Process Safety and Environmental Protection最新文献_第8页

Performance and hydration mechanism of MSWI FA-barium slag-based all-solid waste binder 基于 MSWI FA 钡渣的全固体废物粘结剂的性能和水化机理

IF 6.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Process Safety and Environmental Protection

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.093

Guocui Li , Keqing Li , Tong Zhao , Siqi Zhang , Deping Chen , Zeping Wu , Bo Zhang , Guodong Yang , Wen Ni

Barium slag (BS) and municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA) are hazardous wastes produced in large quantities, with heavy metals such as Ba, Pb, and Cr significantly exceeding acceptable levels, posing a threat to the ecological environment and living organisms. The development of technologies for the harmless disposal and resource utilization of hazardous waste is a current research focus. This study used BS, blast furnace slag (BFS), MSWI FA, and flue gas desulphurized (FGD) gypsum to replace cement in the preparation of solid waste-based binder. The results indicated that the optimal mass ratio was BS: BFS: FGD gypsum: MSWI FA = 14 %:56 %:20 %:10 %. The compressive strengths of the binder at 3, 7,and 28 days were 23.7 MPa, 30.76 MPa, and 38.65 MPa, respectively. Chinese standard HJ557–2010 was adopted to carry out heavy metal leaching experiment on raw materials, the immobilization efficiency of heavy metals Ba, Pb, and Cr were 99 %, 99 %, and 96 %, respectively, and the leachate toxicity was below the Class III groundwater limit. XRD, FT-IR, TG-DSC, XPS, SEM-EDS and other experimental methods were used to study the effect of BS content on the properties of cementable materials. An appropriate amount of BS hydrolyzes during hydration, releasing Ba²⁺ and OH⁻ ions, which activated the BFS, producing AFt and C–(A)–S–H gel. These products interweaved with material particles to fill the pore spaces, enhancing the binder’s mechanical strength and heavy metal immobilization capability. However, when excessive BS was added, the hydration products favored the formation of FS, leading to a decline in binder performance.

钡渣（BS）和城市固体废物焚烧飞灰（MSWI FA）是大量产生的危险废物，其中钡、铅、铬等重金属含量大大超过可接受水平，对生态环境和生物体构成威胁。开发危险废物无害化处置和资源化利用技术是当前的研究重点。本研究采用 BS、高炉矿渣 (BFS)、MSWI FA 和烟气脱硫石膏替代水泥制备固废基粘结剂。结果表明，最佳质量比为 BS：BFS：烟气脱硫石膏：mswi fa = 14 %:56 %:20 %:10 %。粘结剂在 3 天、7 天和 28 天的抗压强度分别为 23.7 兆帕、30.76 兆帕和 38.65 兆帕。采用中国标准 HJ557-2010 对原材料进行重金属浸出实验，重金属 Ba、Pb 和 Cr 的固定效率分别为 99%、99% 和 96%，浸出液毒性低于地下水三级限值。采用 XRD、FT-IR、TG-DSC、XPS、SEM-EDS 等实验方法研究了 BS 含量对可胶结材料性能的影响。适量的 BS 在水化过程中会水解，释放出 Ba²⁺ 和 OH- 离子，从而激活 BFS，产生 AFt 和 C-(A)-S-H 凝胶。这些产物与材料颗粒交织在一起，填充了孔隙，增强了粘结剂的机械强度和重金属固定能力。然而，当添加过量 BS 时，水化产物会促进 FS 的形成，从而导致粘结剂性能下降。

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引用次数: 0

A continuous flow microreactor as a practical tool for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients 作为活性药物成分合成实用工具的连续流微反应器

IF 6.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Process Safety and Environmental Protection

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.09.122

K. Vijaya Bhaskar , Mohammad Rashed , K. Subrahmanya Bhat , Jechan Lee , Ki-Hyun Kim , Kezia Buruga

Continuous flow processing has become a key technology to maximize the capabilities of chemical syntheses. Numerous new tactics have been devised to synthesize various chemicals including active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) via a continuous flow system using microreactors. This review aims to illustrate the holistic system approach and diverse applications of continuous flow microreactors for the synthesis of APIs (with respect to type, design, and fabrication). This review also highlights the applicability of continuous flow microreactors in the synthesis of APIs in contrast to conventional batch-type methods along with a discussion of their merits and demerits. Overall, this review is expected to offer valuable insights into the utility of continuous flow microreactor technology for the upscaled production of commercially feasible APIs.

