Pub Date : 2004-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426322
T. Torfs, S. Sanders, C. Winters, S. Brebels, C. van Hoof
A wireless network based on macro-scale sensor modules (originally 45/spl times/35/spl times/30 mm/sup 3/, currently 14/spl times/14/spl times/18 mm/sup 3/ with integrated coplanar antenna) has been demonstrated. The modules can extract their energy from the environment (e.g., by solar cells), and detect various environmental parameters. The network can be configured as a multi-hop "web" of sensors which builds itself automatically according to configurable optimization parameters, or as a "star" topology, where each sensor module transmits information directly to the base station. Average power consumption for each complete module is approximately 100 /spl mu/W. This ability for drastic miniaturization and the simultaneous addition of power autonomy while maintaining modularity and reusability contrast to existing work where wireless environmental sensor systems are at least one order of magnitude larger in volume or consisted of application-specific systems-on-a-chip.
{"title":"Wireless network of autonomous environmental sensors","authors":"T. Torfs, S. Sanders, C. Winters, S. Brebels, C. van Hoof","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426322","url":null,"abstract":"A wireless network based on macro-scale sensor modules (originally 45/spl times/35/spl times/30 mm/sup 3/, currently 14/spl times/14/spl times/18 mm/sup 3/ with integrated coplanar antenna) has been demonstrated. The modules can extract their energy from the environment (e.g., by solar cells), and detect various environmental parameters. The network can be configured as a multi-hop \"web\" of sensors which builds itself automatically according to configurable optimization parameters, or as a \"star\" topology, where each sensor module transmits information directly to the base station. Average power consumption for each complete module is approximately 100 /spl mu/W. This ability for drastic miniaturization and the simultaneous addition of power autonomy while maintaining modularity and reusability contrast to existing work where wireless environmental sensor systems are at least one order of magnitude larger in volume or consisted of application-specific systems-on-a-chip.","PeriodicalId":20476,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87359997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426461
J. Feng, Gang Qu, M. Potkonjak
Calibration is the process of identifying and correcting for the systematic bias component of the error in sensor measurements. Traditionally, calibration has usually been conducted by considering a set of measurements in a single time frame and restricted to linear systems with the assumption of equal-quality sensors and single modality. The basis for the new calibration procedure is to construct a statistical error model that captures the characteristics of the measurement errors. Such an error model can be constructed either off-line or on-line. It is derived using the nonparametric kernel density estimation techniques. We propose four alternatives to make the transition from the constructed error model to the calibration model, which is represented by piecewise polynomials. In addition, statistical validation and evaluation methods such as resubstitution, is used in order to establish the interval of confidence for both the error model and the calibration model. Traces of the distance ranging measurements recorded by in-field deployed sensors are used as our demonstrative example.
{"title":"Sensor calibration using nonparametric statistical characterization of error models","authors":"J. Feng, Gang Qu, M. Potkonjak","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426461","url":null,"abstract":"Calibration is the process of identifying and correcting for the systematic bias component of the error in sensor measurements. Traditionally, calibration has usually been conducted by considering a set of measurements in a single time frame and restricted to linear systems with the assumption of equal-quality sensors and single modality. The basis for the new calibration procedure is to construct a statistical error model that captures the characteristics of the measurement errors. Such an error model can be constructed either off-line or on-line. It is derived using the nonparametric kernel density estimation techniques. We propose four alternatives to make the transition from the constructed error model to the calibration model, which is represented by piecewise polynomials. In addition, statistical validation and evaluation methods such as resubstitution, is used in order to establish the interval of confidence for both the error model and the calibration model. Traces of the distance ranging measurements recorded by in-field deployed sensors are used as our demonstrative example.","PeriodicalId":20476,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77502598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426181
W. Kang, J. Davidson, Y. Wong, K. L. Soh, Y. Gurbuz
Carbon-derived micro- and nanostructures for chemical sensing in air and liquid environments have been developed. Gas sensing rectifiers comprised of micro-electrodes on diamond layers for detection of H/sub 2/, O/sub 2/, CO, and hydrocarbon gases have shown high sensitivity and fast response time over a very wide temperature range (>600/spl deg/C). Detection mechanisms of these microsensors have also been studied. A novel microelectronic gas sensor utilizing carbon nanotubes for hydrogen detection has also been developed. The sensor exhibits diode behavior at room temperature with drastic current changes in the presence of hydrogen. Also, diamond microelectrode arrays for electrochemical sensing in liquid media have been achieved and exhibited higher sensitivity than the conventional planar diamond film and other microprobes. Carbon-derived structures have broad practical applications for chemical sensing and have been demonstrated to operate at temperature, dynamic range, sensitivity, and radiation with far better performance than those based on silicon and other materials.
