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Celebrities in US Politics 美国政治名人
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-08-25 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0332
The technological innovations during the 20th and 21st centuries that brought us radio, television, movies, the internet, and social media have created a class of people, celebrities, who, at first glance, wield enormous influence in our society—from setting fashion trends and hairstyles to advancing social movements and political causes. Donald Trump, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Jesse Ventura, and Ronald Reagan rode their celebrity to elective office. Other celebrities are increasingly using their status to influence politics by endorsing candidates for office and pushing for change in domestic and foreign policy. This essay focuses on the scholarship on the effect of celebrities in American politics. The study of celebrities in American politics is a largely interdisciplinary enterprise, with contributions from political science, sociology, marketing, history, cultural studies, mass communication, and communication studies. The literature on celebrities, and, more specifically, celebrities in American politics, has branched off into five key areas – (1) Celebrity Endorsements, (2) Celebrities and American Government Institutions, (3) Celebrity Politics and Celebrity Culture, and (4) Celebrities and the Environment.
20世纪和21世纪的技术创新为我们带来了广播、电视、电影、互联网和社交媒体,造就了一批名人,乍一看,他们在我们的社会中具有巨大的影响力——从引领时尚潮流和发型到推动社会运动和政治事业。唐纳德·特朗普(Donald Trump)、阿诺德·施瓦辛格(Arnold Schwarzenegger)、杰西·文图拉(Jesse Ventura)和罗纳德·里根(Ronald Reagan。其他名人越来越多地利用自己的身份影响政治,支持候选人竞选公职,推动国内外政策的变革。本文主要研究名人在美国政治中的作用。对美国政治名人的研究在很大程度上是一项跨学科的研究,其贡献来自政治学、社会学、市场营销、历史、文化研究、大众传播和传播研究。关于名人,更具体地说,关于美国政治中名人的文献,已经扩展到五个关键领域——(1)名人背书,(2)名人和美国政府机构,(3)名人政治和名人文化,以及(4)名人与环境。
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引用次数: 0
Secession and Secessionist Movements 分离主义和分离主义运动
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-23 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0336
Secession and secessionists movements have proliferated since the end of the Second World War. The academic literature has extensively explored these movements from different aspects. To begin, scholars have developed several legal approaches to explain when and if so how secession should take place, resulting in debates about the normative basis and legality of self-determination. Normative and philosophical approaches have sought to establish a number of necessary preconditions for secession. States, according to some of these authors, should allow secession to happen when they believe that it is morally and practically acceptable. The political economy of secession and secessionist movements has been another key area of research. Debates among scholars in this area have focused on whether wealthy or poor regions are more or less likely to pursue secession, how the presence of oil resources may establish more opportunities for the groups to secede along with incentives for the state to hold onto the territory, and what role state capacity and movement capabilities play in secessionist dynamics. Scholars have also emphasized economic approaches to the study of secession that highlight the costs and benefits of staying in the union compared to seceding. Others have studied secessionism from an international perspective and have particularly focused on exploring the impact of external kin on secessionist movements and on why and how self-determination movements obtain international recognition. International approaches have also explored the roles of ethnic ties and vulnerability in stimulating and curbing secessionist