Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.31993/2308-6459-2023-106-2-15517
I. M. Pazyuk
Nesidiocoris tenuis (Hemiptera, Miridae) is a predatory bug which is widely used in biocontrol. This bug can consume both plant and animal matter. In the present paper, three alternative diets were evaluated in mass rearing of nymphs of N tenuis maintained in cages on tobacco plants: eggs of the grain moth Sitotroga cerealella, cysts of Artemia salina, and bee-collected pollen. Adults of N tenuis were fed a mixture of grain moth eggs and pollen during oviposition. The type of diet did not effect the survival of nymph. Output of adults was higher when nymphs were fed grain moth eggs than Artemia cysts while the body weight of adult bugs did not differ.
{"title":"Evaluation of diets for mass rearing of the predatory bug Nesidiocoris tenuis (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Miridae)","authors":"I. M. Pazyuk","doi":"10.31993/2308-6459-2023-106-2-15517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31993/2308-6459-2023-106-2-15517","url":null,"abstract":"Nesidiocoris tenuis (Hemiptera, Miridae) is a predatory bug which is widely used in biocontrol. This bug can consume both plant and animal matter. In the present paper, three alternative diets were evaluated in mass rearing of nymphs of N tenuis maintained in cages on tobacco plants: eggs of the grain moth Sitotroga cerealella, cysts of Artemia salina, and bee-collected pollen. Adults of N tenuis were fed a mixture of grain moth eggs and pollen during oviposition. The type of diet did not effect the survival of nymph. Output of adults was higher when nymphs were fed grain moth eggs than Artemia cysts while the body weight of adult bugs did not differ.","PeriodicalId":20414,"journal":{"name":"PLANT PROTECTION NEWS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139342485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-24DOI: 10.31993/2308-6459-2023-106-1-15491
I. Andreeva, V. Tsvetkova, N. I. Agrikolyanskaya, V. Maslennikova, E. I. Shatalova, A. A. Zenkova
The predatory bug Podisus maculiventris is a multi-eating entomophages, promising for use in measures for the biological protection of potatoes from the Colorado potato beetle in Western Siberia. In order to reduce the economic costs of transportation and mass production of podizus, it is advisable to improve and adapt the technology of its breeding and use to the conditions of the region. Under laboratory conditions, the effectiveness of using different species of prey (larvae of the greater wax moth, diamondback moth, yellow mealworm beetle and vetch aphid) to maintain high indicators of the uterine culture of the predatory bug was revealed. With a mixed diet, a high survival rate of entomophage larvae was observed, the number of images of the next generation averaged 78.3% of the initial number, the weight of females and males increased to 74.8 and 56.0 mg, respectively, and fertility – 539.6 eggs per 1 female. In laboratory conditions, the voracity of the predator varied on average from 1.8 to 8.4 individuals of the Colorado potato beetle, depending on the stage of development of the entomophage and the age of the pest larvae. As a result of three-year field trials (2018-2020) on potatoes of the Yuna variety, the biological effectiveness of the entomophage against the Colorado potato beetle ranged from 66.2 to 85.4%, and with the combined use of the predatory bug and the biological preparation Bitoxibacillin increased to 98.5%. In 2020, the efficiency of the entomophages at the release in the ratio predator : prey – 1 : 5.0-6.5 on different varieties of potatoes was 62.9-75.0%.
