Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2026.108508
Hongqi Liang, Shuqi Zhao, Ao Qu, Wei Fan, Zhizhuo Liu, Ziyi Wang, Jingmei Xu, Jiaxin Li, Youwei Huang, Yingnuo Liu
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) has become an indispensable category in fuel cells due to its multi-scenario adaptability, high efficiency and lightweight characteristics. The proton exchange membrane (PEMs) is equivalent to the heart of a PEMFC. Therefore, designing and developing PEMs that can overcome the energy density limitation and has good durability plays a crucial role in energy utilization and sustainable development. In this work, TA-CeO2 fillers—synthesized by coating CeO2 with TA—were incorporated into the SPAEKS organic matrix as dual free radical scavengers. This process yielded the series of composite PEMs designated as SPTC-x%. Among them, the SPTC-2 % membrane had the best comprehensive performance, achieving a proton conductivity of approximately 160 mS cm−1 (80°C, 100 % RH), a stress intensity of up to 41 MPa, a fracture elongation rate of 48 %, and demonstrated excellent single-cell performance in the practical application of fuel cells. The peak power density reached 1200.6 mW cm⁻² with a current density of 3599.5 mA cm⁻², which provides valuable reference for the development and modification of PEMs.
质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）以其多场景适应性、高效率和轻量化等特点，成为燃料电池中不可缺少的一类。质子交换膜（PEMs）相当于质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）的心脏。因此，设计和开发既能克服能量密度限制又具有良好耐久性的PEMs对能源利用和可持续发展具有至关重要的作用。将TA-CeO2包覆制备的TA-CeO2填料作为双自由基清除剂加入到SPAEKS有机基质中。该工艺制备了一系列SPTC-x%的复合材料。其中，SPTC-2 %膜综合性能最好，质子电导率约为160 mS cm−1(80°C, 100 % RH)，应力强度高达41 MPa，断裂伸伸率为48 %，在燃料电池的实际应用中表现出优异的单电池性能。峰值功率密度为1200.6 mW cm⁻²，电流密度为3599.5 mA cm⁻²，为pe的发展和修改提供了有价值的参考。
{"title":"Study on the performance of sulfonated poly (aryl ether ketone sulfone) organic matrix with enhanced double-free radical eliminating agents","authors":"Hongqi Liang, Shuqi Zhao, Ao Qu, Wei Fan, Zhizhuo Liu, Ziyi Wang, Jingmei Xu, Jiaxin Li, Youwei Huang, Yingnuo Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2026.108508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2026.108508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) has become an indispensable category in fuel cells due to its multi-scenario adaptability, high efficiency and lightweight characteristics. The proton exchange membrane (PEMs) is equivalent to the heart of a PEMFC. Therefore, designing and developing PEMs that can overcome the energy density limitation and has good durability plays a crucial role in energy utilization and sustainable development. In this work, TA-CeO<sub>2</sub> fillers—synthesized by coating CeO<sub>2</sub> with TA—were incorporated into the SPAEKS organic matrix as dual free radical scavengers. This process yielded the series of composite PEMs designated as SPTC-x%. Among them, the SPTC-2 % membrane had the best comprehensive performance, achieving a proton conductivity of approximately 160 mS cm<sup>−1</sup> (80°C, 100 % RH), a stress intensity of up to 41 MPa, a fracture elongation rate of 48 %, and demonstrated excellent single-cell performance in the practical application of fuel cells. The peak power density reached 1200.6 mW cm⁻² with a current density of 3599.5 mA cm⁻², which provides valuable reference for the development and modification of PEMs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 108508"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2026.108511
M. Imran Khan, Muhammad Asif, Faisal Asfand
{"title":"Techno-Economic Analysis of Emerging Energy Generation Processes and Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation","authors":"M. Imran Khan, Muhammad Asif, Faisal Asfand","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2026.108511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2026.108511","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"280 1","pages":"108511"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2026.108510
Yongfei Ma , Hang Yu , Min Yao , Jinquan Shi , Binbin Mao , Jun Tian , Ying Zhang
Organic solvents in lithium-ion battery electrolytes are recognized as major contributors to combustion during thermal runaway (TR). However, their relatively high boiling points present significant challenges for the real-time, quantitative detection of vapor-phase components under TR conditions. In this study, an enhanced experimental platform was developed to enable accurate quantification of ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) vapor during TR of a 300 Ah LiFePO4 battery initiated via external heating. The composition and temporal evolution of battery vent gases were systematically analyzed across different TR stages. To evaluate mitigation strategies, a water mist (WM) suppression system was employed to compare the performance of pure water and a 3 % F-500 aqueous solution in both non-flaming (gas release) and flaming (jet flame) TR scenarios. The results demonstrate that, under a nozzle pressure of 0.3 MPa, the 3 % F-500 solution achieved flame suppression within 8 ± 6 s, in contrast to WM, which required 178 ± 40.5 s. Moreover, the F-500 solution reduced peak hydrocarbon gas concentrations by approximately 50 %, thereby substantially lowering the vapor-phase concentration of combustible species.
