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Populism 民粹主义
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-02-26 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0300
Lenka Buštíková, P. Guasti
Populism is an anti-establishment, anti-elite ideology and political strategy. Populism as an ideology adopts a discursive approach and focuses on the tensions between the “pure people” and the “corrupt elite.” The “people” can be subsumed into three discursive frames: the nation, the (economic) underdog, and the ordinary people (Canovan 1981, cited under Theoretical Approaches). The narrative of the people as a “nation” is hostile to migrants and ethnic minorities. The populist rhetoric of the “underdog’’ expresses anxieties related to economic differences. Finally, the language of the “ordinary people” resonates with visions of a simple, everyday life. Populism viewed as a political strategy focuses on its agency, or the ability of populist movements to instrumentally appeal to followers, to maintain a direct relationship between the leader and the followers, and to exploit existing institutional weaknesses. Populists target the establishment and the elites selectively. Populists can become the elite. Yet populist politicians (re)elected to office continue to use anti-elite appeals to delegitimize opponents, even after they have come to represent the very establishment they had attacked in the past. Scholarship on populism has grown exponentially in recent years. In Europe, it is rooted in the study of the radical right, which emphasizes exclusionary identity-driven politics. The rise of populism is often viewed as a consequence of an economic crisis or socioeconomic changes in general. Populist critique also targets the institutional underpinnings of liberal democracy. Populists seek to strengthen majoritarian elements of democracy and undermine minority protections. Populist leaders seek power, and the presence of populist parties in the electoral arena, parliament, government, or presidency reshapes political agendas. Media is a crucial tool of communication used by populist leaders to gain power and to stay in power. Social media, in particular, allows populists to establish and maintain a direct communication channel to their supporters, and populists accuse traditional media of being “corrupt.” Populists are omnipresent. In the West, populism is mostly exclusionary. In the Global South, and especially in Latin America, it is often inclusionary, as it broadens the scope of the people to the previously politically excluded poor and indigenous communities (Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser 2013, cited under General Overviews). Regionally, this bibliography focuses on populism in Europe and Latin America, but it also includes the United States and other countries (Stockemer 2019, under General Overviews).
民粹主义是一种反建制、反精英的意识形态和政治策略。民粹主义作为一种意识形态,采用话语的方式,关注“纯粹的人民”与“腐败的精英”之间的紧张关系。“人民”可以被归入三个话语框架:国家、(经济上的)弱势群体和普通人(Canovan 1981,引自《理论方法》)。人们作为一个“民族”的叙述对移民和少数民族充满敌意。“弱者”的民粹主义言论表达了与经济差异有关的焦虑。最后,“普通人”的语言与简单的日常生活的愿景产生共鸣。民粹主义被视为一种政治策略,关注的是它的能动性,或民粹主义运动吸引追随者的能力,保持领导者和追随者之间的直接关系,以及利用现有制度弱点的能力。民粹主义者有选择地针对建制派和精英阶层。民粹主义者可以成为精英。然而,(再次)当选的民粹主义政客继续利用反精英的呼吁来剥夺对手的合法性,即使他们已经代表了他们过去曾经攻击过的建制派。近年来,关于民粹主义的研究呈指数增长。在欧洲,它植根于对激进右翼的研究,强调排他性的身份驱动政治。民粹主义的兴起通常被视为经济危机或一般社会经济变化的结果。民粹主义的批评还针对自由民主的制度基础。民粹主义者寻求加强民主的多数主义元素,破坏对少数群体的保护。民粹主义领导人寻求权力,民粹主义政党在选举舞台、议会、政府或总统职位上的存在重塑了政治议程。媒体是民粹主义领导人获取权力和保持权力的重要沟通工具。尤其是社交媒体,让民粹主义者能够建立并维持与支持者的直接沟通渠道,民粹主义者指责传统媒体“腐败”。民粹主义者无处不在。在西方,民粹主义主要是排他性的。在全球南方,特别是在拉丁美洲,它往往是包容性的,因为它扩大了人民的范围,使其包括以前被政治排斥的穷人和土著社区(Mudde和Rovira Kaltwasser, 2013年,引自“总体概述”)。从地区来看,本参考书目侧重于欧洲和拉丁美洲的民粹主义,但也包括美国和其他国家(Stockemer 2019,总览下)。
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引用次数: 0
Gender Gap in US Public Opinion 美国民意中的性别差异
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-02-26 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0303