{"title":"Practical experience of breeding and use of predatory bug Podisus maculiventris in Western Siberia","authors":"I. Andreeva, V. Tsvetkova, N. I. Agrikolyanskaya, V. Maslennikova, E. I. Shatalova, A. A. Zenkova","doi":"10.31993/2308-6459-2023-106-1-15491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31993/2308-6459-2023-106-1-15491","url":null,"abstract":"The predatory bug Podisus maculiventris is a multi-eating entomophages, promising for use in measures for the biological protection of potatoes from the Colorado potato beetle in Western Siberia. In order to reduce the economic costs of transportation and mass production of podizus, it is advisable to improve and adapt the technology of its breeding and use to the conditions of the region. Under laboratory conditions, the effectiveness of using different species of prey (larvae of the greater wax moth, diamondback moth, yellow mealworm beetle and vetch aphid) to maintain high indicators of the uterine culture of the predatory bug was revealed. With a mixed diet, a high survival rate of entomophage larvae was observed, the number of images of the next generation averaged 78.3% of the initial number, the weight of females and males increased to 74.8 and 56.0 mg, respectively, and fertility – 539.6 eggs per 1 female. In laboratory conditions, the voracity of the predator varied on average from 1.8 to 8.4 individuals of the Colorado potato beetle, depending on the stage of development of the entomophage and the age of the pest larvae. As a result of three-year field trials (2018-2020) on potatoes of the Yuna variety, the biological effectiveness of the entomophage against the Colorado potato beetle ranged from 66.2 to 85.4%, and with the combined use of the predatory bug and the biological preparation Bitoxibacillin increased to 98.5%. In 2020, the efficiency of the entomophages at the release in the ratio predator : prey – 1 : 5.0-6.5 on different varieties of potatoes was 62.9-75.0%.","PeriodicalId":20414,"journal":{"name":"PLANT PROTECTION NEWS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77981842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-24DOI: 10.31993/2308-6459-2023-106-1-15533
N. Belyakova, V. Pavlyushin
The peculiarities of agriculture technologies in modern greenhouse cause complications in screening of natural enemies, because of increasing the requirements for their adaptive abilities, feasibility of cost-effective mass production, long-term storage and transportation. To be effective in greenhouses species should start breeding as quickly as possible as pest hot spots have appeared. Adopted for greenhouses natural enemies have mainly ruderal life strategy. Regular invasions of new phytophages have an impact on plant protection systems. At the same time, the programs for the introduction of new natural enemies have been stopped due to the potential negative impact of the introduced species on the biodiversity of indigenes species communities. The review analyses the changes in screening of natural enemies that occurred as a result of the introduction of new crop production technologies and the complication of the phytosanitary situation.
{"title":"Screening of biological resources of insects and mites for biological control of pests in greenhouses","authors":"N. Belyakova, V. Pavlyushin","doi":"10.31993/2308-6459-2023-106-1-15533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31993/2308-6459-2023-106-1-15533","url":null,"abstract":"The peculiarities of agriculture technologies in modern greenhouse cause complications in screening of natural enemies, because of increasing the requirements for their adaptive abilities, feasibility of cost-effective mass production, long-term storage and transportation. To be effective in greenhouses species should start breeding as quickly as possible as pest hot spots have appeared. Adopted for greenhouses natural enemies have mainly ruderal life strategy. Regular invasions of new phytophages have an impact on plant protection systems. At the same time, the programs for the introduction of new natural enemies have been stopped due to the potential negative impact of the introduced species on the biodiversity of indigenes species communities. The review analyses the changes in screening of natural enemies that occurred as a result of the introduction of new crop production technologies and the complication of the phytosanitary situation.","PeriodicalId":20414,"journal":{"name":"PLANT PROTECTION NEWS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72881461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-24DOI: 10.31993/2308-6459-2023-106-1-15625
A. V. Konarev
RNA interference (RNAi) is an important mechanism that protects cells of eukaryotic organisms from foreign genetic information and regulates physiological processes. Discovery of RNAi and development of the methods for targeted suppression of the expression of individual genes have opened up wide opportunities for elucidating gene functions and solving many problems in biology, medicine, and plant protection. This approach can contribute to the development of new effective, highly specific, and environmentally safe ways to control harmful insects. Several examples of the practical use of RNAi for combating chewing pests have been already reported. Due to their biology, phloem-feeding, as well as the ways of delivering genetic constructs into the body, RNAi in insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts – aphids, bugs, and other hemipterans – deserves separate consideration. This review discusses the criteria for selecting target genes and the issues of their functional activity solved by RNAi, methods for delivering double-stranded and small RNAs to organisms of various Hemiptera, the non-target effects of RNAi and the ways to prevent them, as well as possible practical outcomes of using this approach to control hemipteran pests of agricultural plants and vectors of dangerous human and animal diseases.