movements. Other scholars have focused on institutional approaches by exploring how different domestic and international institutions have shaped secessionist conflicts. In particular, research in this area has explored the relationship between democracy and secession, institutional legacies, and the role of autonomy and lost autonomy on separatism. Scholars have also examined the strategic choices and behaviors used by both secessionist groups (violence vs. nonviolence) and by states (concession and repression), and relatedly how reputational concerns for resolve and setting precedents shape state behavior toward secessionists. Some research shows that most states are more likely to fight against secessionist movements than to grant them concessions, particularly states facing multiple (potential) separatists. However, other scholars have challenged these claims, and shown that states can use organizational lines to grant some concessions to secessionist groups without damaging their reputations. Looking toward solutions, some scholars have emphasized institutional solutions, such as consociationalism, and still others have looked to international organizations to resolve secessionist conflicts, while skeptics have suggested that approaches like partition are often the only way forward. Finally, there are several new datasets for s
自第二次世界大战结束以来,分裂国家和分离主义运动激增。学术文献从不同角度对这些运动进行了广泛的探讨。首先,学者们已经发展了几种法律方法来解释何时以及如果是这样的话,分裂应该如何发生,导致关于自决的规范基础和合法性的辩论。规范的和哲学的方法试图为脱离建立一些必要的先决条件。其中一些作者认为,当各州认为脱离联邦在道德上和实际上是可以接受的时候,就应该允许这种情况发生。分离主义和分离主义运动的政治经济学是另一个重要的研究领域。该领域学者之间的争论主要集中在富裕或贫困地区是否更有可能寻求分离,石油资源的存在如何为这些群体提供更多的分离机会以及国家保持领土的动机,以及国家能力和运动能力在分离主义动态中扮演什么角色。学者们还强调用经济方法来研究脱离联邦,强调与脱离联邦相比,留在联邦的成本和收益。其他人从国际角度研究分离主义,并特别侧重于探索外部亲属对分离主义运动的影响,以及自决运动为何以及如何获得国际承认。国际途径也探讨了种族关系和脆弱性在刺激和遏制分离主义运动方面的作用。其他学者通过探索不同的国内和国际制度如何形成分离主义冲突,将重点放在制度方法上。特别是,这一领域的研究探讨了民主与分裂的关系、制度遗产以及自治和失去自治对分离主义的作用。学者们还研究了分离主义团体(暴力与非暴力)和国家(让步与镇压)所使用的战略选择和行为,以及有关解决和树立先例的声誉问题如何影响国家对分离主义者的行为。一些研究表明,大多数国家更有可能打击分裂主义运动,而不是给予他们让步,特别是那些面临多个(潜在)分裂主义者的国家。然而,其他学者对这些说法提出了质疑,并表明各州可以利用组织方式向分离主义团体作出一些让步,而不会损害他们的声誉。在寻求解决方案时,一些学者强调制度解决方案,如联合主义,还有一些人则指望国际组织来解决分离主义冲突,而怀疑论者则认为,分裂等方法往往是唯一的出路。最后,有几个新的数据集用于研究分裂和分离主义运动,包括所有处于危险中的少数民族(AMAR)、家庭EPR、SDM等。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring climate change discourses across five Australian federal elections 探究五次澳大利亚联邦选举中气候变化的话语
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2022.2048398
K. Hytten
ABSTRACT It is clear that transitioning towards environmental sustainability requires a strong and sustained effort to address climate change. However, despite high levels of public concern about climate change, it has remained a highly politicised and hotly contested issue in Australia, and Australia’s climate change policy remains inadequate and ineffective. Climate change first emerged as a key election issue in Australia’s 2007 federal election and remained a highly contentious issue in the 2010 election. Although climate change was much less prominent during the 2013 and 2016 election campaigns, it re-emerged as a major election issue in 2019. This paper uses critical discourse analysis to identify and trace climate change discourses in the media through these five federal election campaigns. It explores the main arguments, actors, and discursive strategies associated with two key discourses, how climate change was constructed during each campaign, and the implications of these constructions for the development of Australia’s climate change policy. It is argued that while the discourse of climate change activism has put climate change firmly on the national agenda, the discourse of climate change denialism has contributed to stymieing the development of effective climate change policy in Australia.