连续流加工已成为最大限度提高化学合成能力的一项关键技术。人们设计了许多新方法，利用微反应器通过连续流系统合成各种化学品，包括活性药物成分 (API)。本综述旨在说明用于合成原料药的连续流微反应器（在类型、设计和制造方面）的整体系统方法和各种应用。与传统的间歇式方法相比，本综述还强调了连续流微反应器在合成原料药方面的适用性，并对其优缺点进行了讨论。总之，本综述有望为连续流微反应器技术在大规模生产商业上可行的原料药方面的应用提供有价值的见解。

引用次数: 0

Investigation on the inhibition effect and mechanism of hydrogen explosion by 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene 2-溴-3,3,3-三氟丙烯对氢爆的抑制作用及机理研究

IF 6.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Process Safety and Environmental Protection

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.094

Zhangqiang Dong, Wei Gao, Jiaxing Zhang, Jiafeng Cheng, Yufeng Wu

This study investigated the effect of 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (2-BTP, C₃H₂BrF₃) on hydrogen explosion behavior through a combination of experiments and simulations. The maximum explosion pressure (p_max), maximum pressure rise rate ((dp/dt)_max), and critical inhibition concentration (CIC), across different equivalence ratios (Φ) and inhibitor concentrations (V), were obtained via experiments. The changes in adiabatic flame temperature, mole fraction of active radicals and sensitivity coefficient throughout the reaction were analyzed using CHEMKIN. The fuel-like properties of 2-BTP and the carbon monoxide (CO) produced by decomposition led to a promoting effect on the lean hydrogen explosion, primarily due to the elementary reactions R31, R806 and R882. When Φ≥1.0, the capture of active radicals via elementary reactions such as R908, R1507, and R88 was enhanced, resulting in the dominance of inhibition and a corresponding inhibitory effect. Notably, 2-BTP exhibited an inhibitory effect for (dp/dt)_max at any equivalence ratio. The CIC decreased from 10 % to 4 % when increasing equivalence ratios from 0.6 to 2.0. This work provides crucial data and a theoretical foundation for the prevention and control of hydrogen explosions.

本研究通过实验和模拟相结合的方法研究了 2-溴-3,3,3-三氟丙烯（2-BTP，C3H2BrF3）对氢气爆炸行为的影响。通过实验获得了不同当量比（Φ）和抑制剂浓度（V）下的最大爆炸压力（pmax）、最大压力上升率（（dp/dt）max）和临界抑制浓度（CIC）。使用 CHEMKIN 分析了整个反应过程中绝热火焰温度、活性自由基摩尔分数和灵敏度系数的变化。2-BTP 的类燃料特性和分解产生的一氧化碳（CO）对贫氢爆炸有促进作用，这主要是由基本反应 R31、R806 和 R882 引起的。当 Φ≥1.0 时，通过 R908、R1507 和 R88 等基本反应捕获活性自由基的能力增强，导致抑制作用占主导地位，并产生相应的抑制效果。值得注意的是，2-BTP 在任何当量比下都对 (dp/dt)max 具有抑制作用。当当量比从 0.6 增加到 2.0 时，CIC 从 10 % 下降到 4 %。这项研究为预防和控制氢气爆炸提供了重要数据和理论基础。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of water sprays on hydrogen autoignition in heated air 水喷雾对加热空气中氢气自燃的影响

IF 6.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Process Safety and Environmental Protection

