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Political freedom, news consumption, and patterns of political trust: evidence from East and Southeast Asia, 2001-2016 政治自由、新闻消费和政治信任模式:来自东亚和东南亚的证据,2001-2016
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2021.1968767
Anli Jiang, T. Zhang
ABSTRACT The gap between trust in central and local governments remains an unsolved puzzle in social sciences. Based on existing theoretical frameworks and our analyses of the Asian Barometer Survey data (2001–2016), we found three types of trust gaps in Asian societies: equal trust, paradoxical trust, and hierarchical trust. We speculated the differences could be explained by macro-level political freedom and individual-level predictors such as how people consume political news. Multilevel analyses revealed the political freedom of a society is a critical predictor of the trust gap: people from politically unfree societies tend to trust their central governments the most. Furthermore, freedom and frequency of news consumption interact in shaping political trust: in free societies, people who follow news frequently have less political trust; in unfree societies, the opposite is true, suggesting media propaganda plays a role in shaping political trust. This study helps to explain authoritarian resilience in East and Southeast Asia.
摘要对中央和地方政府的信任差距仍然是社会科学中一个悬而未决的难题。基于现有的理论框架和我们对亚洲晴雨表调查数据(2001-2006)的分析,我们发现亚洲社会存在三种类型的信任差距:平等信任、矛盾信任和等级信任。我们推测,这种差异可以用宏观层面的政治自由和个人层面的预测因素来解释,比如人们如何消费政治新闻。多层面分析表明,一个社会的政治自由是信任差距的关键预测因素:来自政治不自由社会的人往往最信任他们的中央政府。此外,新闻消费的自由度和频率在塑造政治信任方面相互作用:在自由社会中,经常关注新闻的人政治信任度较低;在不自由的社会中,情况正好相反,这表明媒体宣传在塑造政治信任方面发挥着作用。这项研究有助于解释东亚和东南亚的威权弹性。
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引用次数: 7
The Hong Kong crisis and its effect on the 2020 presidential election in Taiwan
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2022.2042337
A. Ponce, Ching-Hsing Wang
ABSTRACT This study examines the role played by the Hong Kong crisis in the outcome of the 2020 Taiwanese presidential election. Using the original data from a two-wave panel survey, we present solid evidence showing that the effect of cross-strait relations on voting behaviour in Taiwan is certainly complex and intricate. This study finds that greater optimism about Taiwan’s future is conducive to the Democratic Progressive Party’s chance of winning the election. However, when Taiwanese voters takes into consideration the Hong Kong crisis, it is found that greater optimism about Taiwan’s future helps relatively more the Kuomintang. Thus, this study deepens our understanding of the role of the cross-strait relations in shaping electoral behaviour in Taiwan for presidential elections.
利用两波面板调查的原始数据,我们提出了确凿的证据,表明两岸关系对台湾投票行为的影响当然是复杂和错综复杂的。本研究发现,对台湾未来的乐观情绪,有利于民进党赢得选举的机会。然而,当台湾选民考虑到香港危机时,发现对台湾未来的更大乐观情绪相对更有利于国民党。
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引用次数: 1
COVID-19, trade policy and agriculture in New Zealand: from ‘environmental vandals’ to ‘economic heroes’? 2019冠状病毒病、新西兰的贸易政策和农业:从“环境破坏者”到“经济英雄”?
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2022.2057336
M. Castle
ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has upended global trade. Production patterns have shifted, with widely publicised impacts on supply chains and a stark reduction in the trade in services that involve the movement of people, such as travel and tourism. While the global economy faltered and New Zealand’s services trade all but evaporated, the country’s agricultural exports remained robust. How has this strong performance in the face of adverse conditions shaped the public depiction of agricultural producers, who had previously faced a change in government and growing public criticism around agriculture’s environmental impact? I expect the export performance of agricultural producers to have resulted in a more positive public depiction. Quantitative text analysis of news media data supports this view. The average sentiment in news media about agriculture has improved over the course of the pandemic. This is not just a product of cheery reporting about export performance: I report a positive trend for articles relating to agriculture and the environment, the very issue that has been most contentious in recent years. COVID-19 has seemed an unexpected boon for agricultural producers, the public depiction of whom has been strengthened on the back of their contributions to New Zealand’s export economy.
