In the course of a spectroscopic investigation in which I have been for some time past engaged, a line spectrum, which so far as I was able to make out was unknown, has frequently presented itself upon my photographs. It appeared in May and June, 1894, under conditions which led me to call it, for the sake of convenience, “the low-pressure spectrum.”
{"title":"II. Note on the spectrum of argon","authors":"H. F. Newall","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1894.0162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1894.0162","url":null,"abstract":"In the course of a spectroscopic investigation in which I have been for some time past engaged, a line spectrum, which so far as I was able to make out was unknown, has frequently presented itself upon my photographs. It appeared in May and June, 1894, under conditions which led me to call it, for the sake of convenience, “the low-pressure spectrum.”","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1894.0162","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62361938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1. The importance of variation as a factor in organic evolution is not seriously disputed; but, if one may judge from the expressions contained in recent essays, naturalists are not agreed as to the manner in which variation among individuals is associated specific modification. The view originally put forward by Darwin and Wallace is that specific modification is at least generally a gradual process, resulting from “the accumulation of innumerable slight variations, each good for the original possessor” (‘Origin of Species,’ chap. xv). This view rests on the assumption that each of those small differences which are to be observed among a group of individuals belonging to the same species has generally some effect upon the chance of life.
{"title":"II. Remarks on variation in animals and plants. To accompany the first report of the committee for conducting statistical inquiries into the measurable characteristics of plants and animals","authors":"W. F. Weldon","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1894.0166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1894.0166","url":null,"abstract":"1. The importance of variation as a factor in organic evolution is not seriously disputed; but, if one may judge from the expressions contained in recent essays, naturalists are not agreed as to the manner in which variation among individuals is associated specific modification. The view originally put forward by Darwin and Wallace is that specific modification is at least generally a gradual process, resulting from “the accumulation of innumerable slight variations, each good for the original possessor” (‘Origin of Species,’ chap. xv). This view rests on the assumption that each of those small differences which are to be observed among a group of individuals belonging to the same species has generally some effect upon the chance of life.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1894.0166","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62362371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This memoir embodies the results of a series of investigations which were initiated by the Right Hon. Viscount Cross, sometime H. M. Secretary of State for India, shortly after the annexation of Burma by the British Government. The researches were undertaken with a view to the determination of the value of the celebrated ruby mines of that country, and of the conditions under which the gem is found.
{"title":"I. The rubies of Burma and associated minerals—their mode of occurrence, origin and metamorphoses. A contribution to the history of corundum","authors":"C. Brown, J. W. Judd","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1894.0168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1894.0168","url":null,"abstract":"This memoir embodies the results of a series of investigations which were initiated by the Right Hon. Viscount Cross, sometime H. M. Secretary of State for India, shortly after the annexation of Burma by the British Government. The researches were undertaken with a view to the determination of the value of the celebrated ruby mines of that country, and of the conditions under which the gem is found.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1894.0168","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62362870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
§ 1. The experiment described in § 14 of our paper on the “Electrification of Air and other Gases by bubbling through Water and other Liquids” (‘Roy. Soc. Proc.,’ February 21, 1895), proves that air, electrified negatively by bubbling through water and caused to pass through a metallic wire gauze strainer, gives up some, but not a large proportion, of its electricity to the-metal. We have now made a fresh experimental arrangement for the purpose of investigating diselectrification of air which has been electrified, whether positively or negatively, by other means than bubbling through water: with apparatus represented in figs. 1 and 2, which is simplified from that of our former paper by the omission of the apparatus for electrification by bubbling, and for collecting large quantities of electrified air.
{"title":"I. On the diselectrification of air","authors":"W. Thomson, M. Maclean, A. Galt","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1894.0172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1894.0172","url":null,"abstract":"§ 1. The experiment described in § 14 of our paper on the “Electrification of Air and other Gases by bubbling through Water and other Liquids” (‘Roy. Soc. Proc.,’ February 21, 1895), proves that air, electrified negatively by bubbling through water and caused to pass through a metallic wire gauze strainer, gives up some, but not a large proportion, of its electricity to the-metal. We have now made a fresh experimental arrangement for the purpose of investigating diselectrification of air which has been electrified, whether positively or negatively, by other means than bubbling through water: with apparatus represented in figs. 1 and 2, which is simplified from that of our former paper by the omission of the apparatus for electrification by bubbling, and for collecting large quantities of electrified air.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1894.0172","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62362901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
These observations have been made by instruments purchased from the Government Grant Fund administered by the Royal Society. The Observatory having been comparatively recently established, the Vertical Force self-recording instrument is not yet in thorough working order. It is hoped in future to publish complete records of all three elements.
{"title":"Report of magnetical observations at Falmouth Observatory for the year 1894. Latitude 50° 9' 0\" N. and longitude 5° 4' 35\" W.; height, 167 feet above mean sea-level","authors":"","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1894.0183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1894.0183","url":null,"abstract":"These observations have been made by instruments purchased from the Government Grant Fund administered by the Royal Society. The Observatory having been comparatively recently established, the Vertical Force self-recording instrument is not yet in thorough working order. It is hoped in future to publish complete records of all three elements.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1894.0183","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62363122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At Professor Ramsay’s suggestion, experiments were undertaken to see whether argon could be obtained from nitrogenous vegetables or from animal tissues. Method :—A few grams of the substance, after drying if necessary, were ground to a fine powder, desiccated at 110° C., until the weight was constant, and a nitrogen estimation performed by Dumas’ method. It was supposed that any argon compound would be decomposed, when the argon would come off along with the nitrogen.
