Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426252
S. Moon
A novel infrared absorbing material for an uncooled microbolometer was developed and a microbolometer was designed and fabricated using the new bolometric material. The new infrared absorbing material was fabricated based on the formation (by cosputtering) of a vanadium-tungsten alloy film and its oxidation. The new bolometric material has TCR values in the range of -1.5 to -4.0 %/K, depending on the variation of tungsten concentration and oxidation time. The novel infrared absorbing material coupled microbolometer was fabricated by surface micromachining and its bolometric properties were characterized. Finally, the responsivity and noise voltage were measured as a function of chopper frequency, and detectivities of 0.9-6.0/spl times/10/sup 8/ cmHz/sup 1/2//W were obtained at chopper frequencies of 10-100 Hz and bias current of 33 /spl mu/A.
{"title":"Novel infrared absorbing material coupled uncooled microbolometer","authors":"S. Moon","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426252","url":null,"abstract":"A novel infrared absorbing material for an uncooled microbolometer was developed and a microbolometer was designed and fabricated using the new bolometric material. The new infrared absorbing material was fabricated based on the formation (by cosputtering) of a vanadium-tungsten alloy film and its oxidation. The new bolometric material has TCR values in the range of -1.5 to -4.0 %/K, depending on the variation of tungsten concentration and oxidation time. The novel infrared absorbing material coupled microbolometer was fabricated by surface micromachining and its bolometric properties were characterized. Finally, the responsivity and noise voltage were measured as a function of chopper frequency, and detectivities of 0.9-6.0/spl times/10/sup 8/ cmHz/sup 1/2//W were obtained at chopper frequencies of 10-100 Hz and bias current of 33 /spl mu/A.","PeriodicalId":20476,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78451372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426346
L. de Stefano, I. Rendina, L. Moretti, V. Scognamiglio, M. Rossi, S. d'Auria
Recently, lot of experimental work concerning the worth noting properties of porous silicon (PSi) in chemical and biological sensing has been reported. In this paper, we present our preliminary results about L-glutamine detection by means of an optical biosensor based on porous silicon technology.
{"title":"Detection of L-glutamine in a porous silicon based optical biosensor","authors":"L. de Stefano, I. Rendina, L. Moretti, V. Scognamiglio, M. Rossi, S. d'Auria","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426346","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, lot of experimental work concerning the worth noting properties of porous silicon (PSi) in chemical and biological sensing has been reported. In this paper, we present our preliminary results about L-glutamine detection by means of an optical biosensor based on porous silicon technology.","PeriodicalId":20476,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75691895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426093
Jichun Zhang, N. Trombly, A. Mason
This paper presents a low noise electrochemical interface circuit that is tuned to the needs of protein-based biosensor arrays and compatible with the formation of fully integrated biochemical microsystems. The circuit includes an integrated potentiostat and highly sensitive amperometric readout amplifier. It achieves good noise performance while supporting biosensor output currents from 10 pA to 10 /spl mu/A to suit a wide range of sensitivities and electrode areas. Implemented in 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS process, it is compatible with a post-CMOS process to realize an integrated biosensor array.
{"title":"A low noise readout circuit for integrated electrochemical biosensor arrays","authors":"Jichun Zhang, N. Trombly, A. Mason","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426093","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a low noise electrochemical interface circuit that is tuned to the needs of protein-based biosensor arrays and compatible with the formation of fully integrated biochemical microsystems. The circuit includes an integrated potentiostat and highly sensitive amperometric readout amplifier. It achieves good noise performance while supporting biosensor output currents from 10 pA to 10 /spl mu/A to suit a wide range of sensitivities and electrode areas. Implemented in 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS process, it is compatible with a post-CMOS process to realize an integrated biosensor array.","PeriodicalId":20476,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73038039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426269
E. N. Pyatova, A. V. Kopytin, V.Yu. Baulin, A. F. Zhukov, A. Dorokhov, K. German, A. Tsivadze
A new powerful complexing group of phosphororganic tripodandes (POTP) synthesized by an economic approach were studied as chemical sensors for different ionoselective electrodes. The substitutive central group of POTP influenced the characteristic rows of the potentiometric selectivity coefficient. The central-phosphoric tripodandes were highly selective to Ca/sup 2+/ and Pb/sup 2+/, while the central-amine tripodandes were selective to Cd/sup 2+/, Pb/sup 2+/ and Cs/sup +/. The selectivity of the central-amine tripodandes strongly depended on the substituting of the N-adjusted methylene group for the ethyleneglycol group. For membranes sensorized with the central-phosphorous podandes, the enlargement of the by-side chain for one methylene group made no practical influence on the selectivity characteristics.