{"title":"Carbon-derived micro- and nanostructures for chemical sensing","authors":"W. Kang, J. Davidson, Y. Wong, K. L. Soh, Y. Gurbuz","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426181","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon-derived micro- and nanostructures for chemical sensing in air and liquid environments have been developed. Gas sensing rectifiers comprised of micro-electrodes on diamond layers for detection of H/sub 2/, O/sub 2/, CO, and hydrocarbon gases have shown high sensitivity and fast response time over a very wide temperature range (>600/spl deg/C). Detection mechanisms of these microsensors have also been studied. A novel microelectronic gas sensor utilizing carbon nanotubes for hydrogen detection has also been developed. The sensor exhibits diode behavior at room temperature with drastic current changes in the presence of hydrogen. Also, diamond microelectrode arrays for electrochemical sensing in liquid media have been achieved and exhibited higher sensitivity than the conventional planar diamond film and other microprobes. Carbon-derived structures have broad practical applications for chemical sensing and have been demonstrated to operate at temperature, dynamic range, sensitivity, and radiation with far better performance than those based on silicon and other materials.","PeriodicalId":20476,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85979065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426099
P. Peng, Wen-Piao Lin, S. Chi
A self-healing architecture for fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor networks is proposed and demonstrated. We design remote nodes by using simple optical switches to check the breakpoint and reconfigure the FBG network if any link fails. Moreover, to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the sensor system, we adopt a fiber laser scheme to construct our proposed self-healing architecture. The fiber laser adopted in this system leads to the SNR over 50 dB for the sensor system. The network survivability of a 10 point FBG sensor is experimentally verified. The proposed system can facilitate a reliable sensor network for a large-scale and multipoint smart structure.
{"title":"A self-healing architecture for fiber Bragg grating sensor network","authors":"P. Peng, Wen-Piao Lin, S. Chi","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426099","url":null,"abstract":"A self-healing architecture for fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor networks is proposed and demonstrated. We design remote nodes by using simple optical switches to check the breakpoint and reconfigure the FBG network if any link fails. Moreover, to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the sensor system, we adopt a fiber laser scheme to construct our proposed self-healing architecture. The fiber laser adopted in this system leads to the SNR over 50 dB for the sensor system. The network survivability of a 10 point FBG sensor is experimentally verified. The proposed system can facilitate a reliable sensor network for a large-scale and multipoint smart structure.","PeriodicalId":20476,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91323231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426159
Jae Byung Park, G. DeSouza
CCD cameras have a limited dynamic range that constrains the brightness of the incident light that can be quantified. If the ray of incident light is too intense, the sensor saturates. This color clipping effect is a common problem in computer vision and it can become specially difficult when dealing with specular objects against a low-intensity background. In this paper, we present a method for analyzing such clipping effects appearing in color images. Using an averaging technique to estimate the color of the illuminant, we define two types of axes in the RGB color cube: the illumination axis and the clipping axis. Our study concludes the following: 1) the clipped pixels from a dielectric object form one or two lines, depending on the number of color channels on which the clipping effect takes place; and 2) these lines are parallel to the clipping axes. These two properties allow for a framework for a color-based segmentation that works even in the presence of saturated (specular) regions in the image. Moreover, the captured images can now be obtained under a wider variation of illumination conditions.