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.069

Zijun Wang , Xiaolong Gou , Qingyang Meng , Huangwei Zhang

The effects of water mist with different diameters and mass loadings on hydrogen auto-ignition in air with elevated temperatures and pressures are studied. It is shown that smaller droplets with larger mass loading are the most effective in inhibiting the auto-ignition process. Under elevated initial pressures and temperatures, the role of water mist in impacting auto-ignition is minimal, primarily because the ignition delay is substantially shorter than the droplet evaporation duration. As the initial temperature decreases, there exists a temperature value below which water mist markedly extends the ignition delay time, even escalating it by up to two orders of magnitude or causing a complete suppression of ignition. The rate of production for important radicals was analyzed. The data indicates that the evaporation of the water mist lowers the initial temperature, leading to a reduction in the rate of the temperature-sensitive fast chain branching reaction. In contrast, the third body reaction that generates HO₂ is not sensitive to temperature. Meanwhile, the introduction of H₂O results in an earlier activation of the third body reactions. Consequently, the production of HO₂ is enhanced, emphasizing the role of subsequent slow chain propagation reactions that generate OH, thereby extending the ignition delay. By deactivating the mass transfer between two phases and introducing artificial species, it is evident that water vapor dilution and thermal effects predominantly influence the ignition delay, while its role as a direct reactant is minimal.

研究了不同直径和质量负荷的水雾对高温高压空气中氢气自燃的影响。结果表明，较小的水滴和较大的质量负荷能最有效地抑制自燃过程。在初始压力和温度升高的情况下，水雾对自燃的影响微乎其微，这主要是因为点火延迟时间大大短于水滴蒸发时间。随着初始温度的降低，存在一个温度值，在该温度值以下，水雾会明显延长点火延迟时间，甚至使其延长两个数量级，或导致完全抑制点火。对重要自由基的产生速率进行了分析。数据表明，水雾的蒸发降低了初始温度，导致对温度敏感的快速链式分支反应速率降低。相比之下，产生 HO2 的第三体反应对温度并不敏感。同时，引入 H2O 会导致第三体反应提前启动。因此，HO2 的产生得到了加强，从而突出了随后产生 OH 的慢链传播反应的作用，从而延长了点火延迟时间。通过使两相之间的传质失活并引入人工物种，可以看出水蒸气稀释和热效应对点火延迟产生了主要影响，而水蒸气作为直接反应物的作用则微乎其微。

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引用次数: 0

Preparation of eco-friendly and high-strength ceramsite by granite scraps, granite fine mud, and phosphogypsum: Response surface methodology optimization, environmental safety assessment 利用花岗岩下脚料、花岗岩细泥和磷石膏制备环保型高强度陶瓷石：响应面法优化、环境安全评估

IF 6.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Process Safety and Environmental Protection

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.085

Tingting Xiao , Yang Wang , Xuyang Fan , Zhiquan Pan , Haoran Wang , Hong Zhou

Granite scraps (GS), Granite fine mud (GFM), and phosphogypsum (PG) are solid wastes containing harmful substances produced during the processing of granite and the production of phosphate fertilizer. Their resourceful and harmless utilization holds great significance in reducing environmental pollution. This study explores the preparation of eco-friendly and high-strength ceramsite using GS as the primary material, GFM as the binder, and PG as the regulator. The performance of ceramsite was studied by conducting single-factor experiments to examine the impact of the GS, GFM, and PG mass ratios. The Box-Behnken response surface methodology was utilized to optimize the effect of sintering conditions on the strength of ceramsite. The results suggested that the properties of the ceramsite are affected by the material ratios. The sintering temperature and keeping time notably influence the strength of ceramsite. Under optimal preparation conditions, the ceramsite achieved a bulk density of 1085.40 kg/m³, apparent density of 2253.63 kg/m³, 1-h water absorption of 0.13 %, hydrochloric acid soluble rate of 0.016 %, and compressive strength of 34.52 MPa. Importantly, high-temperature sintering plays an essential role in fixing heavy metals and reducing the ecological risk level of heavy metals in ceramsite, which ensures excellent environmental performance and application prospects for ceramsite.