{"title":"RNA interference in the study of gene functions in aphids and other hemipterans and the fight against their harmful representatives","authors":"A. V. Konarev","doi":"10.31993/2308-6459-2023-106-1-15625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31993/2308-6459-2023-106-1-15625","url":null,"abstract":"RNA interference (RNAi) is an important mechanism that protects cells of eukaryotic organisms from foreign genetic information and regulates physiological processes. Discovery of RNAi and development of the methods for targeted suppression of the expression of individual genes have opened up wide opportunities for elucidating gene functions and solving many problems in biology, medicine, and plant protection. This approach can contribute to the development of new effective, highly specific, and environmentally safe ways to control harmful insects. Several examples of the practical use of RNAi for combating chewing pests have been already reported. Due to their biology, phloem-feeding, as well as the ways of delivering genetic constructs into the body, RNAi in insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts – aphids, bugs, and other hemipterans – deserves separate consideration. This review discusses the criteria for selecting target genes and the issues of their functional activity solved by RNAi, methods for delivering double-stranded and small RNAs to organisms of various Hemiptera, the non-target effects of RNAi and the ways to prevent them, as well as possible practical outcomes of using this approach to control hemipteran pests of agricultural plants and vectors of dangerous human and animal diseases.","PeriodicalId":20414,"journal":{"name":"PLANT PROTECTION NEWS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75616058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-24DOI: 10.31993/2308-6459-2023-106-1-15502
A. Berestetskiy
Growing most major crops currently involves the use of chemical herbicides to control weeds. However, their regular use can lead to such undesirable consequences as contamination of soil and groundwater, accumulation of their residues in the crop, and the emergence of resistant populations of weeds. Therefore, developing of eco-friendly herbicides with new mechanisms of action is necessary. Natural phytotoxins of plant or microbial origin can serve as prototypes for active ingredients of chemical herbicides. This review considers: 1) the main modern trends in the development of chemical herbicides; 2) practical achievements in the use of natural compounds for weed control; 3) the use of phytotoxins as the basic components of synthetic herbicides. Analysis of the existing literature allowed us to identify some important approaches for the development of nature-derived herbicides: 1) the combination of virtual screening of libraries of natural compounds with high-throughput screening of selected substances in vitro and in vivo; 2) computer modelling and optimization of molecules using physico-chemical predictors and molecular docking; 3) development of new adjuvants and formulations, in particular on nanoscale, to reduce the application rates of active substances and the risks of their accumulation in the environment. The use of these approaches is likely to lead to the discovery of new promising herbicidal molecules for use in both organic and conventional agriculture.
{"title":"Prospects for the development of new herbicides based on natural compounds","authors":"A. Berestetskiy","doi":"10.31993/2308-6459-2023-106-1-15502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31993/2308-6459-2023-106-1-15502","url":null,"abstract":"Growing most major crops currently involves the use of chemical herbicides to control weeds. However, their regular use can lead to such undesirable consequences as contamination of soil and groundwater, accumulation of their residues in the crop, and the emergence of resistant populations of weeds. Therefore, developing of eco-friendly herbicides with new mechanisms of action is necessary. Natural phytotoxins of plant or microbial origin can serve as prototypes for active ingredients of chemical herbicides. This review considers: 1) the main modern trends in the development of chemical herbicides; 2) practical achievements in the use of natural compounds for weed control; 3) the use of phytotoxins as the basic components of synthetic herbicides. Analysis of the existing literature allowed us to identify some important approaches for the development of nature-derived herbicides: 1) the combination of virtual screening of libraries of natural compounds with high-throughput screening of selected substances in vitro and in vivo; 2) computer modelling and optimization of molecules using physico-chemical predictors and molecular docking; 3) development of new adjuvants and formulations, in particular on nanoscale, to reduce the application rates of active substances and the risks of their accumulation in the environment. The use of these approaches is likely to lead to the discovery of new promising herbicidal molecules for use in both organic and conventional agriculture.","PeriodicalId":20414,"journal":{"name":"PLANT PROTECTION NEWS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83478411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.31993/2308-6459-2022-105-4-15357
N. G. Vlasenko*, V. Pavlyushin, O. I. Teplyakova, O. Kulagin, D. Morozov
The effectiveness of chemical, fungal and bacterial fungicide treatments of spring soft wheat seeds and stands against major diseases was compared on leached chernozem of Novosibirsk region in 2021. Biological preparations including Sternifag, WP (Trichoderma harzianum) showed effect as early as in the tillering phase. The biologicals’ effectiveness in root rot suppression was comparable to Scarlet, ME (imazalil+tebuconazole) and amounted to 62–64 %, while Sternifag, WP halved the disease development. By the end of the growing season, all treatments, including the chemical one, equally suppressed root rot development; the best option was Scarlet, ME + Vitaplan, WP (Bacillus subtilis) with biological efficiency of 38 %. In the case of severe pressure by Septoria blotch (33 % in control), the most effective treatment was spraying the crop on the earing stage with Titul 390, KKR (propiconazole), which reduced the incidence of Septoria blotch by 84.3 %, while biologicals had no effect. The powdery mildew was best suppressed by seed treatment with Scarlet, ME (73.9 %), and the brown rust was best suppressed by Scarlet, ME + Vitaplan, WP (78.8 %). The vegetation treatments inhibited the powdery mildew by 41–54 % but didn’t show a reliable effect against the brown rust. Seed treatment with microbial fungicides increased soil cellulolytic activity by 1.5–1.8 times while chemical disinfectant reduced it. The amount of plant residues decreased by 2.5–2.8 times due to the application of Sternifag, WP. The greatest increase in grain yield was obtained due to chemical fungicides - 0.64 t/ha, while biological preparations resulted in additional 0.25–0.33 t/ha.
