Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.085
Tingting Xiao , Yang Wang , Xuyang Fan , Zhiquan Pan , Haoran Wang , Hong Zhou
Granite scraps (GS), Granite fine mud (GFM), and phosphogypsum (PG) are solid wastes containing harmful substances produced during the processing of granite and the production of phosphate fertilizer. Their resourceful and harmless utilization holds great significance in reducing environmental pollution. This study explores the preparation of eco-friendly and high-strength ceramsite using GS as the primary material, GFM as the binder, and PG as the regulator. The performance of ceramsite was studied by conducting single-factor experiments to examine the impact of the GS, GFM, and PG mass ratios. The Box-Behnken response surface methodology was utilized to optimize the effect of sintering conditions on the strength of ceramsite. The results suggested that the properties of the ceramsite are affected by the material ratios. The sintering temperature and keeping time notably influence the strength of ceramsite. Under optimal preparation conditions, the ceramsite achieved a bulk density of 1085.40 kg/m3, apparent density of 2253.63 kg/m3, 1-h water absorption of 0.13 %, hydrochloric acid soluble rate of 0.016 %, and compressive strength of 34.52 MPa. Importantly, high-temperature sintering plays an essential role in fixing heavy metals and reducing the ecological risk level of heavy metals in ceramsite, which ensures excellent environmental performance and application prospects for ceramsite.
{"title":"Preparation of eco-friendly and high-strength ceramsite by granite scraps, granite fine mud, and phosphogypsum: Response surface methodology optimization, environmental safety assessment","authors":"Tingting Xiao , Yang Wang , Xuyang Fan , Zhiquan Pan , Haoran Wang , Hong Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Granite scraps (GS), Granite fine mud (GFM), and phosphogypsum (PG) are solid wastes containing harmful substances produced during the processing of granite and the production of phosphate fertilizer. Their resourceful and harmless utilization holds great significance in reducing environmental pollution. This study explores the preparation of eco-friendly and high-strength ceramsite using GS as the primary material, GFM as the binder, and PG as the regulator. The performance of ceramsite was studied by conducting single-factor experiments to examine the impact of the GS, GFM, and PG mass ratios. The Box-Behnken response surface methodology was utilized to optimize the effect of sintering conditions on the strength of ceramsite. The results suggested that the properties of the ceramsite are affected by the material ratios. The sintering temperature and keeping time notably influence the strength of ceramsite. Under optimal preparation conditions, the ceramsite achieved a bulk density of 1085.40 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, apparent density of 2253.63 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, 1-h water absorption of 0.13 %, hydrochloric acid soluble rate of 0.016 %, and compressive strength of 34.52 MPa. Importantly, high-temperature sintering plays an essential role in fixing heavy metals and reducing the ecological risk level of heavy metals in ceramsite, which ensures excellent environmental performance and application prospects for ceramsite.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 960-972"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.066
Cheng Wang , Shixiang Song , Gongtian Gu , Ming Gao , Yi Yang
Aviation kerosene acts as the main fuel for civil and military aircrafts. In order to study the explosion fireball distribution and thermal radiation effects of aviation kerosene storage tank, the dynamic explosion test system was established. The development law of explosion fireball and the thermal radiation characteristics in the presence of various oil volumes (empty, bottom, half and full oil) under the dynamic impact of projectile were studied. The dynamic explosion process was divided into four stages: projectile explosion, aviation kerosene jet flow, aviation kerosene deflagration and pool fire. The evaluation model (Y=aXb) for maximum diameter, maximum height, duration of fireball and oil mass was established. The fireball temperature showed a trend of ‘rise-fall-rise-oscillation attenuation’. The maximum fireball temperature and average temperature increased first and then decreased as increasing the oil volumes, with the maximum values at 1534.67 K and 1285.78 K, respectively. Based on the fireball dynamic model, the damage effect of fireball thermal radiation on personnel was analyzed, the safety radius and injury probability were obtained, and the dynamic explosion fireball thermal radiation field was constructed.