{"title":"Water and 3 % F-500 aqueous solution for suppression of jet flames in 300Ah LiFePO4 batteries: A comparative study","authors":"Yongfei Ma , Hang Yu , Min Yao , Jinquan Shi , Binbin Mao , Jun Tian , Ying Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2026.108510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2026.108510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organic solvents in lithium-ion battery electrolytes are recognized as major contributors to combustion during thermal runaway (TR). However, their relatively high boiling points present significant challenges for the real-time, quantitative detection of vapor-phase components under TR conditions. In this study, an enhanced experimental platform was developed to enable accurate quantification of ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) vapor during TR of a 300 Ah LiFePO<sub>4</sub> battery initiated via external heating. The composition and temporal evolution of battery vent gases were systematically analyzed across different TR stages. To evaluate mitigation strategies, a water mist (WM) suppression system was employed to compare the performance of pure water and a 3 % F-500 aqueous solution in both non-flaming (gas release) and flaming (jet flame) TR scenarios. The results demonstrate that, under a nozzle pressure of 0.3 MPa, the 3 % F-500 solution achieved flame suppression within 8 ± 6 s, in contrast to WM, which required 178 ± 40.5 s. Moreover, the F-500 solution reduced peak hydrocarbon gas concentrations by approximately 50 %, thereby substantially lowering the vapor-phase concentration of combustible species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 108510"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2026.108509
Rui-Chun Yang, You-Wei Cui, Zhen-Ying Li, Ming-Teng Li, Yuan Sui
Heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification (HN-AD), a novel nitrogen removal process, can achieve simultaneous removal of nitrogen and organic substance from wastewater under aerobic conditions. To achieve HN-AD in existing wastewater treatment processes, the understanding on abundance of HN-AD bacterial group is required. In this study, in vitro experiments, specific functional gene detection based on quantitative PCR and high-throughput sequencing were used to comprehensively evaluate the potential and key bacterial genera of HN-AD in five typical wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The five WWTPs employ different treatment processes, namely the anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A2/O) process, anoxic/oxic (A/O) process, sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process, oxidation ditch (OD) process, and membrane bioreactor (MBR) process. The results demonstrated significant differences in the distribution of HN-AD bacteria in the five WWTPs. The highest proportion of heterotrophic nitrification, accounting for 28.4 % of the total nitrification, was observed in the A/O treatment plant. In the A/O treatment plant, the copy numbers of HN-AD functional genes haoA and haoC were the highest, with 1.84 × 106 and 8.73 × 107 copies/g sludge, respectively. The key microbial genera related to HN-AD, Denitratisoma, Dechloromonas, and Comamonas, exhibited the highest occurrence in the A/O process, accounting for 7.69 %. Process type was identified as the primary factor shaping the abundance of HN-AD functional bacteria, with a higher influence than individual environmental or water quality parameters in the aeration tank. This study assessed the potential of HN-AD and the distribution of key bacteria genera in different wastewater treatment processes, providing a biological basis for innovative wastewater treatment processes.