{"title":"Protection of spring wheat with biopreparations and fungicides in the forest steppe of Priobye: II. Activity under conditions of moisture deficiency","authors":"N. G. Vlasenko*, V. Pavlyushin, O. I. Teplyakova, O. Kulagin, D. Morozov","doi":"10.31993/2308-6459-2022-105-4-15357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31993/2308-6459-2022-105-4-15357","url":null,"abstract":"The effectiveness of chemical, fungal and bacterial fungicide treatments of spring soft wheat seeds and stands against major diseases was compared on leached chernozem of Novosibirsk region in 2021. Biological preparations including Sternifag, WP (Trichoderma harzianum) showed effect as early as in the tillering phase. The biologicals’ effectiveness in root rot suppression was comparable to Scarlet, ME (imazalil+tebuconazole) and amounted to 62–64 %, while Sternifag, WP halved the disease development. By the end of the growing season, all treatments, including the chemical one, equally suppressed root rot development; the best option was Scarlet, ME + Vitaplan, WP (Bacillus subtilis) with biological efficiency of 38 %. In the case of severe pressure by Septoria blotch (33 % in control), the most effective treatment was spraying the crop on the earing stage with Titul 390, KKR (propiconazole), which reduced the incidence of Septoria blotch by 84.3 %, while biologicals had no effect. The powdery mildew was best suppressed by seed treatment with Scarlet, ME (73.9 %), and the brown rust was best suppressed by Scarlet, ME + Vitaplan, WP (78.8 %). The vegetation treatments inhibited the powdery mildew by 41–54 % but didn’t show a reliable effect against the brown rust. Seed treatment with microbial fungicides increased soil cellulolytic activity by 1.5–1.8 times while chemical disinfectant reduced it. The amount of plant residues decreased by 2.5–2.8 times due to the application of Sternifag, WP. The greatest increase in grain yield was obtained due to chemical fungicides - 0.64 t/ha, while biological preparations resulted in additional 0.25–0.33 t/ha.","PeriodicalId":20414,"journal":{"name":"PLANT PROTECTION NEWS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84433118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.31993/2308-6459-2022-105-4-15508
P. Gannibal, T. Gagkaeva, M. Gomzhina, E. Poluektova, E. Gultyaeva
Fungal diseases of wheat are widely studied due to economic importance at global scale. Nevertheless, incorrect names of diseases and respective pathogen species, as well as inaccurate indication of their practical significance, is found in in the scientific literature. This may lead to confusion and misinterpretation of the phytosanitary situation. This review collects and structures the information about the main wheat diseases and pathogenic fungi causing them, as well as species emerging as a potential threat to wheat crops. The modern taxonomic status of the fungal species associated with different organs of wheat is given, their geographical distribution and the impact on the crop yield are characterized. Micromycetes are divided into three groups according to their phytosanitary significance. The first group is represented by fungi possessing great importance as pathogens causing the 25 main wheat diseases. The second group includes three diseases not found in Russia but significant for wheat production in other countries, thus posing potential risk for Russian grain farming. The third group consists of fungi causing 29 minor and poorly studied diseases with unverified harmfulness and controversial significance, for which the available data needs to be reviewed and confirmed. This dataset can be used as a reference for a more accurate and correct description of the phytosanitary situation. The review will also be helpful for more targeted studies using molecular methods to determine the area of fungi that cause wheat diseases, to track changes in their distribution boundaries and to clarify the harmfulness of poorly studied species.