M. Lizotte
In a representative democracy, policymakers, elected officials, and bureaucrats should heed public opinion. Research to date provides evidence that policymakers do care about the public’s positions on policy and that presidential administrations often seek public approval of their legislative agenda (see the Oxford Bibliographies in Political Science article, “Policy Responsiveness to Public Opinion” by Robert S. Erikson. Therefore, it is valuable to understand consistent and significant influences on the public’s policy positions and political attitudes. Gender appears to be a consistent and often significant influence on opinion. Generally, women tend to be more likely than men to adopt liberal positions on a long list of policies, including force issues, the size of the welfare state, the environment, and equal rights. For certain issues, gender seems to have a more complicated, or more conservative, influence, such as on abortion and on the legalization of marijuana. Overall, gender matters when considering public opinion in the United States. Moreover, issue gaps partially account for the gender gap in party identification and vote choice where women are more likely than men to identify as Democrats and vote for Democratic candidates. For example, in electoral simulations when women are given the same policy positions as men, a considerable reduction in the voting gender gap occurs. Readers interested in how gender influences political behavior should consult the Oxford Bibliographies in Political Science article, “Gender, Behavior, and Representation” by Elisabeth Gidengil. With women being slightly more than half of the population and being more likely to vote than men in recent elections, gender differences in policy preferences have substantial political consequences. This article discusses research on several issue areas with established gender gaps in opinion and provides a brief overview of scholarship investigating the origins of gender differences in public opinion. Much of the research cited here focuses on gender differences in public opinion but some material controls only for gender and finds a significant relationship.
在代议制民主中,决策者、民选官员和官僚应该听取公众意见。迄今为止的研究表明,政策制定者确实关心公众对政策的立场,总统政府经常寻求公众对其立法议程的批准(见《牛津政治学参考书目》Robert s。埃里克森。因此,了解对公众政策立场和政治态度的持续和重大影响是有价值的。性别似乎对舆论产生了一贯的、往往是重大的影响。一般来说,在一长串政策中,女性往往比男性更有可能采取自由主义立场,包括武力问题、福利国家的规模、环境和平等权利。对于某些问题,性别似乎有更复杂或更保守的影响,比如堕胎和大麻合法化。总的来说,在考虑美国的公众舆论时,性别很重要。此外,问题差距在一定程度上解释了政党认同和选票选择方面的性别差距,女性比男性更有可能认同民主党并投票给民主党候选人。例如,在选举模拟中,当女性被赋予与男性相同的政策职位时,投票性别差距会显著缩小。对性别如何影响政治行为感兴趣的读者应该查阅伊丽莎白·吉登吉尔的《牛津政治学参考书目》文章《性别、行为和代表》。由于女性略高于人口的一半,在最近的选举中比男性更有可能投票,政策偏好的性别差异产生了重大的政治后果。本文讨论了对几个已经存在性别意见差距的问题领域的研究,并简要概述了调查公众意见中性别差异起源的学术研究。这里引用的大部分研究都集中在公众舆论中的性别差异上,但一些物质控制只针对性别,并发现了一种重要的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Political Institutions and the Policymaking Process in Latin America 拉丁美洲的政治制度和决策过程
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-02-26 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0302
Sebastián Saiegh
The systematic study of how institutional rules and political practices influence the capacity of Latin American governments to adopt public policies is of relatively recent vintage. For decades, the fleeting and unstable democratic experiences in the region obfuscated the role of politics in the policymaking process. Policy analysis was more often than not motivated by the question of what governments should do rather what governments could do. With the restoration of democracy in Latin America in the 1980s, the view that a given set of “optimal policies” should or could be implemented against all political odds became untenable. In the ensuing decade, as the economic reforms inspired by the “Washington Consensus” swept the region, a growing concern with the timing, sequencing, and implementation