{"title":"Comprehensive evaluation on potentiality and key bacterial community of heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification in real wastewater treatment plants","authors":"Rui-Chun Yang, You-Wei Cui, Zhen-Ying Li, Ming-Teng Li, Yuan Sui","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2026.108509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2026.108509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification (HN-AD), a novel nitrogen removal process, can achieve simultaneous removal of nitrogen and organic substance from wastewater under aerobic conditions. To achieve HN-AD in existing wastewater treatment processes, the understanding on abundance of HN-AD bacterial group is required. In this study, <em>in vitro</em> experiments, specific functional gene detection based on quantitative PCR and high-throughput sequencing were used to comprehensively evaluate the potential and key bacterial genera of HN-AD in five typical wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The five WWTPs employ different treatment processes, namely the anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A<sup>2</sup>/O) process, anoxic/oxic (A/O) process, sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process, oxidation ditch (OD) process, and membrane bioreactor (MBR) process. The results demonstrated significant differences in the distribution of HN-AD bacteria in the five WWTPs. The highest proportion of heterotrophic nitrification, accounting for 28.4 % of the total nitrification, was observed in the A/O treatment plant. In the A/O treatment plant, the copy numbers of HN-AD functional genes <em>haoA</em> and <em>haoC</em> were the highest, with 1.84 × 10<sup>6</sup> and 8.73 × 10<sup>7</sup> copies/g sludge, respectively. The key microbial genera related to HN-AD, <em>Denitratisoma</em>, <em>Dechloromonas</em>, and <em>Comamonas</em>, exhibited the highest occurrence in the A/O process, accounting for 7.69 %. Process type was identified as the primary factor shaping the abundance of HN-AD functional bacteria, with a higher influence than individual environmental or water quality parameters in the aeration tank. This study assessed the potential of HN-AD and the distribution of key bacteria genera in different wastewater treatment processes, providing a biological basis for innovative wastewater treatment processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 108509"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2026.108503
Chunlin Wang , Junjie Yang , Konghao Yu , Jiali Zhang , Junling Wang , Yajun Huang , Zhirong Wang , Zhengyang Wang , Wei Cai
In large-scale energy storage system, large-capacity LiFePO4(LFP) batteries are usually assembled into packs under preload force. However, the influence of preload force on the early warning of LFP batteries and thermal runaway(TR) action remains unknown. In this context, we have conducted a full-process analysis towards the early multi-dimensional signal evolution and TR behavior of LFP batteries under different preload forces. As preload force increases, the temperature threshold increases from 0.35 to 0.67 ℃/s and the voltage threshold remains stable at 0.005 V/s. Under 0 and 9 kN, the time intervals from the threshold points of each signal to TR are shorter than that under 3 and 6 kN. In terms of TR characteristics, the maximum exhaust velocities(32.76, 36.33 m/s) and pressures(684, 713 Pa) under 0 and 9 kN are significantly greater than those under 3 (26.42 m/s, 593 Pa) and 6 kN(29.33 m/s, 612 Pa). The heat released during TR stage reaches 459.1 kJ at 0 kN, while the heat released at 3 kN is the lowest(335.9 kJ). Meanwhile, TR hazards under different preload force are evaluated. The results show that TR hazard is the smallest under 3 kN. Too low or high preload force will exacerbate the TR hazard of battery. This study provides inspirations for and the development of early warning strategies for battery.
{"title":"Multi-dimensional signal evolution and early warning strategy for thermal runaway of large-capacity lithium-ion battery under preload force","authors":"Chunlin Wang , Junjie Yang , Konghao Yu , Jiali Zhang , Junling Wang , Yajun Huang , Zhirong Wang , Zhengyang Wang , Wei Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2026.108503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2026.108503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In large-scale energy storage system, large-capacity LiFePO<sub>4</sub>(LFP) batteries are usually assembled into packs under preload force. However, the influence of preload force on the early warning of LFP batteries and thermal runaway(TR) action remains unknown. In this context, we have conducted a full-process analysis towards the early multi-dimensional signal evolution and TR behavior of LFP batteries under different preload forces. As preload force increases, the temperature threshold increases from 0.35 to 0.67 ℃/s and the voltage threshold remains stable at 0.005 V/s. Under 0 and 9 kN, the time intervals from the threshold points of each signal to TR are shorter than that under 3 and 6 kN. In terms of TR characteristics, the maximum exhaust velocities(32.76, 36.33 m/s) and pressures(684, 713 Pa) under 0 and 9 kN are significantly greater than those under 3 (26.42 m/s, 593 Pa) and 6 kN(29.33 m/s, 612 Pa). The heat released during TR stage reaches 459.1 kJ at 0 kN, while the heat released at 3 kN is the lowest(335.9 kJ). Meanwhile, TR hazards under different preload force are evaluated. The results show that TR hazard is the smallest under 3 kN. Too low or high preload force will exacerbate the TR hazard of battery. This study provides inspirations for and the development of early warning strategies for battery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 108503"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2026.108501