花岗岩碎屑（GS）、花岗岩细泥（GFM）和磷石膏（PG）是花岗岩加工和磷肥生产过程中产生的含有有害物质的固体废物。它们的资源化和无害化利用对减少环境污染具有重要意义。本研究探讨了以 GS 为主料、GFM 为粘结剂、PG 为调节剂制备环保型高强度陶瓷石的方法。通过单因素实验研究了 GS、GFM 和 PG 质量比对陶瓷石性能的影响。利用 Box-Behnken 响应面方法优化了烧结条件对陶瓷石强度的影响。结果表明，陶瓷石的性能受材料配比的影响。烧结温度和保持时间对陶瓷石的强度有显著影响。在最佳制备条件下，陶瓷石的体积密度为 1085.40 kg/m3，表观密度为 2253.63 kg/m3，1 小时吸水率为 0.13 %，盐酸可溶率为 0.016 %，抗压强度为 34.52 MPa。重要的是，高温烧结在固定重金属和降低陶瓷石中重金属的生态风险水平方面发挥了至关重要的作用，从而确保了陶瓷石优异的环保性能和应用前景。

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引用次数: 0

Fireball distribution characteristics and thermal radiation effects in the explosion of aviation kerosene storage tank 航空煤油储罐爆炸中的火球分布特征和热辐射效应

IF 6.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Process Safety and Environmental Protection

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.066

Cheng Wang , Shixiang Song , Gongtian Gu , Ming Gao , Yi Yang

Aviation kerosene acts as the main fuel for civil and military aircrafts. In order to study the explosion fireball distribution and thermal radiation effects of aviation kerosene storage tank, the dynamic explosion test system was established. The development law of explosion fireball and the thermal radiation characteristics in the presence of various oil volumes (empty, bottom, half and full oil) under the dynamic impact of projectile were studied. The dynamic explosion process was divided into four stages: projectile explosion, aviation kerosene jet flow, aviation kerosene deflagration and pool fire. The evaluation model (Y=aX^b) for maximum diameter, maximum height, duration of fireball and oil mass was established. The fireball temperature showed a trend of ‘rise-fall-rise-oscillation attenuation’. The maximum fireball temperature and average temperature increased first and then decreased as increasing the oil volumes, with the maximum values at 1534.67 K and 1285.78 K, respectively. Based on the fireball dynamic model, the damage effect of fireball thermal radiation on personnel was analyzed, the safety radius and injury probability were obtained, and the dynamic explosion fireball thermal radiation field was constructed.

航空煤油是民用和军用飞机的主要燃料。为了研究航空煤油储罐的爆炸火球分布和热辐射效应，建立了动态爆炸试验系统。研究了不同油量（空油、底油、半油和满油）在弹丸动态冲击下爆炸火球的发展规律和热辐射特性。动态爆炸过程分为四个阶段：弹丸爆炸、航空煤油喷射流、航空煤油爆燃和池火。建立了最大直径、最大高度、火球持续时间和油量的评价模型（Y=aXb）。火球温度呈现出 "上升-下降-上升-振荡衰减 "的趋势。随着油量的增加，最大火球温度和平均温度先升高后降低，最大值分别为 1534.67 K 和 1285.78 K。基于火球动态模型，分析了火球热辐射对人员的伤害效应，得到了安全半径和伤害概率，并构建了动态爆炸火球热辐射场。

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引用次数: 0

Cascading approach for the extraction of high-value compounds from agricultural biomass integrating pyrolysis technology 利用热解技术从农业生物质中提取高价值化合物的级联方法

IF 6.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Process Safety and Environmental Protection

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.087

Hadil Alaydi, Carmen Giron Dominguez, David Barry, James Gaffey, Helena McMahon

Residuals such as agricultural waste, forest harvesting remnants, and industrial by-products present a dual advantage as sustainable and economical resources owing to their widespread availability of biomass, often possessing low market value and avoiding competition with food or feed production. Embracing a cascading approach enhances resource efficiency, minimising waste while generating high-value products and facilitating energy production. This study aims to probe into the untapped potential of Ireland's agricultural and non-food waste biomass for fostering a sustainable bioeconomy. These biomass reservoirs encompass cereal straw and husks, short rotation crop (SRC) willow, miscanthus, and various grasses. Leveraging these resources for chemical and fuel production is imperative to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and align with market demands. Among the plethora of available biomass valorisation technologies, this paper focuses on pyrolysis - a thermochemical process conducted at elevated temperatures in an oxygen-free environment. Pyrolysis yields three primary products: gaseous synthesis gas (comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen), a liquid fraction, and a solid residue. Additionally, this review underscores the potential of pyrolysis oil as a versatile asset for generating biobased chemicals catering to industries like pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and nutraceuticals.