of public policies materialized among both scholars and policymakers. This approach, however, proved insufficient to fully understand the political feasibility, but also the actual process by which public policies are discussed, approved, and implemented in the region. In the 2000s, a comprehensive, soul-searching research agenda about the politics of policies was launched by the leading development organizations, most notably, the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB). Since then, a voluminous literature studying how different constitutional structures, legislative institutions, electoral rules, bureaucracies, partisan organizations, and Interest Groups influence public policies in Latin America has emerged. The following bibliography identifies some general topics, as well as several sources to consult within each topic, for those readers interested in how politics shape policies in Latin America
关于制度规则和政治实践如何影响拉丁美洲政府采取公共政策的能力的系统研究是相对较新的。几十年来,该地区短暂而不稳定的民主经历混淆了政治在决策过程中的作用。政策分析的动机往往是政府应该做什么,而不是政府可以做什么。随着20世纪80年代拉丁美洲民主的恢复,认为一套特定的“最佳政策”应该或可以在所有政治困难的情况下实施的观点变得站不住脚。在随后的十年里,随着“华盛顿共识”引发的经济改革席卷该地区,学者和政策制定者对公共政策的时间、顺序和实施越来越担忧。然而,事实证明,这种方法不足以充分理解政治可行性,也不足以充分了解该地区讨论、批准和实施公共政策的实际过程。2000年代,主要的发展组织,尤其是美洲开发银行,发起了一项关于政策政治的全面、反思性研究议程。从那时起,出现了大量研究不同宪法结构、立法机构、选举规则、官僚机构、党派组织和利益集团如何影响拉丁美洲公共政策的文献。以下参考书目列出了一些一般性主题,以及每个主题中可参考的几个来源,供那些对政治如何影响拉丁美洲政策感兴趣的读者参考
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引用次数: 0
Collective Memory 集体记忆
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-02-26 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0301
Félix Krawatzek
Scholarship on collective memory from an explicit political science perspective has expanded over the last decade. This growth speaks to political dynamics unfolding across the world, as history has once again become part of political confrontations. The ongoing dispute about an acceptable name for Macedonia, the role of truth commissions in post-conflict societies, and the international tensions stemming from the memories of Japanese aggression on the Asian continent during the Asia-Pacific War illustrate that political science needs to include questions of collective memory in its analysis. Although political science’s focus on collective memory is new, it would be erroneous to believe that memory has started to shape politics only recently. The study of the societal significance of present-day representations of past narratives has a long history. Its intellectual forebears can be found notably in late-19th-century French sociology, and the topic has gained in prominence in the humanities and sociology since the 1980s and is now marching into the political sciences. This latter expansion also changes the methods and research strategies that scholarship on collective memory employs. Nevertheless, studying collective memory will remain an inherently interdisciplinary endeavor and uniquely integrates the social sciences, humanities, and natural sciences. Given the field’s quick shifts, a number of central conceptual tools retain an elasticity less common in other branches of the discipline. Meanwhile, the number of topics that can be approached through the prism of collective memory is inexhaustible. The field is therefore held together primarily by its underlying conceptual apparatus. Conceptual clarity is thus particularly relevant for a dialogue within and across the disciplines, and also to integrate the insights related to collective memory generated in political and social theory. The state of the scholarship illustrates, however, that studies of collective memory have overwhelmingly been motivated by empirical puzzles and at times continue to analyze memory as being a tangible phenomenon. While not necessarily shortcomings, many of the empirical contributions have thereby shied away from a more thorough theoretical investigation.