航空煤油是民用和军用飞机的主要燃料。为了研究航空煤油储罐的爆炸火球分布和热辐射效应，建立了动态爆炸试验系统。研究了不同油量（空油、底油、半油和满油）在弹丸动态冲击下爆炸火球的发展规律和热辐射特性。动态爆炸过程分为四个阶段：弹丸爆炸、航空煤油喷射流、航空煤油爆燃和池火。建立了最大直径、最大高度、火球持续时间和油量的评价模型（Y=aXb）。火球温度呈现出 "上升-下降-上升-振荡衰减 "的趋势。随着油量的增加，最大火球温度和平均温度先升高后降低，最大值分别为 1534.67 K 和 1285.78 K。基于火球动态模型，分析了火球热辐射对人员的伤害效应，得到了安全半径和伤害概率，并构建了动态爆炸火球热辐射场。
{"title":"Fireball distribution characteristics and thermal radiation effects in the explosion of aviation kerosene storage tank","authors":"Cheng Wang , Shixiang Song , Gongtian Gu , Ming Gao , Yi Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aviation kerosene acts as the main fuel for civil and military aircrafts. In order to study the explosion fireball distribution and thermal radiation effects of aviation kerosene storage tank, the dynamic explosion test system was established. The development law of explosion fireball and the thermal radiation characteristics in the presence of various oil volumes (empty, bottom, half and full oil) under the dynamic impact of projectile were studied. The dynamic explosion process was divided into four stages: projectile explosion, aviation kerosene jet flow, aviation kerosene deflagration and pool fire. The evaluation model (Y=aX<sup>b</sup>) for maximum diameter, maximum height, duration of fireball and oil mass was established. The fireball temperature showed a trend of ‘rise-fall-rise-oscillation attenuation’. The maximum fireball temperature and average temperature increased first and then decreased as increasing the oil volumes, with the maximum values at 1534.67 K and 1285.78 K, respectively. Based on the fireball dynamic model, the damage effect of fireball thermal radiation on personnel was analyzed, the safety radius and injury probability were obtained, and the dynamic explosion fireball thermal radiation field was constructed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 707-718"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.087
Hadil Alaydi, Carmen Giron Dominguez, David Barry, James Gaffey, Helena McMahon
Residuals such as agricultural waste, forest harvesting remnants, and industrial by-products present a dual advantage as sustainable and economical resources owing to their widespread availability of biomass, often possessing low market value and avoiding competition with food or feed production. Embracing a cascading approach enhances resource efficiency, minimising waste while generating high-value products and facilitating energy production. This study aims to probe into the untapped potential of Ireland's agricultural and non-food waste biomass for fostering a sustainable bioeconomy. These biomass reservoirs encompass cereal straw and husks, short rotation crop (SRC) willow, miscanthus, and various grasses. Leveraging these resources for chemical and fuel production is imperative to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and align with market demands. Among the plethora of available biomass valorisation technologies, this paper focuses on pyrolysis - a thermochemical process conducted at elevated temperatures in an oxygen-free environment. Pyrolysis yields three primary products: gaseous synthesis gas (comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen), a liquid fraction, and a solid residue. Additionally, this review underscores the potential of pyrolysis oil as a versatile asset for generating biobased chemicals catering to industries like pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and nutraceuticals.