摘要新冠肺炎疫情颠覆了全球贸易。生产模式发生了变化,对供应链的影响被广泛宣传,涉及人员流动的服务贸易(如旅行和旅游)也大幅减少。尽管全球经济步履蹒跚,新西兰的服务贸易几乎蒸发,但该国的农产品出口仍然强劲。面对不利条件,这种强劲的表现是如何塑造公众对农业生产者的描述的?此前,农业生产者曾面临政府更迭和公众对农业环境影响的日益批评?我预计农业生产商的出口表现会给公众带来更积极的描述。对新闻媒体数据的定量文本分析支持这一观点。在疫情期间,新闻媒体对农业的平均情绪有所改善。这不仅仅是愉快地报道出口表现的结果:我报道了与农业和环境有关的文章的积极趋势,这正是近年来最具争议的问题。新冠肺炎似乎给农业生产者带来了意想不到的好处,由于他们对新西兰出口经济的贡献,公众对他们的描述得到了加强。
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引用次数: 1
The Study of Independent Voters 独立选民的研究
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2021-08-25 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0338
More Americans identify as Independent than as Republican or Democrat. Who are Independents and how do they impact American politics? This question does not have a clear-cut answer. On the one hand, American Independents are pursued by media and politicians for their (perceived) nonpartisan behavior and their ability to swing elections. On the other hand, Independents are ignored for their low political engagement and dismissed as “closet partisans.” As a result, many analyses of American voters either remove Independents entirely or combine leaners—those Independents who admit feeling closer toward one party or the other—with weak partisans. This puts Independents and the researchers who study them in a strange position as we attempt to understand the role of Independent voters in American politics. The debate about whether Independent leaners are truly independent or whether they are “closet partisans” dominates the literature, but a thorough review of the evidence reveals many interesting findings and generates many interesting research questions surrounding the motivations for an Independent identity and its consequences. We address the who, how, why, and where of Independent voters: Who Are Independents? discusses Measurement of Party Identity and Independence, Partisan Dealignment, and Demographics of Independent Voters; How Do Independents Behave? discusses Voting, Political Interest and Engagement, and Implicit Attitudes and Intergroup Bias; Why Identify As Independent? discusses intrapersonal and interpersonal motivations for identifying as Independent; and Where Do We Go From Here? suggests common practices for researchers to enhance the study of Independent voters.
与共和党或民主党相比,更多的美国人认同独立派。谁是独立人士,他们如何影响美国政治?这个问题没有明确的答案。一方面,美国独立人士因其(被认为)无党派行为和左右选举的能力而受到媒体和政客的追捧。另一方面,无党派人士因其政治参与度低而被忽视,并被视为“隐秘的党派人士”。因此,许多对美国选民的分析要么将无党派人士完全除名,要么将倾向于某一党派的无党派人士与软弱的党派人士合并。当我们试图理解独立选民在美国政治中的作用时,这让独立人士和研究他们的研究人员处于一个奇怪的境地。关于独立倾向者是否真正独立,或者他们是否是“秘密党派”的争论占据了文献的主导地位,但对证据的彻底审查揭示了许多有趣的发现,并产生了许多关于独立身份动机及其后果的有趣研究问题。我们讨论了独立选民的身份、方式、原因和地点:谁是独立选民?讨论了政党身份和独立性的衡量、党派关系和独立选民的人口统计;独立人士的行为如何?讨论了投票、政治利益和参与、隐含态度和群体间偏见;为什么认为自己是独立的?讨论了认同独立的内在和人际动机;以及我们将何去何从?为研究人员提出了加强对独立选民研究的常见做法。
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引用次数: 0
Celebrities in US Politics 美国政治名人
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2021-08-25 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0332
The technological innovations during the 20th and 21st centuries that brought us radio, television, movies, the internet, and social media have created a class of people, celebrities, who, at first glance, wield enormous influence in our society—from setting fashion trends and hairstyles to advancing social movements and political causes. Donald Trump, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Jesse Ventura, and Ronald Reagan rode their celebrity to elective office. Other celebrities are increasingly using their status to influence politics by endorsing candidates for office and pushing for change in domestic and foreign policy. This essay focuses on the scholarship on the effect of celebrities in American politics. The study of celebrities in American politics is a largely interdisciplinary enterprise, with contributions from political science, sociology, marketing, history, cultural studies, mass communication, and communication studies. The literature on celebrities, and, more specifically, celebrities in American politics, has branched off into five key areas – (1) Celebrity Endorsements, (2) Celebrities and American Government Institutions, (3) Celebrity Politics and Celebrity Culture, and (4) Celebrities and the Environment.