Redor Mohammad , Eugene Sefa Appiah , Oliver Baah Abekah , Abdul-Wadood Moomen , Ophelia Ayamba , Samuel Olukayode Akinwamide , Micheal K. Commeh , Daniel Nframah Ampong , Kwadwo Mensah-Darkwa , Anthony Andrews , Katlego Makgopa , Ram K. Gupta
Rare earth elements (REEs) are indispensable in modern energy storage systems due to their unique physicochemical properties, which enable high-performance batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. However, the increasing demand for REEs and their uneven geographical distribution and environmentally intensive mining processes have intensified the search for sustainable and alternative sources. Waste materials, including industrial residues, electronic waste, coal fly ash, and end-of-life energy devices, represent a promising, underutilized reservoir of REEs. This review provides a comprehensive examination of recent advances in REE recovery from waste streams, focusing on applications in energy storage technologies. The discussion covers the types of REE-rich wastes, the roles of REEs in enhancing electrochemical performance, and the latest extraction strategies, including physical, chemical, biological, and advanced hybrid techniques. Challenges related to low REE concentrations, complex waste compositions, environmental risks, and economic feasibility are critically assessed. Furthermore, techno-economic analysis and life cycle considerations are explored to evaluate the sustainability of waste-derived REEs in a circular economy context. The review concludes with future research directions, including integration with renewable energy systems, policy and regulatory support, and the application of artificial intelligence for process optimization. This work highlights pathways toward a sustainable and resilient REE supply chain by bridging the gap between waste valorization and advanced energy storage.
{"title":"Advances in rare earth mineral extraction from waste for energy storage applications: A comprehensive review","authors":"Redor Mohammad , Eugene Sefa Appiah , Oliver Baah Abekah , Abdul-Wadood Moomen , Ophelia Ayamba , Samuel Olukayode Akinwamide , Micheal K. Commeh , Daniel Nframah Ampong , Kwadwo Mensah-Darkwa , Anthony Andrews , Katlego Makgopa , Ram K. Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2026.108501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2026.108501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rare earth elements (REEs) are indispensable in modern energy storage systems due to their unique physicochemical properties, which enable high-performance batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. However, the increasing demand for REEs and their uneven geographical distribution and environmentally intensive mining processes have intensified the search for sustainable and alternative sources. Waste materials, including industrial residues, electronic waste, coal fly ash, and end-of-life energy devices, represent a promising, underutilized reservoir of REEs. This review provides a comprehensive examination of recent advances in REE recovery from waste streams, focusing on applications in energy storage technologies. The discussion covers the types of REE-rich wastes, the roles of REEs in enhancing electrochemical performance, and the latest extraction strategies, including physical, chemical, biological, and advanced hybrid techniques. Challenges related to low REE concentrations, complex waste compositions, environmental risks, and economic feasibility are critically assessed. Furthermore, techno-economic analysis and life cycle considerations are explored to evaluate the sustainability of waste-derived REEs in a circular economy context. The review concludes with future research directions, including integration with renewable energy systems, policy and regulatory support, and the application of artificial intelligence for process optimization. This work highlights pathways toward a sustainable and resilient REE supply chain by bridging the gap between waste valorization and advanced energy storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 108501"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2026.108437
Bohan Yang , Xiaowei Gu , Zhijun Li , Zhihang Hu , Jianping Liu , Qing Wang
Recycling non-ferrous smelting residues into cementitious systems offers a promising route for reducing industrial waste and mitigating environmental impacts. This study investigates the safe and sustainable recycling of lead–zinc smelting slag (LZSS) as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), with emphasis on structure, reactivity, heavy-metal leaching, and environmental benefits. LZSS, a by-product of the metallurgical industry, was found to contain ∼96 % amorphous content, consisting mainly of (alumino)silicates and iron-rich phases associated with trace heavy metals. Reactivity testing (R³ method) confirmed high pozzolanic activity, though lower than granulated blast furnace slag. At 30 % replacement of cement, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) results demonstrated minimal Cu and Mn release, both below regulatory thresholds, with no detectable leaching in deionized water, indicating environmental safety. Environmental impact assessment further showed that partial substitution with LZSS significantly reduces the global warming potential of cement production while maintaining acceptable mechanical performance. These findings establish LZSS as a technically feasible, environmentally safe, and climate-beneficial resource for sustainable cementitious systems production, supporting both industrial waste valorization and pollution prevention.