{"title":"Cascading approach for the extraction of high-value compounds from agricultural biomass integrating pyrolysis technology","authors":"Hadil Alaydi, Carmen Giron Dominguez, David Barry, James Gaffey, Helena McMahon","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Residuals such as agricultural waste, forest harvesting remnants, and industrial by-products present a dual advantage as sustainable and economical resources owing to their widespread availability of biomass, often possessing low market value and avoiding competition with food or feed production. Embracing a cascading approach enhances resource efficiency, minimising waste while generating high-value products and facilitating energy production. This study aims to probe into the untapped potential of Ireland's agricultural and non-food waste biomass for fostering a sustainable bioeconomy. These biomass reservoirs encompass cereal straw and husks, short rotation crop (SRC) willow, miscanthus, and various grasses. Leveraging these resources for chemical and fuel production is imperative to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and align with market demands. Among the plethora of available biomass valorisation technologies, this paper focuses on pyrolysis - a thermochemical process conducted at elevated temperatures in an oxygen-free environment. Pyrolysis yields three primary products: gaseous synthesis gas (comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen), a liquid fraction, and a solid residue. Additionally, this review underscores the potential of pyrolysis oil as a versatile asset for generating biobased chemicals catering to industries like pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and nutraceuticals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 580-587"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.088
Bangjin Chen , Caiyue Jin , Jieqian Yang , Guangfei Qu , Ye Liu , Fenghui Wu , Shan Liu , Xinxin Liu
Soil utilization of phosphate ore flotation tailings (PTs) was achieved using F-fixing agents combined with organic manure treatment to address issues related to inefficient stabilization of P-F, heavy metal solidification/stabilization, poor physicochemical properties, and ecological disruption. The formulation for PTs soil utilization included 1.75 % polyaluminum sulfate (PAS), 1.75 % FeSO4, and 0.25 % CaO, with PTs content at ≥86.75 %. This approach enhanced water retention and improved nutrient and biochemical conditions. Various nutrient indexes met general planting soil requirements: organic matter 24.93 g/kg, available K 252.26 mg/kg, available Ca 2048.67 mg/kg, available Mg 246.13 mg/kg, and ammonia-nitrogen 42.47 mg/kg. The water-soluble P content of PTs-based soil decreased to 6.96 mg/kg, while available P increased to 677.99 mg/kg. Mn leaching toxicity was less than 0.016 mg/L, with a stabilization efficiency of 96.86 %. Water-soluble F in PTs-based soil was reduced to 11.133 mg/kg. This study maximized phosphorus resource utilization and prevented the migration of water-soluble P, F, and Mn to the surrounding environment. Potting experiments showed PTs-based soil was more effective than red soil and PTs-based raw materials in cabbage plantation, achieving a maximum seedling emergence rate of 98.33 %. Microbial diversity increased, and community structure improved in 40-day soil formation experiments, with PTs-based soils developing microbial communities involved in carbon and nitrogen cycling, enhancing resistance to external environmental disturbances, and promoting ecological utilization. These findings offer practical insights into the ecological utilization of large quantities of PTs and present a cost-effective approach for producing planting soils or ecological mulches from similar solid wastes.
{"title":"Synergistic organic manure treatment with Al/Fe/Ca-based fluoride-fixing agents promote soil formation and utilization of phosphate flotation tailings","authors":"Bangjin Chen , Caiyue Jin , Jieqian Yang , Guangfei Qu , Ye Liu , Fenghui Wu , Shan Liu , Xinxin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil utilization of phosphate ore flotation tailings (PTs) was achieved using F-fixing agents combined with organic manure treatment to address issues related to inefficient stabilization of P-F, heavy metal solidification/stabilization, poor physicochemical properties, and ecological disruption. The formulation for PTs soil utilization included 1.75 % polyaluminum sulfate (PAS), 1.75 % FeSO<sub>4</sub>, and 0.25 % CaO, with PTs content at ≥86.75 %. This approach enhanced water retention and improved nutrient and biochemical conditions. Various nutrient indexes met general planting soil requirements: organic