在过去十年中,从明确的政治学角度对集体记忆的研究有所扩大。随着历史再次成为政治对抗的一部分,这种增长说明了世界各地正在发生的政治动态。关于马其顿的可接受名称的持续争议、真相委员会在冲突后社会中的作用,以及亚太战争期间日本侵略亚洲大陆的记忆所引发的国际紧张局势,都表明政治学需要在分析中纳入集体记忆问题。尽管政治学对集体记忆的关注是新的,但认为记忆最近才开始影响政治是错误的。对过去叙事的现代表征的社会意义的研究有着悠久的历史。它的知识分子祖先可以在19世纪末的法国社会学中找到,自20世纪80年代以来,这个话题在人文和社会学中变得越来越突出,现在正进入政治科学。后一种扩展也改变了集体记忆学术所采用的方法和研究策略。然而,研究集体记忆仍然是一项本质上跨学科的努力,并独特地融合了社会科学、人文科学和自然科学。考虑到该领域的快速变化,许多核心概念工具保持了在该学科其他分支中不太常见的弹性。同时,通过集体记忆的棱镜可以触及的话题数量是无穷无尽的。因此,这个领域主要是由其基本的概念装置维系在一起的。因此,概念的清晰性对于学科内部和学科之间的对话尤其重要,也对于整合政治和社会理论中产生的与集体记忆相关的见解尤为重要。然而,学术界的现状表明,对集体记忆的研究绝大多数都是由经验谜题驱动的,有时还会继续将记忆作为一种有形现象来分析。虽然不一定有缺点,但许多实证贡献因此回避了更彻底的理论调查。
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引用次数: 1340
Politics of Indonesia 印尼政治
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-01-15 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0296
D. Kingsbury
Indonesia is often referred to as the world’s largest Muslim democracy. This characterization testifies to the country’s large population (at approximately 270 million, it is the world’s fourth most populous) and to the vast majority (approximately 87 percent) professing the Islamic faith. But Indonesia is also a country of immense ethno-linguistic heterogeneity, even among its dominant Muslim demographic. While this complex social fabric is reflected in the state motto of “Unity in Diversity,” it also has contributed to contentious processes of nation-building over decades wherein different forms of collective violence have figured prominently. Dutch traders arrived in the archipelago in the 16th century, but not until the mid-19th century did a colonial administration gain coherence on the main island of Java. This bureaucracy made uneven headway in the more sparsely populated outer islands. Colonialization spurred an inclusive anticolonial nationalist movement, despite the existence and persistence of deep factions along religious, ethnic, and ideological lines. The movement’s leaders proclaimed independence following Japan’s surrender in World War II, although it took a bloody revolutionary war, coupled with intense negotiations, for the country’s sovereignty to be formally recognized in 1949. Less than two decades of shaky parliamentary democracy followed, but democracy was replaced by authoritarianism, first gradually by President Sukarno (or Soekarno), and then more violently by General Suharto (or Soeharto), who gained power via an anti-Communist massacre in 1965 and 1966. The Cold War strongman also dedicated his New Order regime to developing the country economically, despite his government’s legendary corruption. Before the authoritarian Suharto was forced to resign following three decades in power in 1998, amid the Asian Financial Crisis, the World Bank had classified Indonesia as a lower-middle-income country. Today, Indonesia is a procedural democracy with a mixed presidential and parliamentary system, although the president has tended to outmuscle the legislature. Indonesiaand regularly holds competitive national and local elections, leading the country to be hailed as a successful case of a stable Muslim democracy. But mounting and destabilizing Islamism has led scholars of late to reexamine how consolidated Indonesia’s democracy actually is. State institutions are weak, for example, and corrupt political parties have enabled worrisome polarization. Debates on improving the country’s democratic deficits, such as alleviating poverty more swiftly and institutionalizing the rule of law, consume scholars and observers alike, as do discussions on protecting public civility and minority rights (even for key sectors of Muslims) amid rising religious nationalism.