{"title":"Analysis of clipping effect in color images captured by CCD cameras","authors":"Jae Byung Park, G. DeSouza","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426159","url":null,"abstract":"CCD cameras have a limited dynamic range that constrains the brightness of the incident light that can be quantified. If the ray of incident light is too intense, the sensor saturates. This color clipping effect is a common problem in computer vision and it can become specially difficult when dealing with specular objects against a low-intensity background. In this paper, we present a method for analyzing such clipping effects appearing in color images. Using an averaging technique to estimate the color of the illuminant, we define two types of axes in the RGB color cube: the illumination axis and the clipping axis. Our study concludes the following: 1) the clipped pixels from a dielectric object form one or two lines, depending on the number of color channels on which the clipping effect takes place; and 2) these lines are parallel to the clipping axes. These two properties allow for a framework for a color-based segmentation that works even in the presence of saturated (specular) regions in the image. Moreover, the captured images can now be obtained under a wider variation of illumination conditions.","PeriodicalId":20476,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79200595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426206
P. Mendes, A. Polyakov, M. Bartek, J. Burghartz, J. Correia
A fully integrated, folded-patch antenna for operation at 5.62 GHz and application in wireless sensor networks, has been realized and characterized. Overall dimensions of 4/spl times/4/spl times/1 mm/sup 3/, measured bandwidth of 100 MHz and an efficiency of 32% were achieved. The antenna fabrication is based on wafer-level packaging techniques and consists of two adhesively bonded glass substrates with through-substrate electrical vias and 3D metallization. The measured electrical characteristics of the antenna prototype fit well with the simulations.
{"title":"An integrated folded-patch antenna for wireless microsystems","authors":"P. Mendes, A. Polyakov, M. Bartek, J. Burghartz, J. Correia","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426206","url":null,"abstract":"A fully integrated, folded-patch antenna for operation at 5.62 GHz and application in wireless sensor networks, has been realized and characterized. Overall dimensions of 4/spl times/4/spl times/1 mm/sup 3/, measured bandwidth of 100 MHz and an efficiency of 32% were achieved. The antenna fabrication is based on wafer-level packaging techniques and consists of two adhesively bonded glass substrates with through-substrate electrical vias and 3D metallization. The measured electrical characteristics of the antenna prototype fit well with the simulations.","PeriodicalId":20476,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83932498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426453
D. Reilly, A. J. Willshire, G. Fusiek, P. Niewczas, J. R. McDonald
In this paper, we describe a sensor capable of measuring both AC current and temperature using a single fibre Bragg grating (FBG). The device consists of a magnetically biased magnetostrictive alloy bonded to an FBG. The magnetic field generated by the current in a specially designed coil produces internal strains in the magnetostrictive alloy which can be detected by the FBG. The temperature at the sensing point is determined through averaging of the sensor output signal. The measurement range of the sensor can be varied by altering the design of the sensor coil. A prototype sensor has been constructed capable of measuring AC currents up to 1 A while simultaneously measuring temperatures up to 100/spl deg/C.
{"title":"A fibre Bragg grating based sensor for simultaneous AC current and temperature measurement","authors":"D. Reilly, A. J. Willshire, G. Fusiek, P. Niewczas, J. R. McDonald","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426453","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we describe a sensor capable of measuring both AC current and temperature using a single fibre Bragg grating (FBG). The device consists of a magnetically biased magnetostrictive alloy bonded to an FBG. The magnetic field generated by the current in a specially designed coil produces internal strains in the magnetostrictive alloy which can be detected by the FBG. The temperature at the sensing point is determined through averaging of the sensor output signal. The measurement range of the sensor can be varied by altering the design of the sensor coil. A prototype sensor has been constructed capable of measuring AC currents up to 1 A while simultaneously measuring temperatures up to 100/spl deg/C.","PeriodicalId":20476,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77814430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-05DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426310
G. Mansfeld, S. Alekseev, I. Kotelyansky, A. G. Kirillov, V. Veretin
The paper studies the possibility of using microwave high overtone bulk acoustic wave resonators (HBAR) in temperature sensors in liquids. The shear 430 MHz BAW are excited in the resonator structure providing high temperature sensitivity and relatively low harmful mechanical sensitivity of sensor on ambient liquid media. The new technical suggestion is that the resonator is acoustically isolated and protected from the mechanical influence of ambient media by multilayer Bragg quarter-wavelength thin film reflectors.