matter 24.93 g/kg, available K 252.26 mg/kg, available Ca 2048.67 mg/kg, available Mg 246.13 mg/kg, and ammonia-nitrogen 42.47 mg/kg. The water-soluble P content of PTs-based soil decreased to 6.96 mg/kg, while available P increased to 677.99 mg/kg. Mn leaching toxicity was less than 0.016 mg/L, with a stabilization efficiency of 96.86 %. Water-soluble F in PTs-based soil was reduced to 11.133 mg/kg. This study maximized phosphorus resource utilization and prevented the migration of water-soluble P, F, and Mn to the surrounding environment. Potting experiments showed PTs-based soil was more effective than red soil and PTs-based raw materials in cabbage plantation, achieving a maximum seedling emergence rate of 98.33 %. Microbial diversity increased, and community structure improved in 40-day soil formation experiments, with PTs-based soils developing microbial communities involved in carbon and nitrogen cycling, enhancing resistance to external environmental disturbances, and promoting ecological utilization. These findings offer practical insights into the ecological utilization of large quantities of PTs and present a cost-effective approach for producing planting soils or ecological mulches from similar solid wastes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 495-509"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.080
Hacımurat Demir
In this study, an off-grid HRES is proposed to ensure the electricity demands of the campus in a reliable, cost-effective, and non-polluting way for Aksaray University to have a sustainable and green campus. Within this framework, three HRESs were designed and compared using HOMER Pro software to find the optimum HRES, using a combination of different components related to zero carbon emissions and fully renewable energy sources, including transportation with environmentally friendly hydrogen fuel cell buses for students, academics, and staff. According to the optimization results obtained for the various configurations, the optimum HRES has a net cost of $20.3 million for the 25-year project life, with annual costs of $1.57 million. The levelized cost of electricity of the proposed system, represented by Scenario III, is calculated to be 0.327$/kWh. The PV panels produce 4,758,497 kWh/year at a levelized cost of 0.0404$/kWh, while the wind turbines produce electricity at a levelized cost of 0.0625$/kWh. The optimal system includes a 2000 kW electrolyzer that produces 73,061 kg of hydrogen annually, with a consumption rate of 46.4 kWh/kgH2. The hydrogen tank has an energy reserve of 83,333 kWh with a storage capacity of 2500 kg. The results indicate that Scenario III is a robust, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly energy solution for the campus, paving the way for a greener future. Furthermore, the proposed HRES model provides a practical framework that can influence campus energy policies and potentially serves as a model for other educational institutions that are interested in implementing sustainable energy solutions.
本研究提出了一种离网 HRES，以可靠、经济、无污染的方式确保校园的电力需求，使阿克萨赖大学成为一个可持续发展的绿色校园。在此框架内，使用 HOMER Pro 软件设计并比较了三种 HRES，以找到最佳的 HRES，将与零碳排放和完全可再生能源相关的不同组件结合使用，包括为学生、学者和教职员工提供环保型氢燃料电池公交车。根据各种配置的优化结果，在 25 年的项目寿命期内，最佳氢能源系统的净成本为 2030 万美元，年成本为 157 万美元。根据计算，以方案 III 为代表的拟议系统的平准化电力成本为 0.327 美元/千瓦时。光伏电池板每年发电 4758497 千瓦时，平准化成本为 0.0404 美元/千瓦时，而风力涡轮机发电的平准化成本为 0.0625 美元/千瓦时。最佳系统包括一个 2000 千瓦的电解槽，年产氢气 73061 千克，消耗率为 46.4 千瓦时/千克氢气。氢气罐的能量储备为 83333 千瓦时，存储容量为 2500 千克。结果表明，方案 III 是一种稳健、经济、环保的校园能源解决方案，为实现更加绿色的未来铺平了道路。此外，建议的 HRES 模型提供了一个实用的框架，可以影响校园能源政策，并有可能成为其他有意实施可持续能源解决方案的教育机构的典范。
{"title":"Design and optimization of hybrid renewable energy systems for hydrogen production at Aksaray University campus","authors":"Hacımurat Demir","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, an off-grid HRES is proposed to ensure the electricity demands of the campus in a reliable, cost-effective, and non-polluting way for Aksaray University to have a sustainable and green campus. Within this framework, three HRESs were designed and compared using HOMER Pro software to find the optimum HRES, using a combination of different components related to zero carbon emissions and fully renewable energy sources, including transportation with environmentally friendly hydrogen fuel cell buses for students, academics, and staff. According to the optimization results obtained for the various configurations, the optimum HRES has a net cost of $20.3 million for the 25-year project life, with annual costs of $1.57 million. The levelized cost of electricity of the proposed system, represented by Scenario III, is calculated to be 0.327$/kWh. The PV panels produce 4,758,497 kWh/year at a levelized cost of 0.0404$/kWh, while the wind turbines