农业废弃物、森林采伐剩余物和工业副产品等残留物具有双重优势，既是可持续的经济资源，又是可广泛利用的生物质，通常具有较低的市场价值，并可避免与粮食或饲料生产竞争。采用级联方法可提高资源效率，最大限度地减少浪费，同时产生高价值产品并促进能源生产。本研究旨在探索爱尔兰农业和非粮食废物生物质在促进可持续生物经济方面尚未开发的潜力。这些生物质库包括谷物秸秆和谷壳、短期轮作（SRC）柳树、马齿苋和各种草类。要减少对化石燃料的依赖并满足市场需求，利用这些资源生产化学品和燃料势在必行。在众多可用的生物质增值技术中，本文重点介绍热解技术--一种在无氧环境下高温进行的热化学过程。热解产生三种主要产品：气态合成气（包括一氧化碳和氢）、液态部分和固体残渣。此外，本综述还强调了热解油作为一种多功能资产的潜力，可用于生产生物基化学品，满足制药、药妆和营养保健品等行业的需求。

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引用次数: 0

Synergistic organic manure treatment with Al/Fe/Ca-based fluoride-fixing agents promote soil formation and utilization of phosphate flotation tailings 有机肥料处理与铝/铁/钙基氟化物固定剂的协同作用促进了磷酸盐浮选尾矿的土壤形成和利用

IF 6.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Process Safety and Environmental Protection

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.088

Bangjin Chen , Caiyue Jin , Jieqian Yang , Guangfei Qu , Ye Liu , Fenghui Wu , Shan Liu , Xinxin Liu

Soil utilization of phosphate ore flotation tailings (PTs) was achieved using F-fixing agents combined with organic manure treatment to address issues related to inefficient stabilization of P-F, heavy metal solidification/stabilization, poor physicochemical properties, and ecological disruption. The formulation for PTs soil utilization included 1.75 % polyaluminum sulfate (PAS), 1.75 % FeSO₄, and 0.25 % CaO, with PTs content at ≥86.75 %. This approach enhanced water retention and improved nutrient and biochemical conditions. Various nutrient indexes met general planting soil requirements: organic matter 24.93 g/kg, available K 252.26 mg/kg, available Ca 2048.67 mg/kg, available Mg 246.13 mg/kg, and ammonia-nitrogen 42.47 mg/kg. The water-soluble P content of PTs-based soil decreased to 6.96 mg/kg, while available P increased to 677.99 mg/kg. Mn leaching toxicity was less than 0.016 mg/L, with a stabilization efficiency of 96.86 %. Water-soluble F in PTs-based soil was reduced to 11.133 mg/kg. This study maximized phosphorus resource utilization and prevented the migration of water-soluble P, F, and Mn to the surrounding environment. Potting experiments showed PTs-based soil was more effective than red soil and PTs-based raw materials in cabbage plantation, achieving a maximum seedling emergence rate of 98.33 %. Microbial diversity increased, and community structure improved in 40-day soil formation experiments, with PTs-based soils developing microbial communities involved in carbon and nitrogen cycling, enhancing resistance to external environmental disturbances, and promoting ecological utilization. These findings offer practical insights into the ecological utilization of large quantities of PTs and present a cost-effective approach for producing planting soils or ecological mulches from similar solid wastes.