摘要很明显,向环境可持续性过渡需要做出强有力和持续的努力来应对气候变化。然而,尽管公众对气候变化高度关注,但在澳大利亚,这仍然是一个高度政治化和激烈争论的问题,澳大利亚的气候变化政策仍然不足且无效。气候变化在2007年澳大利亚联邦选举中首次成为一个关键的选举问题,在2010年的选举中仍然是一个极具争议的问题。尽管气候变化在2013年和2016年的竞选活动中没有那么突出,但它在2019年再次成为一个主要的选举问题。本文运用批判性话语分析法,通过这五次联邦竞选活动来识别和追踪媒体中的气候变化话语。它探讨了与两个关键话语相关的主要论点、参与者和话语策略,气候变化是如何在每次运动中构建的,以及这些构建对澳大利亚气候变化政策发展的影响。有人认为,尽管气候变化激进主义的言论已将气候变化牢牢地列入国家议程,但否认气候变化的言论阻碍了澳大利亚制定有效的气候变化政策。
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引用次数: 0
Expertise within democracy: the case of New Zealand’s climate change commission 民主领域的专业知识:新西兰气候变化委员会的案例
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2021.2022902
D. Hall
ABSTRACT The Climate Change Commission (CCC) has a mandate to provide independent, expert advice to the New Zealand Government to enhance the clarity and stability of climate change policies. This institutional innovation has occasionally been rationalised as a form of expert rule, especially by analogy with central banks. In reality, however, the CCC only has advisory powers, so lacks the practical authority to enforce rules or operate policy instruments. How then might the CCC exert greater influence on the low-emissions transition? One option is to double-down on the model of expert rule – that is, to create exceptions to parliamentary sovereignty and to empower the CCC as a technocratic (or epistocratic) institution that has independence over the means (and ends) of climate change policy. Subsequently, the CCC would have a right not only to be believed, but obeyed. But this is politically improbable and also increases the CCC’s susceptibility to trends in political culture and mass media that erode the epistemic privilege of experts. Accordingly, this paper offers reasons for the CCC to deepen its entanglement with democracy, such that its epistemic authority might achieve greater practical authority by informing the ends of popular sovereignty.
气候变化委员会(CCC)的任务是向新西兰政府提供独立的专家建议,以提高气候变化政策的明确性和稳定性。这种制度创新有时被合理化为一种专家规则,尤其是通过与央行的类比。然而,实际上,CCC只有咨询权力,因此缺乏执行规则或操作政策工具的实际权力。那么,气候变化框架公约如何对低排放转型发挥更大的影响呢?一种选择是在专家规则模式上加倍努力——也就是说,在议会主权之外创造例外,并授权气候变化委员会作为一个技术官僚(或官僚)机构,在气候变化政策的手段(和目的)上具有独立性。随后,CCC不仅有权被相信,而且有权被服从。但这在政治上是不可能的,而且也增加了CCC对政治文化和大众媒体趋势的敏感性,这些趋势侵蚀了专家的知识特权。因此,本文提供了CCC深化其与民主纠缠的理由,以便其认识权威可以通过告知人民主权的目的来获得更大的实践权威。
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引用次数: 0
The cultural politics of climate change adaptation: an analysis of the tourism sector in Aotearoa New Zealand 适应气候变化的文化政治:对新西兰奥特罗阿旅游业的分析
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2021.2021803
Priya Kurian, Debashish Munshi, Raven Cretney, Sandra L. Morrison, Lyn Kathlene
ABSTRACT A huge number of climate change adaptation projects are underway to manage risk and minimise vulnerability for communities and businesses. Yet, adaptation processes are often ineffective because of deeply entrenched structures of power and different value systems leading to conflicting priorities for action. This paper draws on the notion of cultural politics to understand climate change adaptation in the tourism sector of Aotearoa New Zealand, a sector that depends on the environment for its survival but neglects it for short-term gains, often precipitating maladaptation in the process. Building on insights into how and why the tourism industry – in a pre-COVID19 context – struggled to adapt to the urgent imperatives of climate change, the paper goes on to show how a culture-centred, deliberative democratic approach can be applied to identify pathways for a transition to an environmentally sustainable tourism sector that can adapt to a climate-changed and pandemic-affected world.