produce electricity at a levelized cost of 0.0625$/kWh. The optimal system includes a 2000 kW electrolyzer that produces 73,061 kg of hydrogen annually, with a consumption rate of 46.4 kWh/kgH<sub>2</sub>. The hydrogen tank has an energy reserve of 83,333 kWh with a storage capacity of 2500 kg. The results indicate that Scenario III is a robust, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly energy solution for the campus, paving the way for a greener future. Furthermore, the proposed HRES model provides a practical framework that can influence campus energy policies and potentially serves as a model for other educational institutions that are interested in implementing sustainable energy solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 543-556"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.084
Jun-li Chen , Chang-xiong Zou , Wei-da Wang , Chun-li Zheng , Qing-hong Jiang , Zhe Wang
In recent years, research on the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology has yielded significant findings. However, when utilizing MICP for remediation in situ, urea and calcium chloride may produce high concentrations of NH4+ and Cl-, which subsequently cause secondary pollution. If the biological calcium carbonate (Bio-CaCO3) produced by MICP is employed as a highly efficacious adsorbent, secondary pollution can be avoided while remediating heavy metal pollution. In this study, vaterite-type Bio-CaCO3 was prepared under the regulation of sophorolipids, and the remediation effect and mechanisms for heavy metal contaminated soil were investigated. The results demonstrated that sophorolipids facilitate the formation and stabilization of vaterite-type Bio-CaCO3. The addition of vaterite-type Bio-CaCO3 could notably increase the content of soil organic matter, enhance soil urease activity, and reduce soil catalase activity. On the 30th day of remediation with vaterite-type Bio-CaCO3, the active state content of Pb and Cd in the soil exhibited a decrease of 41.23 % and 35.00 %, respectively. Additionally, the exchangeable state content demonstrated a reduction of 6.61 % and 8.48 %, while the carbonate-bound state exhibited an increase of 12.05 % and 13.89 %, respectively. The principal mechanisms for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by vaterite-type Bio-CaCO3 may be attributed to ion exchange, chemical precipitation, physical adsorption, and complexation reactions. The analysis of the microbial community structure demonstrated that vaterite-type Bio-CaCO3 could enhance the abundance of multiple genera with urease-producing genes, including Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Bacillus while maintaining the soil biodiversity. This study provides a new idea for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil around the mining area and offers technical support for the construction of green mines.
{"title":"Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil in mining areas with vaterite-type biological calcium carbonate","authors":"Jun-li Chen , Chang-xiong Zou , Wei-da Wang , Chun-li Zheng , Qing-hong Jiang , Zhe Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, research on the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology has yielded significant findings. However, when utilizing MICP for remediation in situ, urea and calcium chloride may produce high concentrations of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>-</sup>, which subsequently cause secondary pollution. If the biological calcium carbonate (Bio-CaCO<sub>3</sub>) produced by MICP is employed as a highly efficacious adsorbent, secondary pollution can be avoided while remediating heavy metal pollution. In this study, vaterite-type Bio-CaCO<sub>3</sub> was prepared under the regulation of sophorolipids, and the remediation effect and mechanisms for heavy metal contaminated soil were investigated. The results demonstrated that sophorolipids facilitate the formation and stabilization of vaterite-type Bio-CaCO<sub>3</sub>. The addition of vaterite-type Bio-CaCO<sub>3</sub> could notably increase the content of soil organic matter, enhance soil urease activity, and reduce soil catalase activity. On the 30th day of remediation with vaterite-type Bio-CaCO<sub>3</sub>, the active state content of Pb and Cd in the soil exhibited a decrease of 41.23 % and 35.00 %, respectively. Additionally, the exchangeable state content demonstrated a reduction of 6.61 % and 8.48 %, while the carbonate-bound state exhibited an increase of 12.05 % and 13.89 %, respectively. The principal mechanisms for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by vaterite-type Bio-CaCO<sub>3</sub> may be attributed to ion exchange, chemical