{"title":"Phosphororganic tripodand ionophores as chemical sensor components of the PVC membrane ISEs","authors":"E. N. Pyatova, A. V. Kopytin, V.Yu. Baulin, A. F. Zhukov, A. Dorokhov, K. German, A. Tsivadze","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426269","url":null,"abstract":"A new powerful complexing group of phosphororganic tripodandes (POTP) synthesized by an economic approach were studied as chemical sensors for different ionoselective electrodes. The substitutive central group of POTP influenced the characteristic rows of the potentiometric selectivity coefficient. The central-phosphoric tripodandes were highly selective to Ca/sup 2+/ and Pb/sup 2+/, while the central-amine tripodandes were selective to Cd/sup 2+/, Pb/sup 2+/ and Cs/sup +/. The selectivity of the central-amine tripodandes strongly depended on the substituting of the N-adjusted methylene group for the ethyleneglycol group. For membranes sensorized with the central-phosphorous podandes, the enlargement of the by-side chain for one methylene group made no practical influence on the selectivity characteristics.","PeriodicalId":20476,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74396821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426233
Hong Chen, R. Goubran, T. Mussivand
Traditional pattern recognition (PARC) methods, used in electronic noses (e-noses) are either parametric (such as k-nearest neighbors, KNN, and linear discriminant analysis, LDA) or non-parametric (such as artificial neural network and fuzzy logic). Multi-dimensional combining (MDC) is proposed to combine the classification outputs of individual classifiers into a more robust and accurate one. Two implementations are proposed to find the individual classifiers, one is based on various feature extraction methods and the other is based on various dimension reduction methods, with three means of combining. Six household fragrances were sampled using the Cyranose 320 e-nose device. The acquired data (600 measurements) was split into two sets, training and testing. Experiments were conducted at various concentrations of the sample smell, various sample numbers and various training numbers. Results show the advantage of MDC over the individual classifiers, and over the other traditional PARC methods under all conditions.
{"title":"Improving the classification accuracy in electronic noses using multi-dimensional combining (MDC)","authors":"Hong Chen, R. Goubran, T. Mussivand","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426233","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional pattern recognition (PARC) methods, used in electronic noses (e-noses) are either parametric (such as k-nearest neighbors, KNN, and linear discriminant analysis, LDA) or non-parametric (such as artificial neural network and fuzzy logic). Multi-dimensional combining (MDC) is proposed to combine the classification outputs of individual classifiers into a more robust and accurate one. Two implementations are proposed to find the individual classifiers, one is based on various feature extraction methods and the other is based on various dimension reduction methods, with three means of combining. Six household fragrances were sampled using the Cyranose 320 e-nose device. The acquired data (600 measurements) was split into two sets, training and testing. Experiments were conducted at various concentrations of the sample smell, various sample numbers and various training numbers. Results show the advantage of MDC over the individual classifiers, and over the other traditional PARC methods under all conditions.","PeriodicalId":20476,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72747121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426353
Yuelin Wang, Xinxin Li, Tie Li, Heng Yang, J. Jiao
In this paper, a novel nanofabrication method that developed from the traditional MEMS technology with anisotropic etching, deep reaction ion etching and sacrificial layer process has been presented. Nano needles, nano wires, nano beams even nano devices can be fabricated in a batch process. Beams with thickness of 12 nm, a nano tip with a heater on the beam, and a nano wire where width and thickness is only 50 nm are demonstrated. The scale effect of the Young's modulus of silicon has been observed and the nano-electronic-mechanical data storage has been achieved.
{"title":"Nanofabrication based on MEMS","authors":"Yuelin Wang, Xinxin Li, Tie Li, Heng Yang, J. Jiao","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426353","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a novel nanofabrication method that developed from the traditional MEMS technology with anisotropic etching, deep reaction ion etching and sacrificial layer process has been presented. Nano needles, nano wires, nano beams even nano devices can be fabricated in a batch process. Beams with thickness of 12 nm, a nano tip with a heater on the beam, and a nano wire where width and thickness is only 50 nm are demonstrated. The scale effect of the Young's modulus of silicon has been observed and the nano-electronic-mechanical data storage has been achieved.","PeriodicalId":20476,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72781860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426138
G. Chao, Li Xiujun, G. Meijer
This paper presents a system-level approach for the design of universal smart-sensor interfaces. The benefits and drawbacks of existing interfaces are reviewed and compared. Next, a strategy has been developed for the design of a new universal sensor interface (USI). Finally, the results of this work have been applied at a system and device level for the implementation of the interface chip, which has been implemented in 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. The USI is a multifunctional smart sensor interface chip with 16 modes for a wide range of sensor types.
{"title":"A system-level approach for the design of smart sensor interfaces","authors":"G. Chao, Li Xiujun, G. Meijer","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426138","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a system-level approach for the design of universal smart-sensor interfaces. The benefits and drawbacks of existing interfaces are reviewed and compared. Next, a strategy has been developed for the design of a new universal sensor interface (USI). Finally, the results of this work have been applied at a system and device level for the implementation of the interface chip, which has been implemented in 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. The USI is a multifunctional smart sensor interface chip with 16 modes for a wide range of sensor types.","PeriodicalId":20476,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74607504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426278
S. Radel, J. Schnoller, E. Benes, B. Lendl
It has been shown elsewhere that infrared (IR) spectroscopy can be successfully employed for the on-line monitoring of bio-processes. A horizontal attenuated total reflection (ATR) unit connected to a portable IR-cube was used here to measure the IR absorption spectra of supernatant and microorganisms separately. The common problem of bio-film formation on the ATR was addressed before, e.g. by chemical means. We present a novel method employing the principles of ultrasonic particle manipulation to avoid and potentially remove this coating brought about by the use of fermentation broth. A novel flow cell for a horizontal ATR was developed that decreases measurement time and the undesired formation of bio-films on the ATR surface. An ultrasonic standing wave (/spl sim/2 MHz) is built up between a horizontal transducer and the ATR crystal. Yeast cells in suspension were agglomerated within certain regions by the ultrasound field and therefore settled about 3-4 times faster on the ATR when the field was switched off compared to the slow sedimentation of freely dispersed cells. After the IR spectrum had been measured, the same sound field was used to actively lift the settled material from the optical sensitive surface which therefore could be rinsed away more effectively.