{"title":"Micromycetes associated with wheat and their significance as pathogens in Russia","authors":"P. Gannibal, T. Gagkaeva, M. Gomzhina, E. Poluektova, E. Gultyaeva","doi":"10.31993/2308-6459-2022-105-4-15508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31993/2308-6459-2022-105-4-15508","url":null,"abstract":"Fungal diseases of wheat are widely studied due to economic importance at global scale. Nevertheless, incorrect \u0000names of diseases and respective pathogen species, as well as inaccurate indication of their practical significance, is \u0000found in in the scientific literature. This may lead to confusion and misinterpretation of the phytosanitary situation. This \u0000review collects and structures the information about the main wheat diseases and pathogenic fungi causing them, as well \u0000as species emerging as a potential threat to wheat crops. The modern taxonomic status of the fungal species associated \u0000with different organs of wheat is given, their geographical distribution and the impact on the crop yield are characterized. \u0000Micromycetes are divided into three groups according to their phytosanitary significance. The first group is represented \u0000by fungi possessing great importance as pathogens causing the 25 main wheat diseases. The second group includes three \u0000diseases not found in Russia but significant for wheat production in other countries, thus posing potential risk for Russian \u0000grain farming. The third group consists of fungi causing 29 minor and poorly studied diseases with unverified harmfulness \u0000and controversial significance, for which the available data needs to be reviewed and confirmed. This dataset can be used \u0000as a reference for a more accurate and correct description of the phytosanitary situation. The review will also be helpful for \u0000more targeted studies using molecular methods to determine the area of fungi that cause wheat diseases, to track changes \u0000in their distribution boundaries and to clarify the harmfulness of poorly studied species.","PeriodicalId":20414,"journal":{"name":"PLANT PROTECTION NEWS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90795780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.31993/2308-6459-2022-105-4-15431
O. Kirillova, V. A. Razdoburdin, E. Voznesenskaya
The Trialeurodes vaporariorum first instars (crawlers) are mobile and able to choose the optimal spots on the leaf for constant feeding favorable for the pest development. Spatial distribution of larvae and adults on the cucumber Ginga F1 cotyledon leaves, as well as the morpho-anatomical structure of cotyledons on cross sections have been studied in the laboratory. Some differences in topology of feeding sites between adults and larvae were revealed. Females occupying the underside of the leaf preferred to feed and lay eggs mainly in the basal part of the cotyledons. Unlike adults, the highest number of crawlers chose the marginal zone of cotyledon leaves for feeding. Larvae concentrated along the cotyledon perimeter forming a band of 1–1.5 mm wide. We demonstrated that the choice of feeding spots by crawlers was most likely associated with specific features of the morpho-anatomical structure of a cotyledon leaf. We showed that conductive bundles with phloem in their lower part were located on the border between the palisade and spongy parenchyma. The height of the spongy parenchyma decreased from the central part of the leaf to the edges by 2–3 times. The whitefly is an insect that feeds on the content of phloem sieve elements, and so we assume that the shorter length of the piercing stylet of the crawlers allow feeding only in the marginal zone of the cotyledon leaves of cucumber of this variety, in contrast to the adults.