20世纪和21世纪的技术创新为我们带来了广播、电视、电影、互联网和社交媒体,造就了一批名人,乍一看,他们在我们的社会中具有巨大的影响力——从引领时尚潮流和发型到推动社会运动和政治事业。唐纳德·特朗普(Donald Trump)、阿诺德·施瓦辛格(Arnold Schwarzenegger)、杰西·文图拉(Jesse Ventura)和罗纳德·里根(Ronald Reagan。其他名人越来越多地利用自己的身份影响政治,支持候选人竞选公职,推动国内外政策的变革。本文主要研究名人在美国政治中的作用。对美国政治名人的研究在很大程度上是一项跨学科的研究,其贡献来自政治学、社会学、市场营销、历史、文化研究、大众传播和传播研究。关于名人,更具体地说,关于美国政治中名人的文献,已经扩展到五个关键领域——(1)名人背书,(2)名人和美国政府机构,(3)名人政治和名人文化,以及(4)名人与环境。
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引用次数: 0
Secession and Secessionist Movements 分离主义和分离主义运动
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2021-06-23 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0336
Secession and secessionists movements have proliferated since the end of the Second World War. The academic literature has extensively explored these movements from different aspects. To begin, scholars have developed several legal approaches to explain when and if so how secession should take place, resulting in debates about the normative basis and legality of self-determination. Normative and philosophical approaches have sought to establish a number of necessary preconditions for secession. States, according to some of these authors, should allow secession to happen when they believe that it is morally and practically acceptable. The political economy of secession and secessionist movements has been another key area of research. Debates among scholars in this area have focused on whether wealthy or poor regions are more or less likely to pursue secession, how the presence of oil resources may establish more opportunities for the groups to secede along with incentives for the state to hold onto the territory, and what role state capacity and movement capabilities play in secessionist dynamics. Scholars have also emphasized economic approaches to the study of secession that highlight the costs and benefits of staying in the union compared to seceding. Others have studied secessionism from an international perspective and have particularly focused on exploring the impact of external kin on secessionist movements and on why and how self-determination movements obtain international recognition. International approaches have also explored the roles of ethnic ties and vulnerability in stimulating and curbing secessionist movements. Other scholars have focused on institutional approaches by exploring how different domestic and international institutions have shaped secessionist conflicts. In particular, research in this area has explored the relationship between democracy and secession, institutional legacies, and the role of autonomy and lost autonomy on separatism. Scholars have also examined the strategic choices and behaviors used by both secessionist groups (violence vs. nonviolence) and by states (concession and repression), and relatedly how reputational concerns for resolve and setting precedents shape state behavior toward secessionists. Some research shows that most states are more likely to fight against secessionist movements than to grant them concessions, particularly states facing multiple (potential) separatists. However, other scholars have challenged these claims, and shown that states can use organizational lines to grant some concessions to secessionist groups without damaging their reputations. Looking toward solutions, some scholars have emphasized institutional solutions, such as consociationalism, and still others have looked to international organizations to resolve secessionist conflicts, while skeptics have suggested that approaches like partition are often the only way forward. Finally, there are several new datasets for s