摘要大量的气候变化适应项目正在进行中,以管理风险,最大限度地减少社区和企业的脆弱性。然而,由于根深蒂固的权力结构和不同的价值体系导致行动优先事项相互冲突,适应进程往往无效。本文利用文化政治的概念来理解新西兰奥特亚旅游业的气候变化适应,该行业依赖环境生存,但为了短期利益而忽视环境,往往在这个过程中引发适应不良。在深入了解旅游业在2019冠状病毒病之前如何以及为什么难以适应气候变化的紧迫性的基础上,该论文继续展示了以文化为中心,可以采用审慎民主的方法来确定向环境可持续的旅游业转型的途径,以适应气候变化和受疫情影响的世界。
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引用次数: 0
Do New Zealand select committees still make a difference? The case of the Climate Change Response (Zero Carbon) Amendment Bill 2019 新西兰的专责委员会还能发挥作用吗?《2019年气候变化应对(零碳)修正法案》案例
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2021.2019591
W. Dreyer, Elisabeth Ellis
ABSTRACT An emerging consensus among scholars of environmental politics includes public participation in the legislative process as a critical condition of the transition to sustainability. The select committee process in Aotearoa New Zealand has long been celebrated for its apparent openness to public participation. We examine the select committee process as it functioned in the case of the Climate Change Response (Zero Carbon) Amendment Bill 2019, employing a quantitative analysis that mapped categories of submitters’ policy propositions through the constant comparative method, and compare them against the recommendations of the majority and minority perspectives of the Environment Select Committee. In addition, we compare the majority and minority recommendations to the Departmental Report. The results of this case study incline us to question the assumption that submitters have influence with select committees and the extent of committee deliberation. If the transition to sustainability depends on the government’s capacity for transformative change, and that capacity in turn depends on the strength of its deliberative system, then our study provides some reason to worry about the capacity of government in Aotearoa New Zealand to respond to the challenge of climate change.
环境政治学者之间正在形成一种共识,即公众参与立法过程是向可持续性过渡的关键条件。新西兰奥特罗阿的特别委员会程序长期以来一直因其对公众参与的明显开放性而备受赞誉。我们研究了特别委员会在《2019年气候变化应对(零碳)修正案法案》中的运作情况,采用定量分析方法,通过持续比较方法绘制了提交者政策主张的类别,并将其与环境特别委员会多数和少数观点的建议进行了比较。此外,我们会将多数和少数建议与部门报告进行比较。本案例研究的结果使我们怀疑提交者对特别委员会有影响力的假设以及委员会审议的程度。如果向可持续发展的过渡取决于政府进行变革的能力,而这种能力又取决于其审议制度的强度,那么我们的研究提供了一些理由来担心新西兰政府应对气候变化挑战的能力。
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引用次数: 0
New Zealand’s transition attempts to a more sustainable economy: political statements and governance realities 新西兰向更可持续的经济转型的尝试:政治声明和治理现实
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2021.2019592
V. Dinica
ABSTRACT This article explores how key political parties have operationalised the only three economic models discussed politically in New Zealand, since 2009: green growth (GG); circular economy (CE), bioeconomy (BE). For the later, two approaches are distinguished, given the different sustainability performance expected: a ‘natural bioeconomy’ (BE-1) and a ‘genetic engineering bioeconomy’ (BE-2). Findings indicate that all parties and governments have predominantly supported weak and partial sustainability operationalisations of these models. The conservative National Party conflates resource-intensive capitalism with GG and BE-2. The Labour Party’s approaches to CE and BE-1 are fragmented and narrow, with no overarching national strategies; since retaking power in 2017, governmental initiatives remain dominated by the timid GG approach of the past. Labour is mildly open towards several types of high-risk genetic-engineering, consistent with BE-2. The National Party supports BE-2 transitions as wholeheartedly as the Green Party opposes them. Surprisingly, Labour’s interest in BE-1 and CBE-1 innovations is limited, framed only by climate mitigation goals. It is unclear whether any political party New Zealand currently understands or wishes to implement contemporary conceptualisations of an innovative, ecologically-sound circular natural bioeconomy (CBE-1).