印尼经常被称为世界上最大的穆斯林民主国家。这一特点证明了该国人口众多(约2.7亿,是世界第四人口大国),绝大多数人(约87%)信奉伊斯兰信仰。但印度尼西亚也是一个种族语言差异巨大的国家,即使在其占主导地位的穆斯林人口中也是如此。尽管这种复杂的社会结构反映在“多样性中的团结”的国家格言中,但它也促成了几十年来有争议的国家建设进程,在这些进程中,不同形式的集体暴力占据了突出地位。荷兰商人于16世纪抵达该群岛,但直到19世纪中期,殖民政府才在主岛爪哇岛上取得一致。这种官僚主义在人口更稀少的外岛取得了不均衡的进展。殖民地化引发了一场包容性的反殖民民族主义运动,尽管宗教、种族和意识形态上存在着根深蒂固的派系。日本在第二次世界大战中投降后,该运动的领导人宣布独立,尽管经过一场血腥的革命战争,加上激烈的谈判,该国的主权才在1949年得到正式承认。随后不到20年的议会民主摇摇欲坠,但民主被威权主义所取代,首先是由苏加诺总统(或苏加诺)逐渐取代,然后是由苏哈托将军(或苏哈托)更为暴力地取代,苏哈托在1965年和1966年通过反共大屠杀获得权力。这位冷战时期的强人还将他的新秩序政权奉献给了国家的经济发展,尽管他的政府有着传奇般的腐败。1998年,在亚洲金融危机期间,独裁的苏哈托在执政30年后被迫辞职之前,世界银行曾将印度尼西亚列为中低收入国家。如今,印度尼西亚是一个程序民主国家,总统制和议会制相结合,尽管总统的力量往往超过立法机构。印尼定期举行竞争激烈的全国和地方选举,使该国被誉为稳定的穆斯林民主的成功案例。但是,伊斯兰主义愈演愈烈,破坏稳定,最近学者们重新审视印尼民主的巩固程度。例如,国家机构薄弱,腐败的政党导致了令人担忧的两极分化。关于改善国家民主赤字(如更快地减轻贫困和法治制度化)的辩论,以及在宗教民族主义日益高涨的情况下保护公共文明和少数群体权利(甚至是穆斯林的关键阶层)的讨论,都让学者和观察者们备受煎熬。
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引用次数: 32
Electoral Institutions and Women’s Representation 选举机构和妇女代表
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-01-15 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0299
Michael FitzGerald, Melody E. Valdini
While there are many factors that drive women’s descriptive representation (i.e., the percentage of women in the legislature) the electoral institutions generate some of the most powerful and consistent effects. In the first breaths of this literature, the focus was firmly on the impact of majoritarian electoral systems versus proportional representation (PR) systems on women’s descriptive representation. Since then, the literature has grown to engage broader ideas regarding the complicated nature of analyzing institutions in different cultural contexts and under different social conditions. Particularly in the later decades of the 20th century, scholars found that structural factors, such as economic disparities between men and women and the balance of women in careers that are typical paths to political office, were important to consider in concert with electoral rules. More recently, as more women gain access to the economic elite, the literature has focused more on cultural factors such as the historical legacies of Communism and the general societal reactions to women’s leadership. These non-institutional factors are now widely engaged as an important component of understanding why and to what extent we can expect an electoral system to generate a certain outcome. Beyond the impact of the electoral system itself, there is also relevant literature that engages how electoral institutions such as gender quotas and candidate selection processes affect women’s descriptive representation. There is wide variation in the design of gender quotas as well as candidate selection processes, just as there is in the design of electoral systems, and therefore a fuller understanding of the relationship between electoral institutions and women’s representation requires consideration of the interaction of candidate selection procedures, gender quotas, and electoral systems. For example, the presence of a placement mandate (i.e., a requirement stipulating where on the list women candidates must be positioned) or a decentralized candidate selection process each has a different effect on women’s representation in an electoral system that includes a preference vote. The sections below highlight some of the existing literature on electoral institutions and their impact on women’s descriptive representation. This is by no means an exhaustive list but does offer insight into the general themes and research areas that are common in this field of study.