{"title":"Safe and sustainable recycling of lead–zinc smelting slag in cementitious systems: Structure, reactivity and leaching risk evaluation","authors":"Bohan Yang , Xiaowei Gu , Zhijun Li , Zhihang Hu , Jianping Liu , Qing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2026.108437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2026.108437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recycling non-ferrous smelting residues into cementitious systems offers a promising route for reducing industrial waste and mitigating environmental impacts. This study investigates the safe and sustainable recycling of lead–zinc smelting slag (LZSS) as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), with emphasis on structure, reactivity, heavy-metal leaching, and environmental benefits. LZSS, a by-product of the metallurgical industry, was found to contain ∼96 % amorphous content, consisting mainly of (alumino)silicates and iron-rich phases associated with trace heavy metals. Reactivity testing (R³ method) confirmed high pozzolanic activity, though lower than granulated blast furnace slag. At 30 % replacement of cement, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) results demonstrated minimal Cu and Mn release, both below regulatory thresholds, with no detectable leaching in deionized water, indicating environmental safety. Environmental impact assessment further showed that partial substitution with LZSS significantly reduces the global warming potential of cement production while maintaining acceptable mechanical performance. These findings establish LZSS as a technically feasible, environmentally safe, and climate-beneficial resource for sustainable cementitious systems production, supporting both industrial waste valorization and pollution prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 108437"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2026.108505
Shuyuan Gan , Zhuozhuo Li , Daoming She , Jianzhou
Equipment operating in high-risk confined spaces is common in major engineering fields. In such environments, the interaction between equipment degradation and environmental conditions, coupled with the safety risks of maintenance, makes effective decision-making particularly challenging. Despite the urgent need, this issue has received limited attention. To address this gap, this study proposes a dynamic maintenance strategy for multi-state equipment operating in high-risk confined spaces. The approach considers the bidirectional influence between equipment degradation and environmental deterioration, along with threshold-based environmental states that trigger maintenance initiation or interruption. Two types of maintenance actions are incorporated: imperfect maintenance and replacement, with replacement durations being uncertain. A probabilistic model links the likelihood of replacement completion to elapsed time, representing replacement duration as an incremental probability function and capturing realistic operational scenarios. A reinforcement learning approach is then applied to dynamically determine optimal actions, including maintenance decisions and environmental restoration, based on comprehensive information from both the equipment and its environment. Case studies under both hypothetical and real-data-based parameter settings are used to evaluate the applicability and performance of the proposed strategy. Comparative results against benchmark methods validate its effectiveness. Sensitivity analyses further examine the effects of key parameters, such as maintenance cost and environmental thresholds, as well as interactions among critical factors on optimal decisions. The findings provide practical insights for maintenance planning in high-risk confined environments, offering a robust framework that integrates equipment-environment interactions, probabilistic replacement modeling, and dynamic decision-making for enhanced operational reliability and safety.
{"title":"Dynamic maintenance optimization in confined high-risk spaces considering environmental safety constraints and incremental replacement success probability","authors":"Shuyuan Gan , Zhuozhuo Li , Daoming She , Jianzhou","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2026.108505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2026.108505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Equipment operating in high-risk confined spaces is common in major engineering fields. In such environments, the interaction between equipment degradation and environmental conditions, coupled with the safety risks of maintenance, makes effective decision-making particularly challenging. Despite the urgent need, this issue has received limited attention. To address this gap, this study proposes a dynamic maintenance strategy for multi-state equipment operating in high-risk confined spaces. The approach considers the bidirectional influence between equipment degradation and environmental deterioration, along with threshold-based environmental states that trigger maintenance initiation or interruption. Two types of maintenance actions are incorporated: imperfect maintenance and replacement, with replacement durations being uncertain. A probabilistic model links the likelihood of replacement completion to elapsed time, representing replacement duration as an incremental probability function and capturing realistic operational scenarios. A reinforcement learning approach is then applied to dynamically determine optimal actions, including maintenance decisions and environmental restoration, based on comprehensive information from both the equipment and its environment. Case studies under both hypothetical and real-data-based parameter settings are used to evaluate the applicability and performance of the proposed strategy. Comparative results against benchmark methods validate its effectiveness. Sensitivity analyses further examine the effects of key parameters, such as maintenance cost and environmental thresholds, as well as interactions among critical factors on optimal decisions. The findings provide practical insights for maintenance planning in high-risk confined environments, offering a robust framework that integrates equipment-environment interactions, probabilistic replacement modeling, and dynamic decision-making for enhanced operational reliability and safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 108505"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2026.108506