{"title":"The topical specificity of the whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum in relation to morphological and anatomical features of cucumber cotyledon leaves","authors":"O. Kirillova, V. A. Razdoburdin, E. Voznesenskaya","doi":"10.31993/2308-6459-2022-105-4-15431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31993/2308-6459-2022-105-4-15431","url":null,"abstract":"The Trialeurodes vaporariorum first instars (crawlers) are mobile and able to choose the optimal spots on the leaf for \u0000constant feeding favorable for the pest development. Spatial distribution of larvae and adults on the cucumber Ginga F1 \u0000cotyledon leaves, as well as the morpho-anatomical structure of cotyledons on cross sections have been studied in the \u0000laboratory. Some differences in topology of feeding sites between adults and larvae were revealed. Females occupying the \u0000underside of the leaf preferred to feed and lay eggs mainly in the basal part of the cotyledons. Unlike adults, the highest \u0000number of crawlers chose the marginal zone of cotyledon leaves for feeding. Larvae concentrated along the cotyledon \u0000perimeter forming a band of 1–1.5 mm wide. We demonstrated that the choice of feeding spots by crawlers was most \u0000likely associated with specific features of the morpho-anatomical structure of a cotyledon leaf. We showed that conductive \u0000bundles with phloem in their lower part were located on the border between the palisade and spongy parenchyma. The \u0000height of the spongy parenchyma decreased from the central part of the leaf to the edges by 2–3 times. The whitefly is an \u0000insect that feeds on the content of phloem sieve elements, and so we assume that the shorter length of the piercing stylet \u0000of the crawlers allow feeding only in the marginal zone of the cotyledon leaves of cucumber of this variety, in contrast to \u0000the adults.","PeriodicalId":20414,"journal":{"name":"PLANT PROTECTION NEWS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85454382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.31993/2308-6459-2022-105-15392
A. Golubev
Changes in herbicides recommended for the use in Russian Federation between 2000 and 2022 are analyzed. The main directions of iimproving chemical control of weeds are identified based on the integration of domestic market with the world market. Only a limited number of active ingredients was introduced in Russia during the last decade, including pinoxaden, thiencarbazone-methyl, piroxulam, sodium flucarbazone, topramezone, diclosulam, tembotrione, and metamifop. Improved formulations of herbicides such as colloidal solution concentrate with increased penetrability due to the particle size reduced by an order of magnitude became widely available. Premix herbicides were developed based on tribenuronmethyl, metsulfuron-methyl, florasulam, clopiralid, picloram, imazamox, imazapyr, imazethapyr, etc.Parameters for herbicide application were optimized to consider phenology of weeds. Novel technologies were implemented, such as growing hybrids resistant to certain active ingredients to allow their application during crop vegetation.
{"title":"Directions for improvement of the herbicide assortment in Russia at the beginning of the 21st century","authors":"A. Golubev","doi":"10.31993/2308-6459-2022-105-15392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31993/2308-6459-2022-105-15392","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in herbicides recommended for the use in Russian Federation between 2000 and 2022 are analyzed. The main \u0000directions of iimproving chemical control of weeds are identified based on the integration of domestic market with the world \u0000market. Only a limited number of active ingredients was introduced in Russia during the last decade, including pinoxaden, \u0000thiencarbazone-methyl, piroxulam, sodium flucarbazone, topramezone, diclosulam, tembotrione, and metamifop. \u0000Improved formulations of herbicides such as colloidal solution concentrate with increased penetrability due to the particle \u0000size reduced by an order of magnitude became widely available. Premix herbicides were developed based on tribenuronmethyl, metsulfuron-methyl, florasulam, clopiralid, picloram, imazamox, imazapyr, imazethapyr, etc.Parameters for \u0000herbicide application were optimized to consider phenology of weeds. Novel technologies were implemented, such as \u0000growing hybrids resistant to certain active ingredients to allow their application during crop vegetation.","PeriodicalId":20414,"journal":{"name":"PLANT PROTECTION NEWS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75048631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.31993/2308-6459-2022-105-3-15425
M. Gomzhina, E. Gasich
The Phoma disease (Phoma stem canker, black leg, Phoma leaf spot) is one of the most harmful diseases of oilseed rape and other Brassicaceae in the world, particularly in Russia. The causal agents of this disease are Plenodomus biglobosus and Plenodomus lingam. Since 2005, a number subclades have been described within P. biglobosus and P. lingam (2 and 7, respectively). These subclades can be identified by multilocus sequence analysis. So far, biodiversity and geographic distribution of Plenodomus spp. infecting oilseed rape in Russia, have not been comprehensively analyzed. For this study, as many as 18 Plenodomus spp. isolates were obtained from the samples of stem canker and leaf spot of oilseed rape from four regions of Russia in 2004–2021. The aims of this study were to identify the isolates by phylogenetic analyses inferred from 3 gene sequences: nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer, actin, and β-tubulin, and to assess pathogenicity of the isolates. The phylogenetic reconstructions revealed two well-supported monophyletic clades corresponding to the two species of the genus Plenodomus., P. lingam ‘brassicae’ and P. biglobosus ‘brassicae’.This paper provides robust phylogeny of the Plenodomus spp. clade, accompanied with the detailed description of morphological features of both species, and results of pathogenicity tests.
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