虽然有许多因素推动妇女的代表性(即妇女在立法机构中的百分比),但选举机构产生了一些最有力和最一致的影响。在这些文献的第一次呼吸中,重点是多数主义选举制度与比例代表制(PR)制度对妇女描述性代表制的影响。从那时起,关于在不同文化背景和不同社会条件下分析制度的复杂性,文献已经发展到更广泛的思想。特别是在20世纪后几十年,学者们发现,结构性因素,如男女之间的经济差距,以及女性在职业上的平衡,这些都是通往政治职位的典型途径,在考虑选举规则时是很重要的。最近,随着越来越多的女性进入经济精英阶层,文学作品更多地关注文化因素,如共产主义的历史遗产和社会对女性领导的普遍反应。这些非体制因素现在被广泛认为是理解为什么和在多大程度上我们可以期望选举制度产生某种结果的一个重要组成部分。除了选举制度本身的影响之外,也有相关文献涉及性别配额和候选人选拔过程等选举制度如何影响妇女的描述性代表性。就像选举制度的设计一样,性别配额和候选人选拔过程的设计存在很大差异,因此,要更全面地了解选举机构与妇女代表权之间的关系,就需要考虑候选人选拔程序、性别配额和选举制度之间的相互作用。例如,安排任务(即规定妇女候选人必须在名单上的位置)或分散的候选人选择程序的存在,对妇女在包括偏好投票在内的选举制度中的代表性都有不同的影响。以下各节着重介绍了一些关于选举机构及其对妇女代表性的影响的现有文献。这绝不是一个详尽的清单,但确实提供了对这一研究领域常见的一般主题和研究领域的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Gender Stereotypes in Politics 政治中的性别刻板印象
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-01-15 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0291
Over the past thirty years, scholars have explored the myriad ways that gender stereotypes may explain the dearth of women in elected office in the United States. That is, do stereotypes about women and men affect the ability of women to seek and attain political leadership roles? Early research demonstrated that female and male politicians were viewed differently, along the lines of gender stereotypes, with regard to their traits, beliefs, or ideology and the issues they were perceived as competent to handle. Because politics is a masculine domain, this presents challenges to and for women seeking political leadership roles and elected office. A large portion of the work on gender stereotypes explores how they shape voter choices in elections, as well as how female candidates anticipate and change their campaign strategies relative to stereotypes. Numerous observational studies of elections have not connected gender stereotypes and voter choice and often demonstrate the overwhelming impact of party identification. However, experimental and observational research on gender stereotypes more precisely identifies the mechanisms by which—and the contexts in which—gender stereotypes may influence candidate evaluations and vote choice. Gender stereotypes shape candidate recruitment and characterize voter impressions of the Republican and Democratic political parties in the United States. Research on stereotype activation, stereotype threat, and measurement has fruitfully been imported from social psychology to understand and explain gender stereotyping in politics. In addition, gender politics scholars have worked to explore the intersection of gender stereotypes with other group stereotypes relevant in politics such as race, class, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Finally, a blossoming research area identifies various contexts in which gender stereotypes may hinder—or propel— women as political leaders. Media coverage of political campaigns—particularly coverage of female candidates for office—continues to reflect gender stereotypes, although coverage has improved over time and is shaped by a broader set of relevant factors such as partisanship and incumbency. In all, gender stereotypes have been and will continue to be an important area to explore in seeking to understand women’s descriptive underrepresentation in political office.