precipitation, physical adsorption, and complexation reactions. The analysis of the microbial community structure demonstrated that vaterite-type Bio-CaCO<sub>3</sub> could enhance the abundance of multiple genera with urease-producing genes, including <em>Pseudomonas</em>, <em>Staphylococcus</em>, and <em>Bacillus</em> while maintaining the soil biodiversity. This study provides a new idea for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil around the mining area and offers technical support for the construction of green mines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 649-659"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Offshore Oil&Gas installations may be attractive targets of intentional attacks due to their presence in socio-political sensitive areas, their economic significance, and the high impact of scenarios that can be triggered by the mismanagement of the hazardous substances handled (e.g., crude oil, natural gas, etc.). In the present study, a new dataset including 112 past security-related incidents that affected the offshore Oil&Gas sector in the last decades was developed and analyzed using Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA), Root Cause Analysis (RCA), and Attack Tree Analysis (ATA). Significant differences were found in the types of threats and attack modes, with terrorism identified as the primary threat, followed by robbery and kidnapping. The identified scenarios caused fatalities, injuries, and asset damages at the targeted facilities, underscoring their potential to cause severe impacts, comparable to the outcomes of safety-related accidents. Tables linking the specific contribution of the identified attack modes, scenarios, and consequences to the SVA workflow proposed by the API Recommended Practices 70 and 70I were obtained. Overall, the results obtained support the application of suitable Security Vulnerability/Risk Assessment (SVA/SRA) methodologies concerning the identification and characterization of adversaries, the definition of attack modes, the evaluation of effectiveness of existing security barriers, and the assessment of consequences.
近海石油和天然气设施可能是有吸引力的蓄意攻击目标，因为这些设施位于社会政治敏感地区，具有重要的经济意义，而且所处理的危险物质（如原油、天然气等）可能因管理不善而引发严重后果。本研究使用探索性数据分析 (EDA)、根源分析 (RCA) 和攻击树分析 (ATA) 编制并分析了一个新的数据集，其中包括过去几十年中影响近海石油和天然气行业的 112 起与安全相关的事件。发现威胁类型和攻击模式存在显著差异，恐怖主义被确定为主要威胁，其次是抢劫和绑架。已确定的情景在目标设施中造成了人员伤亡和资产损失，突出表明它们有可能造成严重影响，与安全相关事故的结果不相上下。根据 API 建议实践 70 和 70I 的 SVA 工作流程，获得了将已确定的攻击模式、情景和后果的具体影响联系起来的表格。总之，所获得的结果支持应用适当的安全漏洞/风险评估（SVA/SRA）方法，涉及对手的识别和特征描述、攻击模式定义、现有安全屏障的有效性评估以及后果评估。
{"title":"Identification of security scenarios in offshore Oil&Gas production facilities based on past incident analysis","authors":"Matteo Iaiani, Namig Musayev, Alessandro Tugnoli, Paolo Macini, Ezio Mesini, Valerio Cozzani","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Offshore Oil&Gas installations may be attractive targets of intentional attacks due to their presence in socio-political sensitive areas, their economic significance, and the high impact of scenarios that can be triggered by the mismanagement of the hazardous substances handled (e.g., crude oil, natural gas, etc.). In the present study, a new dataset including 112 past security-related incidents that affected the offshore Oil&Gas sector in the last decades was developed and analyzed using Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA), Root Cause Analysis (RCA), and Attack Tree Analysis (ATA). Significant differences were found in the types of threats and attack modes, with terrorism identified as the primary threat, followed by robbery and kidnapping. The identified scenarios caused fatalities, injuries, and asset damages at the targeted facilities, underscoring their potential to cause severe impacts, comparable to the outcomes of safety-related accidents. Tables linking the specific contribution of the identified attack modes, scenarios, and consequences to the SVA workflow proposed by the API Recommended Practices 70 and 70I were obtained. Overall, the results obtained support the application of suitable Security Vulnerability/Risk Assessment (SVA/SRA) methodologies concerning the identification and characterization of adversaries, the definition of attack modes, the evaluation of effectiveness of existing security barriers, and the assessment of consequences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 926-945"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Combustible gases, dusts and their mixtures are widely present in human production and life，and the fire and explosion disasters caused by them pose a serious threat to the field of energy security applications. Studying the ignition process of mixtures is essential for disaster risk assessment