本文探讨了自2009年以来,主要政党如何在新西兰实施政治上讨论的三种经济模式:绿色增长(GG);循环经济(CE)、生物经济(BE)。对于后者,考虑到预期的不同可持续性表现,可以区分两种方法:“自然生物经济”(BE-1)和“基因工程生物经济”(BE-2)。研究结果表明,所有各方和政府都主要支持这些模型的薄弱和部分可持续性运作。保守的国家党将资源密集型资本主义与GG和BE-2混为一谈。工党对欧盟行政长官和欧盟-1的做法是分散和狭隘的,没有总体的国家战略;自2017年重新掌权以来,政府的举措仍然由过去胆小的GG方式主导。工党对几种高风险基因工程持温和开放态度,与BE-2一致。国家党全心全意地支持BE-2过渡,而绿党则坚决反对。令人惊讶的是,工党对BE-1和CBE-1创新的兴趣是有限的,仅受气候缓解目标的限制。目前尚不清楚新西兰是否有任何政党理解或希望实施创新的、生态无害的循环自然生物经济(CBE-1)的当代概念。
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引用次数: 1
Institutionalising environmental sustainability transitions in New Zealand and Australia: Introduction to the special issue 新西兰和澳大利亚环境可持续性转型的制度化:特刊导论
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2022.2037440
Sam Crawley, V. Dinica
ABSTRACT Politics is critical to understanding the pathways to a sustainable future. In recent years, a scholarly field has emerged, seeking to understand whether transitions towards more sustainable societies and economies occur and, if so, how they unfold. However, this field has not always fully incorporated the role of politics in shaping discourses, institutions and economic visions, or considered regions outside of Europe and North America. In this introduction to the special issue, we briefly review the field of sustainability transitions, highlighting the need to better capture the role played by political factors, institutions and (debates on) economic innovations in these transitions. We explain that sustainability is a contested concept, with two dominant conceptualisations: weak and strong sustainability. The framework of sustainability transitions allows us to position the contributions of the articles included in this special issue, which examine governance and institutions, media discourses, the role of industry and alternative economic models. The special issue focuses on two jurisdictions infrequently discussed in the literature on sustainability transitions: New Zealand and Australia. The special issue thus contributes new theoretical and empirical perspectives on the role of politics, political institutions and economic visions in sustainability transitions in the South Pacific.
摘要政治对于理解通往可持续未来的道路至关重要。近年来,出现了一个学术领域,试图了解是否会向更可持续的社会和经济转型,如果是,转型将如何展开。然而,这个领域并不总是完全纳入政治在塑造话语、制度和经济愿景方面的作用,也不总是考虑欧洲和北美以外的地区。在本期特刊的引言中,我们简要回顾了可持续性转型领域,强调需要更好地了解政治因素、体制和(关于)经济创新在这些转型中发挥的作用。我们解释说,可持续性是一个有争议的概念,有两个主要概念:弱可持续性和强可持续性。可持续性转型的框架使我们能够定位本期特刊中文章的贡献,这些文章审查了治理和机构、媒体话语、行业的作用和替代经济模式。这期特刊的重点是关于可持续性过渡的文献中很少讨论的两个管辖区:新西兰和澳大利亚。因此,该特刊为政治、政治体制和经济愿景在南太平洋可持续性转型中的作用提供了新的理论和经验视角。
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引用次数: 3
Impact of C-SPAN on US Democracy C-SPAN对美国民主的影响
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-02-24 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0328
Robert Browning
In 1979, a new US cable television network was created. It was called C-SPAN, an acronym reflecting its origin. The Cable Satellite Public Affairs Network was created to record public affairs programming and deliver it by cable and satellite into US homes. Cable was a nascent industry at that time. It began mostly as a retransmission of broadcast signals into areas that had poor terrestrial reception. The satellite revolution of the 1970s known as “Open Skies” made it possible for new networks to deliver their signals to home satellite dishes, but more importantly, to cable operators who were offered new exclusive, nonbroadcast networks that they could