在过去的三十年里,学者们探索了性别刻板印象如何解释美国民选职位中女性人数不足的原因。也就是说,对妇女和男子的陈规定型观念是否会影响妇女寻求和获得政治领导角色的能力?早期研究表明,根据性别陈规定型观念,女性和男性政治家在性格、信仰或意识形态以及他们被认为有能力处理的问题方面受到不同的看法。由于政治是一个男性领域,这给寻求政治领导角色和民选职位的女性带来了挑战。关于性别刻板印象的大部分工作探讨了性别刻板印象如何影响选民在选举中的选择,以及女性候选人如何预测和改变相对于刻板印象的竞选策略。许多关于选举的观察性研究并没有将性别陈规定型观念与选民选择联系起来,而且往往证明了政党认同的压倒性影响。然而,对性别刻板印象的实验和观察研究更准确地确定了性别刻板印象可能影响候选人评价和投票选择的机制和背景。性别陈规定型观念影响了候选人的招募,并成为美国共和党和民主党选民印象的特征。关于刻板印象激活、刻板印象威胁和测量的研究已经从社会心理学中卓有成效地引入,以理解和解释政治中的性别刻板印象。此外,性别政治学者致力于探索性别刻板印象与其他与政治相关的群体刻板印象的交叉点,如种族、阶级、民族和性取向。最后,一个蓬勃发展的研究领域确定了性别刻板印象可能阻碍或推动女性成为政治领袖的各种背景。媒体对政治竞选活动的报道,特别是对女性候选人的报道,继续反映出性别陈规定型观念,尽管随着时间的推移,报道有所改善,并受到党派和在职等一系列更广泛的相关因素的影响。总之,性别陈规定型观念一直是并将继续是一个重要的探索领域,以了解妇女在政治职位中的代表性不足。
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引用次数: 0
State-Society Relations in South Asia 南亚国家与社会关系
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-01-15 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0298
Subhasis Ray
South Asia, a region comprising roughly one-fifth of the world’s population, is home to some of the most diverse nations in the contemporary world, encompassing social cleavages across multiple dimensions. A critical facet of this diversity is that it has persisted, even as state-builders, starting from the precolonial period, have sought to impose the writ of centralized authority to make such diversity legible and governable. Not surprisingly, therefore, the region offers a fascinating vantage point for social scientists to develop and test theories of a range of state-society linkages and how these reconstitute our understandings of both “state” and “society.” This bibliography aims to provide a window into this continuously evolving body of research. As with any such endeavor, it is not possible to capture the vast depth and breadth of this research within the confines of a single work. Hence, the goal here is to introduce academics and policy practitioners to some of the key conceptual developments and empirical findings in the field. In what follows, the cited works have been classified under the following headings: (i) Capital-State Linkages, (ii) Labor-State Linkages, (iii) Land-State Linkages, (iv) Party-State Linkages, (v) Region-State Linkages, (vi) Caste-State Linkages, (vii) Migrant-State Linkages, (viii) Gender-State Linkages, (ix) Breakdown of State-Society Relations, and (x) Law and State-Society Relations. This schematic was adopted to underscore the sheer variety of social actors and institutions that impinge on the exercise of state power in the region. The concluding section offers an overview of the core academic Journals in the field.
南亚地区人口约占世界人口的五分之一,是当代世界上一些最多样化的国家的所在地,其中包含了多个维度的社会分裂。这种多样性的一个关键方面是,它一直存在,即使从前殖民时期开始,国家建设者试图强加中央集权的命令,使这种多样性易于理解和管理。因此,毫不奇怪,该地区为社会科学家提供了一个迷人的有利位置,可以发展和测试一系列国家-社会联系的理论,以及这些理论如何重建我们对“国家”和“社会”的理解。这个参考书目的目的是提供一个窗口到这个不断发展的研究机构。与任何这样的努力一样,在单一工作的范围内,不可能捕捉到这项研究的巨大深度和广度。因此,本文的目标是向学者和政策实践者介绍该领域的一些关键概念发展和实证研究结果。下文将引用的著作按以下标题分类:(i)资本-国家联系,(ii)劳动-国家联系,(iii)土地-国家联系,(iv)党-国家联系,(v)区域-国家联系,(vi)种姓-国家联系,(vii)移民-国家联系,(viii)性别-国家联系,(ix)国家-社会关系分解,(x)法律与国家-社会关系。采用这一示意图是为了强调影响该地区国家权力行使的社会行动者和机构的多样性。结语部分概述了该领域的核心学术期刊。
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引用次数: 0
Māori in New Zealand: voting with their feet? 新西兰的毛利人:用脚投票?