{"title":"BAW microwave temperature sensor","authors":"G. Mansfeld, S. Alekseev, I. Kotelyansky, A. G. Kirillov, V. Veretin","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426310","url":null,"abstract":"The paper studies the possibility of using microwave high overtone bulk acoustic wave resonators (HBAR) in temperature sensors in liquids. The shear 430 MHz BAW are excited in the resonator structure providing high temperature sensitivity and relatively low harmful mechanical sensitivity of sensor on ambient liquid media. The new technical suggestion is that the resonator is acoustically isolated and protected from the mechanical influence of ambient media by multilayer Bragg quarter-wavelength thin film reflectors.","PeriodicalId":20476,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78507900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426312
H. Choi, Jun Hyung Kim, S. Kim, Y. Kwak
Piezoelectric motors have been used in many applications where excellent controllability and fine position resolution are required or magnetic field noise should be eliminated. However, the piezoelectric motor has two major drawbacks. One is difficulty in maintaining constant vibration amplitude with temperature rise and wear, and the other is heat generation induced by dielectric and mechanical losses. A piezoelectric motor that can overcome these problems is proposed. It is operated using momentum exchange between a bimorph and a rotor. To maximize the motor's steady state velocity and static torque, a guideline is established using two bimorph models. The guideline is then partially validated by comparison between simulation and experiment results. There was no heat generation in several hours of testing.
{"title":"Development of piezoelectric motor using momentum generated by bimorph","authors":"H. Choi, Jun Hyung Kim, S. Kim, Y. Kwak","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426312","url":null,"abstract":"Piezoelectric motors have been used in many applications where excellent controllability and fine position resolution are required or magnetic field noise should be eliminated. However, the piezoelectric motor has two major drawbacks. One is difficulty in maintaining constant vibration amplitude with temperature rise and wear, and the other is heat generation induced by dielectric and mechanical losses. A piezoelectric motor that can overcome these problems is proposed. It is operated using momentum exchange between a bimorph and a rotor. To maximize the motor's steady state velocity and static torque, a guideline is established using two bimorph models. The guideline is then partially validated by comparison between simulation and experiment results. There was no heat generation in several hours of testing.","PeriodicalId":20476,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77677089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-02-09DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426280
F. Tittel, A. Kosterev, Y. Bakhirkin
A new approach to detecting photoacoustic signals in gas media is reported. Instead of using a gas-filled resonant acoustic cavity and a microphone as in traditional photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) the sound energy can also be detected using a high Q piezoelectric crystal element. Quartz crystal tuning forks can be used as resonant transducer elements for photoacoustic gas sensing. Recently, we introduced a novel approach to PAS called quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS). QEPAS takes advantage of the extremely high quality factor Q of quartz crystals. Feasibility experiments of a gas sensor utilizing a quartz tuning fork (TF) resonating at 32.768 kHz and a fiber coupled distributed-feedback (DFB) diode laser operating at 1.53 /spl mu/m have demonstrated a normalized detection limit of 7.2/spl times/10/sup -9/ W/Hz/sup 1/2 / using NH/sub 3/ as the target gas. This sensitivity is in the same range as the best reported result for conventional PAS. The sensitivity limiting factor of QEPAS is the fundamental thermal noise of the TF.
{"title":"Recent advances in quartz-enhanced gas-phase photoacoustic spectroscopy","authors":"F. Tittel, A. Kosterev, Y. Bakhirkin","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426280","url":null,"abstract":"A new approach to detecting photoacoustic signals in gas media is reported. Instead of using a gas-filled resonant acoustic cavity and a microphone as in traditional photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) the sound energy can also be detected using a high Q piezoelectric crystal element. Quartz crystal tuning forks can be used as resonant transducer elements for photoacoustic gas sensing. Recently, we introduced a novel approach to PAS called quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS). QEPAS takes advantage of the extremely high quality factor Q of quartz crystals. Feasibility experiments of a gas sensor utilizing a quartz tuning fork (TF) resonating at 32.768 kHz and a fiber coupled distributed-feedback (DFB) diode laser operating at 1.53 /spl mu/m have demonstrated a normalized detection limit of 7.2/spl times/10/sup -9/ W/Hz/sup 1/2 / using NH/sub 3/ as the target gas. This sensitivity is in the same range as the best reported result for conventional PAS. The sensitivity limiting factor of QEPAS is the fundamental thermal noise of the TF.","PeriodicalId":20476,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87845458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：