sell to the local subscribers. Home Box Office, or HBO, was successful delivering movies this way, which allowed commercial-free content offered for a premium. Cable operators were thus interested in this new satellite-delivered content that would distinguish cable and give customers reasons to subscribe. Brian Lamb was one of these network entrepreneurs, who with a background in radio, broadcast television, public affairs, satellite policy, and cable television, envisioned a cable satellite network that would bring unedited, Washington, DC–based public affairs programming delivered over cable television systems to American homes. He convinced some cable television executives, with a complementary entrepreneur spirit, to invest in his idea. The result was a nonprofit network dedicated to public affairs events in their entirety. It would be paid for by monthly, per-home license fees paid by the cable operators to the network in exchange for receiving the television signal. This, however, was just half of the story of the origin of C-SPAN. While Brian Lamb was developing his idea and thinking of how content from Washington, DC, events could be delivered via satellite to cable systems, another group was also working on a similar idea. The year was 1977 and the group was the United States House of Representatives. The mid-1970s were a heady time for the US Congress. President Nixon resigned in 1974 after congressional investigations of the 1972 Watergate break in. Congress passed the far-reaching War Powers Act and Congressional Budget Impoundment Act over presidential vetoes to strengthen Congress over what noted historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. wrote was the “Imperial Presidency.” When the US House of Representatives first televised its proceedings on 19 March 1979, C-SPAN began transmitting the signal via satellite and the new network was available.
1979年,一个新的美国有线电视网成立。它被称为C-SPAN,这是一个反映其起源的首字母缩写。有线卫星公共事务网络是为了记录公共事务节目,并通过有线电视和卫星将其传送到美国家庭。有线电视在当时还是一个新生产业。它最初主要是将广播信号重新传输到地面接收较差的地区。20世纪70年代被称为“开放天空”的卫星革命使新网络有可能将信号传输到家庭卫星天线,但更重要的是,传输到有线电视运营商,他们可以向当地用户出售新的独家非广播网络。家庭票房(Home Box Office,简称HBO)以这种方式成功地提供了电影,允许以溢价提供免费的商业内容。因此,有线电视运营商对这种新的卫星传输内容感兴趣,这种内容将区分有线电视,并为客户提供订阅理由。Brian Lamb就是其中一位网络企业家,他拥有广播、广播电视、公共事务、卫星政策和有线电视的背景,他设想了一个有线卫星网络,将通过有线电视系统向美国家庭提供未经编辑的华盛顿特区公共事务节目。他说服了一些具有互补企业家精神的有线电视高管对他的想法进行投资。其结果是建立了一个致力于公共事务活动的非营利网络。它将由有线电视运营商每月向网络支付每个家庭的许可费,以换取接收电视信号。然而,这只是C-SPAN起源故事的一半。当Brian Lamb正在发展他的想法,并思考如何通过卫星到有线电视系统提供来自华盛顿特区的活动内容时,另一个小组也在研究类似的想法。那一年是1977年,当时的组织是美国众议院。20世纪70年代中期是美国国会令人兴奋的时期。1974年,尼克松总统在国会对1972年水门事件进行调查后辞职。国会通过了影响深远的《战争权力法》和《国会预算征收法》,推翻了总统的否决权,以加强国会对著名历史学家小阿瑟·施莱辛格所写的“帝国总统任期”的支持。“当美国众议院于1979年3月19日首次对其会议过程进行电视转播时,C-SPAN开始通过卫星传输信号,新的网络可用。
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引用次数: 0
Intersectionality in Political Science 政治学中的交叉性
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-12 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0327
Nadia E. Brown, G. Caballero, S. Gershon