磷矿浮选尾矿（PTs）的土壤利用采用固磷剂与有机肥处理相结合的方法，以解决磷矿浮选尾矿的低效稳定化、重金属固化/稳定化、理化性质差和生态破坏等问题。PTs 土壤利用配方包括 1.75 % 的聚合硫酸铝 (PAS)、1.75 % 的 FeSO4 和 0.25 % 的 CaO，PTs 含量≥86.75 %。这种方法提高了保水性，改善了养分和生化条件。各项养分指标均达到一般种植土壤要求：有机质 24.93 克/千克，可利用钾 252.26 毫克/千克，可利用钙 2048.67 毫克/千克，可利用镁 246.13 毫克/千克，氨氮 42.47 毫克/千克。基于 PTs 的土壤的水溶性钾含量降至 6.96 毫克/千克，而可利用钾则增至 677.99 毫克/千克。锰浸出毒性小于 0.016 mg/L，稳定效率为 96.86%。基于 PTs 的土壤中的水溶性磷降低到 11.133 mg/kg。该研究最大限度地提高了磷资源的利用率，并防止了水溶性磷、钙和锰向周围环境的迁移。盆栽实验表明，在大白菜种植中，PTs 土壤比红壤和 PTs 原料更有效，最高出苗率达 98.33%。在为期 40 天的土壤形成实验中，微生物多样性增加，群落结构改善，PTs 基土壤发展了参与碳氮循环的微生物群落，增强了对外界环境干扰的抵抗力，促进了生态利用。这些发现为大量 PTs 的生态利用提供了实用见解，并为利用类似固体废弃物生产种植土或生态覆盖物提供了一种具有成本效益的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Design and optimization of hybrid renewable energy systems for hydrogen production at Aksaray University campus 阿克萨赖大学校园制氢用混合可再生能源系统的设计与优化

IF 6.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Process Safety and Environmental Protection

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.080

Hacımurat Demir

In this study, an off-grid HRES is proposed to ensure the electricity demands of the campus in a reliable, cost-effective, and non-polluting way for Aksaray University to have a sustainable and green campus. Within this framework, three HRESs were designed and compared using HOMER Pro software to find the optimum HRES, using a combination of different components related to zero carbon emissions and fully renewable energy sources, including transportation with environmentally friendly hydrogen fuel cell buses for students, academics, and staff. According to the optimization results obtained for the various configurations, the optimum HRES has a net cost of $20.3 million for the 25-year project life, with annual costs of $1.57 million. The levelized cost of electricity of the proposed system, represented by Scenario III, is calculated to be 0.327$/kWh. The PV panels produce 4,758,497 kWh/year at a levelized cost of 0.0404$/kWh, while the wind turbines produce electricity at a levelized cost of 0.0625$/kWh. The optimal system includes a 2000 kW electrolyzer that produces 73,061 kg of hydrogen annually, with a consumption rate of 46.4 kWh/kgH₂. The hydrogen tank has an energy reserve of 83,333 kWh with a storage capacity of 2500 kg. The results indicate that Scenario III is a robust, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly energy solution for the campus, paving the way for a greener future. Furthermore, the proposed HRES model provides a practical framework that can influence campus energy policies and potentially serves as a model for other educational institutions that are interested in implementing sustainable energy solutions.

本研究提出了一种离网 HRES，以可靠、经济、无污染的方式确保校园的电力需求，使阿克萨赖大学成为一个可持续发展的绿色校园。在此框架内，使用 HOMER Pro 软件设计并比较了三种 HRES，以找到最佳的 HRES，将与零碳排放和完全可再生能源相关的不同组件结合使用，包括为学生、学者和教职员工提供环保型氢燃料电池公交车。根据各种配置的优化结果，在 25 年的项目寿命期内，最佳氢能源系统的净成本为 2030 万美元，年成本为 157 万美元。根据计算，以方案 III 为代表的拟议系统的平准化电力成本为 0.327 美元/千瓦时。光伏电池板每年发电 4758497 千瓦时，平准化成本为 0.0404 美元/千瓦时，而风力涡轮机发电的平准化成本为 0.0625 美元/千瓦时。最佳系统包括一个 2000 千瓦的电解槽，年产氢气 73061 千克，消耗率为 46.4 千瓦时/千克氢气。氢气罐的能量储备为 83333 千瓦时，存储容量为 2500 千克。结果表明，方案 III 是一种稳健、经济、环保的校园能源解决方案，为实现更加绿色的未来铺平了道路。此外，建议的 HRES 模型提供了一个实用的框架，可以影响校园能源政策，并有可能成为其他有意实施可持续能源解决方案的教育机构的典范。