{"title":"Ultrasonic standing wave accelerates on-line measurement and prevents coating of a FTIR ATR flow cell","authors":"S. Radel, J. Schnoller, E. Benes, B. Lendl","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426278","url":null,"abstract":"It has been shown elsewhere that infrared (IR) spectroscopy can be successfully employed for the on-line monitoring of bio-processes. A horizontal attenuated total reflection (ATR) unit connected to a portable IR-cube was used here to measure the IR absorption spectra of supernatant and microorganisms separately. The common problem of bio-film formation on the ATR was addressed before, e.g. by chemical means. We present a novel method employing the principles of ultrasonic particle manipulation to avoid and potentially remove this coating brought about by the use of fermentation broth. A novel flow cell for a horizontal ATR was developed that decreases measurement time and the undesired formation of bio-films on the ATR surface. An ultrasonic standing wave (/spl sim/2 MHz) is built up between a horizontal transducer and the ATR crystal. Yeast cells in suspension were agglomerated within certain regions by the ultrasound field and therefore settled about 3-4 times faster on the ATR when the field was switched off compared to the slow sedimentation of freely dispersed cells. After the IR spectrum had been measured, the same sound field was used to actively lift the settled material from the optical sensitive surface which therefore could be rinsed away more effectively.","PeriodicalId":20476,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73686727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426096
A. Benbasat, J.A. Paradisio
Wireless sensor systems are currently being deployed in a wide variety of lightweight mobile applications such as distributed object tracking and wearable medical data collection. For such applications to enter the consumer mainstream, it is necessary for them to operate far more power efficiently than they do currently. Using a simple illustrative example, this paper explores some general design rules for techniques which can reduce power consumption by one to two orders of magnitude through a combination of real-time sensor selection based on system state and in-situ feature extraction before storage and/or transmission (if necessary). In the presented example, it is demonstrated that the use of both low and high accuracy sensors for a single parameter (acceleration) can allow system state identification to be far more power-efficient (in this case, by 94%) than with a single sensor alone. Use of sensors with short wakeup times will further improve this result.
{"title":"Design of a real-time adaptive power optimal system","authors":"A. Benbasat, J.A. Paradisio","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426096","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless sensor systems are currently being deployed in a wide variety of lightweight mobile applications such as distributed object tracking and wearable medical data collection. For such applications to enter the consumer mainstream, it is necessary for them to operate far more power efficiently than they do currently. Using a simple illustrative example, this paper explores some general design rules for techniques which can reduce power consumption by one to two orders of magnitude through a combination of real-time sensor selection based on system state and in-situ feature extraction before storage and/or transmission (if necessary). In the presented example, it is demonstrated that the use of both low and high accuracy sensors for a single parameter (acceleration) can allow system state identification to be far more power-efficient (in this case, by 94%) than with a single sensor alone. Use of sensors with short wakeup times will further improve this result.","PeriodicalId":20476,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84253161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426162
S. Natarajan, J. Huffman, T. Weller, D. Fries
A contact-less toroidal coil based fluid conductivity sensor has been designed, prototyped and tested on sea water samples of different salinities. The novelty of the design lies in the coil construction and RF phase detection used for the conductivity sensing. The sensor is made of two insulated toroidal coils having an area of 15/spl times/15 mm/sup 2/, 1.5 mm thick and embedded in a printed circuit board (PCB). The conductivity detection technique involves detecting a phase change that occurs between an alternating signal that couples between two such closely held coils inside the fluid. The sensing circuitry, which provides the input and converts the phase change into an output voltage was also assembled and integrated with the sensor.
{"title":"Contact-less toroidal fluid conductivity sensor based on RF detection","authors":"S. Natarajan, J. Huffman, T. Weller, D. Fries","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426162","url":null,"abstract":"A contact-less toroidal coil based fluid conductivity sensor has been designed, prototyped and tested on sea water samples of different salinities. The novelty of the design lies in the coil construction and RF phase detection used for the conductivity sensing. The sensor is made of two insulated toroidal coils having an area of 15/spl times/15 mm/sup 2/, 1.5 mm thick and embedded in a printed circuit board (PCB). The conductivity detection technique involves detecting a phase change that occurs between an alternating signal that couples between two such closely held coils inside the fluid. The sensing circuitry, which provides the input and converts the phase change into an output voltage was also assembled and integrated with the sensor.","PeriodicalId":20476,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84597577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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