主义的rara avis;或者奥唐纳、施米特和怀特黑德描绘的崩溃转型之路,使这个国家在学术学术研究方面保持了较高的知名度。历史以一种不可否认的方式促成了这种高调。在一个世纪内,阿根廷经历了多次军事政变和进一步的民主恢复,连续呼吁举行选举,禁止多数党参加竞争,经济危机几乎永无止境,甚至在1983年爆发了一场针对北约成员国的战争,引发了最后一次民主回归。在当代民主的三十多年里,文献对阿根廷政治和政府的不同层面进行了分析。在一个以总统制、联邦制、政治动员、行政授权中断、广泛的中产阶级、再分配主张、过去的镇压和周期性经济冲击等为特征的国家,行动者和机构之间的复杂互动形成了实质性的政治动力。本章将对其中大多数方面进行审查,他们的贡献已发表在最相关的期刊和出版社上,特别是在机构、国家以下政治、客户主义和赞助等领域。
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引用次数: 0
Public Opinion on Immigration 移民舆论
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2019-09-25 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0280
K. Victor
The movement of people within states and across state borders has occurred for hundreds of years. Research examining how, when, and why domestic populations perceive of positive or negative impacts from the rise or fall of immigration is examined in the following sections. Within the literature on public opinion and immigration, various themes, immigrant groups, and domestic populations are examined; public opinion in receiving countries tends to be limited to North America, western Europe, and Australia. The first theme examines the impact of immigrant types—certain immigrants are viewed more favorably than others. The frames used by elites and the news media help to develop the notion of deservedness or usefulness of immigrant types. How often the immigration issue is in the news or in the political sphere, along with the tone of the coverage, heightens the salience and can influence public opinion on immigration. The second theme examines the role of economics at the personal, regional, or national levels. This research examines more than just personal or national economic context; it also examines additional underlying attitudes and beliefs about racial and ethnic groups, such as group threat and proximity to immigrant groups, that may be active or latent and influence public opinion on immigration. The third theme examines when and how public opinion on immigration influences other policy areas, such as individual preferences for further integration in the European Union (EU), or support for welfare and other redistributive programs sponsored by the state. The fourth theme is how and when public opinion on immigration changes—what explains periods of slow and steady support or opposition, versus periods of rapid or volatile changes to public opinion on immigration. There are a few recurring points of interest across the several broad themes outlined above: (1) perceptions of positive or negative impact of immigrants in the receiving country, (2) perceptions of the number of immigrants compared to domestic populations in receiving country, and (3) the current salience and context of the immigration issue in the receiving country.
数百年来,人们在州内和州边界之间的流动一直在发生。以下各节研究了国内人口如何、何时以及为什么认为移民的上升或下降会产生积极或消极影响。在关于公众舆论和移民的文献中,研究了各种主题、移民群体和国内人口;接受国的舆论往往局限于北美、西欧和澳大利亚。第一个主题考察了移民类型的影响——某些移民比其他移民更受欢迎。精英和新闻媒体使用的框架有助于发展移民类型应得或有用的概念。移民问题在新闻或政治领域的出现频率,以及报道的基调,都会提高人们的关注度,并可能影响公众对移民的看法。第二个主题考察了经济学在个人、地区或国家层面的作用。这项研究考察的不仅仅是个人或国家的经济背景;它还考察了对种族和族裔群体的其他潜在态度和信念,如群体威胁和与移民群体的接近,这些态度和信念可能是积极的或潜在的,并影响公众对移民的看法。第三个主题考察了公众对移民的看法何时以及如何影响其他政策领域,例如个人对进一步融入欧盟(EU)的偏好,或对国家赞助的福利和其他再分配计划的支持。第四个主题是公众对移民的看法如何以及何时发生变化——是什么解释了公众对移民看法的缓慢和稳定的支持或反对时期,以及快速或不稳定的变化时期。在上述几个广泛的主题中,有几个反复出现的兴趣点:(1)对移民在接受国的积极或消极影响的看法,(2)对移民人数与接受国国内人口相比的看法,以及(3)移民问题在接受国目前的突出性和背景。
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引用次数: 0
Positive and Negative Partisanship 积极和消极的党派关系
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2019-09-25 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0282
Alexa Bankert
Partisanship is omnipresent in American politics. Even in European multiparty systems and emerging democracies in Africa, attachments to political parties form easily, enduringly, and almost instantly. Given its potent role in impacting citizens’ political attitudes and behavior, it is no surprise that political scientists have dedicated a tremendous amount of effort and time to examining the origins, conceptualization, and measurement of partisanship. Yet important questions remain: Is partisanship purely psychological, or is it grounded in strong political attitudes and ideologies? Is partisanship influenced by political preferences, or does partisanship influence political preferences? And how does partisanship influence attitudes toward the out-party? This bibliography will introduce readings that address these questions. At the same time, this entry will go beyond the canonical work on positive partisan attachments and introduce the work on negative partisanship—the notion that citizens increasingly feel lukewarm about their own party and primarily define themselves by which political party they do not belong to. The reader can utilize this overview to identify new research avenues.
党派之争在美国政治中无处不在。即使在欧洲多党制国家和非洲新兴民主国家,对政党的依恋也很容易、持久、几乎是即时形成的。鉴于党派关系在影响公民政治态度和行为方面的强大作用,政治学家投入了大量的精力和时间来研究党派关系的起源、概念化和衡量也就不足为奇了。然而重要的问题仍然存在:党派之争是纯粹心理上的,还是基于强烈的政治态度和意识形态?是党派关系受到政治偏好的影响,还是党派关系影响政治偏好?党派之争又如何影响人们对党外人士的态度?本参考书目将介绍解决这些问题的阅读材料。同时,这篇文章将超越对积极党派依恋的权威研究,并介绍对消极党派的研究——即公民对自己的政党越来越不热情,并主要通过不属于哪个政党来定义自己。读者可以利用这个概述来确定新的研究途径。
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引用次数: 2
Non-voting in the 2018 Romanian referendum: the importance of initiators, campaigning and issue saliency 2018年罗马尼亚公投不投票:发起者的重要性、竞选活动和问题的显著性
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2019-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2020.1781541
Sergiu Gherghina, A. Racu, Aurelian Giugăl, A. Gavriș, Nanuli Silagadze, R. Johnston
ABSTRACT The requirement of a participation quorum for validity makes non-voting in referendums an important type of voting behaviour. This article seeks to explain non-voting in a referendum where the expectation was to have high turnout but where in reality only few voted, i.e. the 2018 referendum on the topic of same-sex marriage in Romania. Our explanations are inspired by the literature on turnout on elections to which we add several specific features of referendums. We propose three major sets of factors derived from the literature: access to resources, strategic decisions and campaign issues. The analysis relies on 36 semi-structured interviews with individuals aged 18 and above conducted in several urban and rural localities throughout Romania between December 2018 and March 2019.
参与法定人数的要求使公民投票中的不投票成为一种重要的投票行为。这篇文章试图解释在公投中不投票的原因,人们期望有很高的投票率,但实际上只有很少的人投票,例如2018年罗马尼亚的同性婚姻公投。我们的解释受到关于选举投票率的文献的启发,我们在这些文献中加上了公民投票的几个具体特征。我们从文献中提出了三组主要因素:获取资源、战略决策和活动问题。该分析依赖于2018年12月至2019年3月期间在罗马尼亚多个城市和农村地区对18岁及以上的个人进行的36次半结构化访谈。
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引用次数: 6
The US lobby and Australian defence policy 美国游说团与澳大利亚国防政策
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2019-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2020.1771883
Sian Troath
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引用次数: 0
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Political Science
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