and safety protection. In this work, the explosion characteristics and OH* emission spectra of the mixtures were experimentally tested by varying the fuel equivalence ratio ( ER ≈ 0.79 ∼ 1.71), and the evolution of the transient flow field structure during the ignition process was quantitatively analyzed using the schlieren image velocimetry method. The results indicate that the emission spectrum of OH* is closely correlated with the maximum explosion pressure, and the spectral intensity of OH* at 306.4 nm is consistent with the maximum rate of explosion pressure rise. The flow field during the ignition process of the mixtures shows that a small amount of coal dust (concentration≤30 g/m3) can significantly promote flame acceleration and instability as the methane concentration is in lean combustion or stoichiometric ratio. However, when the concentration of coal dust increases (concentration≥40 g/m3), coal dust will suppress flame acceleration and instability. For methane concentration in fuel-rich combustion state, coal dust always suppresses flame acceleration and instability. The experimental results contribute to a further understanding of gas and coal dust mixed explosions and provide a verification database for the construction of chemical kinetic mechanisms.
{"title":"Experimental investigation of OH* emission spectrum characteristics and transient ignition dynamics in methane and coal dust mixtures explosions","authors":"Siyu Tian , Botao Qin , Yanwei Zhang , Dong Ma , Jingde Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Combustible gases, dusts and their mixtures are widely present in human production and life，and the fire and explosion disasters caused by them pose a serious threat to the field of energy security applications. Studying the ignition process of mixtures is essential for disaster risk assessment and safety protection. In this work, the explosion characteristics and OH* emission spectra of the mixtures were experimentally tested by varying the fuel equivalence ratio ( ER ≈ 0.79 ∼ 1.71), and the evolution of the transient flow field structure during the ignition process was quantitatively analyzed using the schlieren image velocimetry method. The results indicate that the emission spectrum of OH* is closely correlated with the maximum explosion pressure, and the spectral intensity of OH* at 306.4 nm is consistent with the maximum rate of explosion pressure rise. The flow field during the ignition process of the mixtures shows that a small amount of coal dust (concentration≤30 g/m<sup>3</sup>) can significantly promote flame acceleration and instability as the methane concentration is in lean combustion or stoichiometric ratio. However, when the concentration of coal dust increases (concentration≥40 g/m<sup>3</sup>), coal dust will suppress flame acceleration and instability. For methane concentration in fuel-rich combustion state, coal dust always suppresses flame acceleration and instability. The experimental results contribute to a further understanding of gas and coal dust mixed explosions and provide a verification database for the construction of chemical kinetic mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 669-679"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.081
Yuanlin Zeng , Changyi Xu , Jinyang Zhao , Zhaowang Dong , Heng Xiong , Yifan Shi , Baoqiang Xu , Bin Yang , Jingcheng Dong , Yuhong He
The high lead acid sludge, containing a small amount of selenium and mercury, is a hazardous waste product of the copper smelting system. Improper disposal of this waste can cause serious harm to the environment. In this study, the method of vacuum distillation was proposed for treating the high lead acid sludge. The study aimed to investigate the volatilization rule of selenium, mercury, and lead in the acid sludge during vacuum distillation, as well as to purify PbSe and metallic lead. The results indicated that under 5 Pa, Hg and Se commence volatilizing at 300 ℃, the content of Hg in volatile substances remains relatively constant after reaching 400 ℃, demonstrating nearly complete volatilization at this temperature with a ratio of 92.93 %. Similarly, selenium almost completely volatilizes at 800 ℃ with a ratio of 96.74 %, while lead does so at around 1000 ℃ with a ratio of approximately 99.27 %. Mercury at 400 ℃ can be recovered as mercury selenide. Lead selenide can be achieved at 800 ℃, while lead sulfate can be decomposed and purified at 1000 ℃ to obtain metallic lead with a purity higher than 99 %. The method can properly treat and recover mercury, selenium, lead and other elements in the acid sludge with short process and no pollution, which provides a new cleaning approach for high lead acid sludge.