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2020.1856688
Guillem Riambau
ABSTRACT Māori in New Zealand have the right to choose which electorate to vote in: they can choose to vote in a ‘General district’ (with other Māori and all non- Māori), or to vote in a ‘Māori district’, where only Māori are allowed to register. Every five years there is a period known as Māori Electoral Option, during which Māori are given the option to either stay in their current district or switch. This offers an ideal setting to analyse whether Māori voters strategically choose to register where they expect the race to be closer. To that avail, I use data from two Māori Electoral Options, two general elections, and two censuses. Results suggest that only a very small fraction of Māori (less than 2%) seem to respond to the strategic incentives described. Two forces seem to play a much larger role in enrolment choices: cultural allegiances and socioeconomic status. Māori with a stronger sense of Māori identity and Māori living in socially disadvantaged areas tend to overwhelmingly enrol in the Māori districts. The implications of these results are discussed.
新西兰的Māori有权选择在哪个选区投票:他们可以选择在“普通区”投票(与其他Māori和所有非Māori一起),也可以选择在“Māori区”投票,其中只允许Māori登记。每五年有一个称为Māori选举选择的时期,在此期间Māori可以选择留在目前的选区或转换。这提供了一个理想的环境来分析Māori选民是否策略性地选择在他们预期竞争更激烈的地方注册。为此,我使用了两次Māori选举选项、两次大选和两次人口普查的数据。结果表明,只有非常小的一部分Māori(不到2%)似乎对所描述的战略激励作出反应。两种力量似乎在入学选择中起着更大的作用:文化忠诚和社会经济地位。拥有更强烈的Māori认同感的Māori和生活在社会弱势地区的Māori倾向于绝大多数报名参加Māori区。讨论了这些结果的含义。
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引用次数: 2
Re-Evaluating consensus in New Zealand election reform 重新评估新西兰选举改革中的共识
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2020.1859337
Joshua Ferrer
ABSTRACT It is commonly believed that a norm of consensus-based election reform exists in New Zealand. However, this belief has yet to be tested with systematic study of changes to the democratic rules of the game. This article empirically analyzes the extent to which partisan and restrictive election rules have been proposed and enacted since passage of the Electoral Act 1956. Using a novel matrix of election lawmaking, a wealth of primary textual sources, and interviews with key actors, the data show clear evidence that election reforms are routinely partisan and have occasionally curtailed democratic participation. An analysis of election lawmaking by political party reveals that Labour is responsible for most partisan election reforms, whereas National has passed most demobilising enactments. These trends extend to proposed members’ bills and across multiple governments. The findings highlight the need for scholars to take seriously the importance of a broader array of election reforms beyond the electoral system, including voter and registration administration, franchise rules, ballot initiatives, electoral governance, and campaign finance. It also underscores the need for systematic study of election reforms in a wider variety of countries.
摘要人们普遍认为,新西兰存在着以协商一致为基础的选举改革规范。然而,这种信念还需要通过对民主游戏规则变化的系统研究来检验。本文实证分析了自1956年《选举法》通过以来,党派和限制性选举规则的提出和颁布程度。使用一个新颖的选举立法矩阵、丰富的主要文本来源以及对关键参与者的采访,这些数据显示了明确的证据,表明选举改革通常是党派性的,偶尔会减少民主参与。对政党选举立法的分析表明,工党对大多数党派选举改革负有责任,而国民议会通过了大多数遣散法案。这些趋势延伸到拟议的议员法案和多个政府。研究结果强调,学者们需要认真对待选举制度之外更广泛的选举改革的重要性,包括选民和登记管理、选举权规则、投票倡议、选举治理和竞选资金。它还强调了对更广泛的国家的选举改革进行系统研究的必要性。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Political Science
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