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引用次数: 0

Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil in mining areas with vaterite-type biological calcium carbonate 用叶蜡石型生物碳酸钙修复矿区重金属污染土壤

IF 6.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Process Safety and Environmental Protection

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.084

Jun-li Chen , Chang-xiong Zou , Wei-da Wang , Chun-li Zheng , Qing-hong Jiang , Zhe Wang

In recent years, research on the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology has yielded significant findings. However, when utilizing MICP for remediation in situ, urea and calcium chloride may produce high concentrations of NH₄⁺ and Cl^-, which subsequently cause secondary pollution. If the biological calcium carbonate (Bio-CaCO₃) produced by MICP is employed as a highly efficacious adsorbent, secondary pollution can be avoided while remediating heavy metal pollution. In this study, vaterite-type Bio-CaCO₃ was prepared under the regulation of sophorolipids, and the remediation effect and mechanisms for heavy metal contaminated soil were investigated. The results demonstrated that sophorolipids facilitate the formation and stabilization of vaterite-type Bio-CaCO₃. The addition of vaterite-type Bio-CaCO₃ could notably increase the content of soil organic matter, enhance soil urease activity, and reduce soil catalase activity. On the 30th day of remediation with vaterite-type Bio-CaCO₃, the active state content of Pb and Cd in the soil exhibited a decrease of 41.23 % and 35.00 %, respectively. Additionally, the exchangeable state content demonstrated a reduction of 6.61 % and 8.48 %, while the carbonate-bound state exhibited an increase of 12.05 % and 13.89 %, respectively. The principal mechanisms for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by vaterite-type Bio-CaCO₃ may be attributed to ion exchange, chemical precipitation, physical adsorption, and complexation reactions. The analysis of the microbial community structure demonstrated that vaterite-type Bio-CaCO₃ could enhance the abundance of multiple genera with urease-producing genes, including Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Bacillus while maintaining the soil biodiversity. This study provides a new idea for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil around the mining area and offers technical support for the construction of green mines.

近年来，利用微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀（MICP）技术修复重金属污染土壤的研究取得了重大成果。然而，利用 MICP 进行原位修复时，尿素和氯化钙可能会产生高浓度的 NH4+ 和 Cl-，进而造成二次污染。如果利用 MICP 产生的生物碳酸钙（Bio-CaCO3）作为高效吸附剂，则可以在修复重金属污染的同时避免二次污染。本研究在槐脂的调控下制备了醋酸盐型生物 CaCO3，并研究了其对重金属污染土壤的修复效果和机理。结果表明，槐脂类物质可促进aterite 型生物 CaCO3 的形成和稳定。添加叶绿石型生物 CaCO3 能显著增加土壤有机质含量，提高土壤脲酶活性，降低土壤过氧化氢酶活性。在使用辉绿岩型生物 CaCO3 进行修复的第 30 天，土壤中铅和镉的活性态含量分别下降了 41.23 % 和 35.00 %。此外，可交换态含量分别减少了 6.61 % 和 8.48 %，而碳酸盐结合态则分别增加了 12.05 % 和 13.89 %。辉绿岩型生物碳酸钙修复重金属污染土壤的主要机制可归结为离子交换、化学沉淀、物理吸附和络合反应。对微生物群落结构的分析表明，大理石型 Bio-CaCO3 可在保持土壤生物多样性的同时，提高假单胞菌、葡萄球菌和芽孢杆菌等多个具有产尿素酶基因的菌属的丰度。该研究为矿区周边重金属污染土壤的修复提供了新思路，为绿色矿山建设提供了技术支持。

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