自第二次世界大战结束以来,分裂国家和分离主义运动激增。学术文献从不同角度对这些运动进行了广泛的探讨。首先,学者们已经发展了几种法律方法来解释何时以及如果是这样的话,分裂应该如何发生,导致关于自决的规范基础和合法性的辩论。规范的和哲学的方法试图为脱离建立一些必要的先决条件。其中一些作者认为,当各州认为脱离联邦在道德上和实际上是可以接受的时候,就应该允许这种情况发生。分离主义和分离主义运动的政治经济学是另一个重要的研究领域。该领域学者之间的争论主要集中在富裕或贫困地区是否更有可能寻求分离,石油资源的存在如何为这些群体提供更多的分离机会以及国家保持领土的动机,以及国家能力和运动能力在分离主义动态中扮演什么角色。学者们还强调用经济方法来研究脱离联邦,强调与脱离联邦相比,留在联邦的成本和收益。其他人从国际角度研究分离主义,并特别侧重于探索外部亲属对分离主义运动的影响,以及自决运动为何以及如何获得国际承认。国际途径也探讨了种族关系和脆弱性在刺激和遏制分离主义运动方面的作用。其他学者通过探索不同的国内和国际制度如何形成分离主义冲突,将重点放在制度方法上。特别是,这一领域的研究探讨了民主与分裂的关系、制度遗产以及自治和失去自治对分离主义的作用。学者们还研究了分离主义团体(暴力与非暴力)和国家(让步与镇压)所使用的战略选择和行为,以及有关解决和树立先例的声誉问题如何影响国家对分离主义者的行为。一些研究表明,大多数国家更有可能打击分裂主义运动,而不是给予他们让步,特别是那些面临多个(潜在)分裂主义者的国家。然而,其他学者对这些说法提出了质疑,并表明各州可以利用组织方式向分离主义团体作出一些让步,而不会损害他们的声誉。在寻求解决方案时,一些学者强调制度解决方案,如联合主义,还有一些人则指望国际组织来解决分离主义冲突,而怀疑论者则认为,分裂等方法往往是唯一的出路。最后,有几个新的数据集用于研究分裂和分离主义运动,包括所有处于危险中的少数民族(AMAR)、家庭EPR、SDM等。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring climate change discourses across five Australian federal elections 探究五次澳大利亚联邦选举中气候变化的话语
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2021-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2022.2048398
K. Hytten
ABSTRACT It is clear that transitioning towards environmental sustainability requires a strong and sustained effort to address climate change. However, despite high levels of public concern about climate change, it has remained a highly politicised and hotly contested issue in Australia, and Australia’s climate change policy remains inadequate and ineffective. Climate change first emerged as a key election issue in Australia’s 2007 federal election and remained a highly contentious issue in the 2010 election. Although climate change was much less prominent during the 2013 and 2016 election campaigns, it re-emerged as a major election issue in 2019. This paper uses critical discourse analysis to identify and trace climate change discourses in the media through these five federal election campaigns. It explores the main arguments, actors, and discursive strategies associated with two key discourses, how climate change was constructed during each campaign, and the implications of these constructions for the development of Australia’s climate change policy. It is argued that while the discourse of climate change activism has put climate change firmly on the national agenda, the discourse of climate change denialism has contributed to stymieing the development of effective climate change policy in Australia.
摘要很明显,向环境可持续性过渡需要做出强有力和持续的努力来应对气候变化。然而,尽管公众对气候变化高度关注,但在澳大利亚,这仍然是一个高度政治化和激烈争论的问题,澳大利亚的气候变化政策仍然不足且无效。气候变化在2007年澳大利亚联邦选举中首次成为一个关键的选举问题,在2010年的选举中仍然是一个极具争议的问题。尽管气候变化在2013年和2016年的竞选活动中没有那么突出,但它在2019年再次成为一个主要的选举问题。本文运用批判性话语分析法,通过这五次联邦竞选活动来识别和追踪媒体中的气候变化话语。它探讨了与两个关键话语相关的主要论点、参与者和话语策略,气候变化是如何在每次运动中构建的,以及这些构建对澳大利亚气候变化政策发展的影响。有人认为,尽管气候变化激进主义的言论已将气候变化牢牢地列入国家议程,但否认气候变化的言论阻碍了澳大利亚制定有效的气候变化政策。
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引用次数: 0
Expertise within democracy: the case of New Zealand’s climate change commission 民主领域的专业知识:新西兰气候变化委员会的案例
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2021-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2021.2022902
D. Hall
ABSTRACT The Climate Change Commission (CCC) has a mandate to provide independent, expert advice to the New Zealand Government to enhance the clarity and stability of climate change policies. This institutional innovation has occasionally been rationalised as a form of expert rule, especially by analogy with central banks. In reality, however, the CCC only has advisory powers, so lacks the practical authority to enforce rules or operate policy instruments. How then might the CCC exert greater influence on the low-emissions transition? One option is to double-down on the model of expert rule – that is, to create exceptions to parliamentary sovereignty and to empower the CCC as a technocratic (or epistocratic) institution that has independence over the means (and ends) of climate change policy. Subsequently, the CCC would have a right not only to be believed, but obeyed. But this is politically improbable and also increases the CCC’s susceptibility to trends in political culture and mass media that erode the epistemic privilege of experts. Accordingly, this paper offers reasons for the CCC to deepen its entanglement with democracy, such that its epistemic authority might achieve greater practical authority by informing the ends of popular sovereignty.