{"title":"Volatilization and cleaning recovery of Pb, Se and Hg in acid sludge of copper smelting system during vacuum distillation","authors":"Yuanlin Zeng , Changyi Xu , Jinyang Zhao , Zhaowang Dong , Heng Xiong , Yifan Shi , Baoqiang Xu , Bin Yang , Jingcheng Dong , Yuhong He","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high lead acid sludge, containing a small amount of selenium and mercury, is a hazardous waste product of the copper smelting system. Improper disposal of this waste can cause serious harm to the environment. In this study, the method of vacuum distillation was proposed for treating the high lead acid sludge. The study aimed to investigate the volatilization rule of selenium, mercury, and lead in the acid sludge during vacuum distillation, as well as to purify PbSe and metallic lead. The results indicated that under 5 Pa, Hg and Se commence volatilizing at 300 ℃, the content of Hg in volatile substances remains relatively constant after reaching 400 ℃, demonstrating nearly complete volatilization at this temperature with a ratio of 92.93 %. Similarly, selenium almost completely volatilizes at 800 ℃ with a ratio of 96.74 %, while lead does so at around 1000 ℃ with a ratio of approximately 99.27 %. Mercury at 400 ℃ can be recovered as mercury selenide. Lead selenide can be achieved at 800 ℃, while lead sulfate can be decomposed and purified at 1000 ℃ to obtain metallic lead with a purity higher than 99 %. The method can properly treat and recover mercury, selenium, lead and other elements in the acid sludge with short process and no pollution, which provides a new cleaning approach for high lead acid sludge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 331-339"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.067
Haiyan Wang , Yanwei Zhang , Siyu Tian , Yang Hu , Jingde Xu
Expandable graphite (EG) has been proposed as a more efficient material for suppressing methane-coal dust explosions. The suppression effect was evaluated based on pressure, flame, spectrum, and flow field. The influence of particle size, expansion ratio, and suppressant concentration on the suppression effect was considered, and the suppression mechanism was analyzed. The explosion characteristics and OH* emission spectrum indicated that EG effectively suppressed methane-coal dust explosions. Higher concentrations, smaller particle sizes, and higher expansion ratios resulted in a stronger suppression effect. The influence of EG parameters on suppression effectiveness was ranked from highest to lowest in terms of the concentration, particle size, and expansion ratio. Schlieren imaging showed that EG can partially suppress the initial flame. However, the significant suppression effect occurs during the pressure-increase stage. The flow field was also analyzed using proper orthogonal decomposition. The results showed that EG suppressed flow-field fluctuations, with the mode coefficient trends aligned closely with the pressure-change curve.
{"title":"Experimental exploration of methane-coal dust explosion suppression by expandable graphite: From the point of view of pressure, flame, spectrum, and flow field","authors":"Haiyan Wang , Yanwei Zhang , Siyu Tian , Yang Hu , Jingde Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Expandable graphite (EG) has been proposed as a more efficient material for suppressing methane-coal dust explosions. The suppression effect was evaluated based on pressure, flame, spectrum, and flow field. The influence of particle size, expansion ratio, and suppressant concentration on the suppression effect was considered, and the suppression mechanism was analyzed. The explosion characteristics and OH* emission spectrum indicated that EG effectively suppressed methane-coal dust explosions. Higher concentrations, smaller particle sizes, and higher expansion ratios resulted in a stronger suppression effect. The influence of EG parameters on suppression effectiveness was ranked from highest to lowest in terms of the concentration, particle size, and expansion ratio. Schlieren imaging showed that EG can partially suppress the initial flame. However, the significant suppression effect occurs during the pressure-increase stage. The flow field was also analyzed using proper orthogonal decomposition. The results showed that EG suppressed flow-field fluctuations, with the mode coefficient trends aligned closely with the pressure-change curve.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 471-483"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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