At its heart, intersectionality is a study of relative power. As such, political scientists have employed this approach as both a theory and method to examine political behavior and the state’s interaction with social groups as citizens and noncitizens. Intersectionality is a framework that recognizes the interconnectedness of sociopolitical categories that overlap with systems of discrimination or disadvantage. The study of intersectionality is interdisciplinary and does not have one academic home. As such, we compiled a list of texts that have used this concept, methodological framework, or theoretical approach to answer questions using a political science lens with the goal of providing a broad summary of contemporary research in this field. Furthermore, we made an effort to represent research that highlights the variation among social groups, regions, and issues as a way to illustrate the diversity within intersectional research projects. In political science, intersectionality has been used as a normative theoretical argument and a methodological approach to empirical research. Rooted in Black feminist theory and praxis, intersectionality has been employed as an analytical tool to bring to light issues of marginalization and systematic oppression that were previously invisible by using a single axis approach. Much of political science research seeks to understand the experiences of those with one or more marginalized identities as political actors. The research in this field is diverse in the populations and questions examined as well as the methods employed. Contemporary research on intersectionality includes comparative and international research on nations around the world. It explores the role of institutions, culture, and context as well as individual political identities, attitudes, and behavior. This scholarship also examines the differences of experiences within populations—such as women and racial, ethnic, or religious minorities often grouped for analysis in other fields. In applying an intersectional analysis to political experiences of these populations, this research often highlights the ways in which different identities are associated with distinct attitudes, behavior, and political outcomes. As a result, intersectionality research in political science offers deeper insights into political phenomena that were previously examined with a single axis approach. For example, studies of women’s political involvement that did not account for difference among groups of women failed to account for how ethno-racial, sexual orientation, nativity, disability, or religion may have influenced women’s political experiences and political outcomes. Among the debates engaged by this literature are questions revolving around the political experiences associated with multiple marginalized identities. Specifically, do groups, candidates, or public officials who possess multiple marginalized identities experience a so-called double disadvantage? So
交叉性的核心是对相对权力的研究。因此,政治学家将这种方法作为一种理论和方法来研究政治行为以及国家与作为公民和非公民的社会群体的互动。交叉性是一个框架,它承认与歧视或不利制度重叠的社会政治类别的相互联系。交叉性的研究是跨学科的,没有一个学术家。因此,我们编制了一份使用这一概念、方法框架或理论方法的文本列表,这些文本使用政治科学的视角来回答问题,目的是对这一领域的当代研究进行广泛的总结。此外,我们还努力代表那些强调社会群体、地区和问题之间差异的研究,以此来说明交叉研究项目中的多样性。在政治学中,交叉性被用作规范的理论论证和实证研究的方法论方法。交叉性根植于黑人女权主义理论和实践中,被用作一种分析工具,以揭示边缘化和系统性压迫问题,这些问题以前用单轴方法是看不见的。许多政治科学研究试图理解那些具有一个或多个边缘化身份的人作为政治行动者的经历。这一领域的研究在人口和问题以及所采用的方法方面是多种多样的。当代对交叉性的研究包括对世界各国的比较研究和国际研究。它探讨了制度、文化和环境的作用,以及个人的政治身份、态度和行为。这种学术研究还考察了人群内部的经验差异,例如妇女和种族、民族或宗教少数群体,这些群体通常被归类为其他领域的分析对象。在对这些人群的政治经历进行交叉分析时,这项研究经常强调不同的身份与不同的态度、行为和政治结果之间的联系。因此,政治学中的交叉性研究为以前用单轴方法研究的政治现象提供了更深入的见解。例如,关于妇女政治参与的研究如果没有考虑到妇女群体之间的差异,就无法解释族裔、种族、性取向、出生、残疾或宗教可能如何影响妇女的政治经历和政治结果。在这些文献所涉及的辩论中,围绕着与多重边缘身份相关的政治经历的问题。具体来说,拥有多重边缘身份的群体、候选人或公职人员是否经历了所谓的双重劣势?一些研究表明这是事实,而另一些研究则发现与交叉身份相关的战略优势。
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