气候变化委员会(CCC)的任务是向新西兰政府提供独立的专家建议,以提高气候变化政策的明确性和稳定性。这种制度创新有时被合理化为一种专家规则,尤其是通过与央行的类比。然而,实际上,CCC只有咨询权力,因此缺乏执行规则或操作政策工具的实际权力。那么,气候变化框架公约如何对低排放转型发挥更大的影响呢?一种选择是在专家规则模式上加倍努力——也就是说,在议会主权之外创造例外,并授权气候变化委员会作为一个技术官僚(或官僚)机构,在气候变化政策的手段(和目的)上具有独立性。随后,CCC不仅有权被相信,而且有权被服从。但这在政治上是不可能的,而且也增加了CCC对政治文化和大众媒体趋势的敏感性,这些趋势侵蚀了专家的知识特权。因此,本文提供了CCC深化其与民主纠缠的理由,以便其认识权威可以通过告知人民主权的目的来获得更大的实践权威。
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引用次数: 0
The cultural politics of climate change adaptation: an analysis of the tourism sector in Aotearoa New Zealand 适应气候变化的文化政治:对新西兰奥特罗阿旅游业的分析
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2021-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2021.2021803
Priya Kurian, Debashish Munshi, Raven Cretney, Sandra L. Morrison, Lyn Kathlene
ABSTRACT A huge number of climate change adaptation projects are underway to manage risk and minimise vulnerability for communities and businesses. Yet, adaptation processes are often ineffective because of deeply entrenched structures of power and different value systems leading to conflicting priorities for action. This paper draws on the notion of cultural politics to understand climate change adaptation in the tourism sector of Aotearoa New Zealand, a sector that depends on the environment for its survival but neglects it for short-term gains, often precipitating maladaptation in the process. Building on insights into how and why the tourism industry – in a pre-COVID19 context – struggled to adapt to the urgent imperatives of climate change, the paper goes on to show how a culture-centred, deliberative democratic approach can be applied to identify pathways for a transition to an environmentally sustainable tourism sector that can adapt to a climate-changed and pandemic-affected world.
摘要大量的气候变化适应项目正在进行中,以管理风险,最大限度地减少社区和企业的脆弱性。然而,由于根深蒂固的权力结构和不同的价值体系导致行动优先事项相互冲突,适应进程往往无效。本文利用文化政治的概念来理解新西兰奥特亚旅游业的气候变化适应,该行业依赖环境生存,但为了短期利益而忽视环境,往往在这个过程中引发适应不良。在深入了解旅游业在2019冠状病毒病之前如何以及为什么难以适应气候变化的紧迫性的基础上,该论文继续展示了以文化为中心,可以采用审慎民主的方法来确定向环境可持续的旅游业转型的途径,以适应气候变化和受疫情影响的世界。
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引用次数: 0
Do New Zealand select committees still make a difference? The case of the Climate Change Response (Zero Carbon) Amendment Bill 2019 新西兰的专责委员会还能发挥作用吗?《2019年气候变化应对(零碳)修正法案》案例
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2021-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2021.2019591
W. Dreyer, Elisabeth Ellis
ABSTRACT An emerging consensus among scholars of environmental politics includes public participation in the legislative process as a critical condition of the transition to sustainability. The select committee process in Aotearoa New Zealand has long been celebrated for its apparent openness to public participation. We examine the select committee process as it functioned in the case of the Climate Change Response (Zero Carbon) Amendment Bill 2019, employing a quantitative analysis that mapped categories of submitters’ policy propositions through the constant comparative method, and compare them against the recommendations of the majority and minority perspectives of the Environment Select Committee. In addition, we compare the majority and minority recommendations to the Departmental Report. The results of this case study incline us to question the assumption that submitters have influence with select committees and the extent of committee deliberation. If the transition to sustainability depends on the government’s capacity for transformative change, and that capacity in turn depends on the strength of its deliberative system, then our study provides some reason to worry about the capacity of government in Aotearoa New Zealand to respond to the challenge of climate change.
环境政治学者之间正在形成一种共识,即公众参与立法过程是向可持续性过渡的关键条件。新西兰奥特罗阿的特别委员会程序长期以来一直因其对公众参与的明显开放性而备受赞誉。我们研究了特别委员会在《2019年气候变化应对(零碳)修正案法案》中的运作情况,采用定量分析方法,通过持续比较方法绘制了提交者政策主张的类别,并将其与环境特别委员会多数和少数观点的建议进行了比较。此外,我们会将多数和少数建议与部门报告进行比较。本案例研究的结果使我们怀疑提交者对特别委员会有影响力的假设以及委员会审议的程度。如果向可持续发展的过渡取决于政府进行变革的能力,而这种能力又取决于其审议制度的强度,那么我们的研究提供了一些理由来担心新西兰政府应对气候变化挑战的能力。
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引用次数: 0
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