{"title":"X. Is argon contained in vegetable or animal substances?","authors":"G. MacDonald, A. Kellas","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1894.0181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1894.0181","url":null,"abstract":"At Professor Ramsay’s suggestion, experiments were undertaken to see whether argon could be obtained from nitrogenous vegetables or from animal tissues. Method :—A few grams of the substance, after drying if necessary, were ground to a fine powder, desiccated at 110° C., until the weight was constant, and a nitrogen estimation performed by Dumas’ method. It was supposed that any argon compound would be decomposed, when the argon would come off along with the nitrogen.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1894.0181","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62363340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although the enquiry described in the paper, of which this communication is an abstract, has engaged my attention for the last two years, the actual experiments on which the conclusions are based were not performed until the months of September and October, 1894. Many difficulties in the construction of the apparatus had to be overcome, also the necessary standardisation of the instruments occupied my leisure time for some months. The apparatus was designed so as to enable me to perform experiments at temperatures from 10° to 60° C., and I hoped to carry out my investigations over that range.
{"title":"II. The latent heat of evaporation of water","authors":"E. H. Griffiths","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1894.0144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1894.0144","url":null,"abstract":"Although the enquiry described in the paper, of which this communication is an abstract, has engaged my attention for the last two years, the actual experiments on which the conclusions are based were not performed until the months of September and October, 1894. Many difficulties in the construction of the apparatus had to be overcome, also the necessary standardisation of the instruments occupied my leisure time for some months. The apparatus was designed so as to enable me to perform experiments at temperatures from 10° to 60° C., and I hoped to carry out my investigations over that range.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1894.0144","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62360228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a paper communicated to this Society in the spring of 1894, I showed that ethylene, when subjected to heat, was converted into acetylene and methane, according to the equation 3C2H4 = 2C2H2+2CH4, and that the acetylene so formed either at once polymerised, forming a large number of secondary products, or else decomposed to carbon and hydrogen, according to the temperature at which the action was being carried on.
{"title":"II. The action of heat upon ethylene. II","authors":"V. Lewes","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1894.0169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1894.0169","url":null,"abstract":"In a paper communicated to this Society in the spring of 1894, I showed that ethylene, when subjected to heat, was converted into acetylene and methane, according to the equation 3C2H4 = 2C2H2+2CH4, and that the acetylene so formed either at once polymerised, forming a large number of secondary products, or else decomposed to carbon and hydrogen, according to the temperature at which the action was being carried on.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1894.0169","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62362973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I must beg leave at the outset to acknowledge the valuable aid of my Assistant, Mr. R. B. Moris, F .C. S., in the present inquiry. An investigation of this kind, necessitating much consideration, can only be carried to a successful issue by arguments and discussions, and to Mr. Moris much credit is due for the light these discussions have shed on the inquiry; I feel also indebted to him for the care he has bestowed on the numerous analyses he has made for me, and for the accuracy with which-his work has invariably been done. From a general view of the function of respiration it follows that there are four fundamental forms of breathing; their characters are the following:—
{"title":"On the different forms of breathing","authors":"W. Marcet","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1894.0134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1894.0134","url":null,"abstract":"I must beg leave at the outset to acknowledge the valuable aid of my Assistant, Mr. R. B. Moris, F .C. S., in the present inquiry. An investigation of this kind, necessitating much consideration, can only be carried to a successful issue by arguments and discussions, and to Mr. Moris much credit is due for the light these discussions have shed on the inquiry; I feel also indebted to him for the care he has bestowed on the numerous analyses he has made for me, and for the accuracy with which-his work has invariably been done. From a general view of the function of respiration it follows that there are four fundamental forms of breathing; their characters are the following:—","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1894.0134","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62359460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Having been furnished, by Professor Ramsay’s kindness, with a sample of the new gas, argon, I have carried out experiments on its behaviour at low temperatures and at high pressures, in order to contribute, at least in part, to the knowledge of the properties of this interesting body. The argon with which I was supplied had been dried with phosphoric anhydride; its density was 19⋅9 (H = 1); and Professor Ramsay thought that at the outside it might contain 1 to 2 per cent. of nitrogen, although it showed no nitrogen spectrum when examined in a Pflücker’s tube.
{"title":"III. The liquefaction and solidification of argon","authors":"K. Olszewski","doi":"10.1098/RSPL.1894.0151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/RSPL.1894.0151","url":null,"abstract":"Having been furnished, by Professor Ramsay’s kindness, with a sample of the new gas, argon, I have carried out experiments on its behaviour at low temperatures and at high pressures, in order to contribute, at least in part, to the knowledge of the properties of this interesting body. The argon with which I was supplied had been dried with phosphoric anhydride; its density was 19⋅9 (H = 1); and Professor Ramsay thought that at the outside it might contain 1 to 2 per cent. of nitrogen, although it showed no nitrogen spectrum when examined in a Pflücker’s tube.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/RSPL.1894.0151","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62360576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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