Ya-nan Luan , Jiaqi Yang , Zhonghong Guo , Hao Liu , Feng Zhang , Huawei Zhang , Changqing Liu , Yue Yin
Anoxic-oxic-filtrating fixed-bed biofilm reactor (AOF-FBBR) was established in this study for the efficient nitrogen removal from real decentralized wastewater under low temperature. The AOF-FBBR exhibited commendable pollutant removal performance, with chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal efficiency reached 84.0 % and 88.9 % in the stable period at regular temperature, respectively. In winter, with the temperature dropped below 10 ℃, the reactor exhibited unsatisfying denitrification performance due to the limited microbial activity at lower temperature. However, the TIN removal efficiency was restored to 82.4 % in the stable period of winter period when the reflux ratio was elevated from 100 % to 200 % and the backwash frequency was increased from once every 20 days to once every 10 days. Results confirmed the excessive biomass due to the temperature were significantly washed out by the backwash, causing an efficient exposure of nitrogen removal functional bacteria and the strengthened expression of genes related to nitrification and denitrification. The response of the established microbiome inside the AOF-FBBR resulted in a succession and enrichment of varied denitrifiers in the reactor, achieving unexpectedly higher nitrogen removal performance in the winter period. The proposed FBBR system with backwash regulation would fundamentally change the microbial environment, providing desirable microbial community for the TIN removal in winter temperature. These results exhibited convincing decentralized wastewater treatment performance in real conditions with insights into the microbiome response to low temperature at different backwash conditions in FBBR.
{"title":"Microbiome response to winter temperature in three-stage fixed-bed biofilm reactor treating decentralized wastewater","authors":"Ya-nan Luan , Jiaqi Yang , Zhonghong Guo , Hao Liu , Feng Zhang , Huawei Zhang , Changqing Liu , Yue Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2026.108506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2026.108506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anoxic-oxic-filtrating fixed-bed biofilm reactor (AOF-FBBR) was established in this study for the efficient nitrogen removal from real decentralized wastewater under low temperature. The AOF-FBBR exhibited commendable pollutant removal performance, with chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal efficiency reached 84.0 % and 88.9 % in the stable period at regular temperature, respectively. In winter, with the temperature dropped below 10 ℃, the reactor exhibited unsatisfying denitrification performance due to the limited microbial activity at lower temperature. However, the TIN removal efficiency was restored to 82.4 % in the stable period of winter period when the reflux ratio was elevated from 100 % to 200 % and the backwash frequency was increased from once every 20 days to once every 10 days. Results confirmed the excessive biomass due to the temperature were significantly washed out by the backwash, causing an efficient exposure of nitrogen removal functional bacteria and the strengthened expression of genes related to nitrification and denitrification. The response of the established microbiome inside the AOF-FBBR resulted in a succession and enrichment of varied denitrifiers in the reactor, achieving unexpectedly higher nitrogen removal performance in the winter period. The proposed FBBR system with backwash regulation would fundamentally change the microbial environment, providing desirable microbial community for the TIN removal in winter temperature. These results exhibited convincing decentralized wastewater treatment performance in real conditions with insights into the microbiome response to low temperature at different backwash conditions in FBBR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 108506"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2026.108502
Zhi Yang , Ying Wu , Yi Xiang , Bo Deng , Yi Chai , Shenhang Wang
In chemical process fault diagnosis, the category imbalance caused by scarce fault samples severely limits the performance of deep learning models. We propose a dual-stream non-local frequency-domain sparse hash autoencoder network (NFSH-AE) tailored for imbalanced data. By constructing a dual-stream frequency-domain sparse autoencoder that decouples the process and state variables of the original signal, it utilizes an adaptive sparse spectral encoder to extract high-dimensional frequency-domain features. This approach combines Fourier transform and inverse transform to suppress noise and capture both short-term and long-term dependencies. A non-local sparse hash classifier is further designed. It aggregates globally similar features and suppresses redundancy through a spherical local sensitive hash bucket mechanism. A Kolmogorov-Arnold Network is introduced as the classification head, combined with a cost-sensitive reweighting strategy to enhance minority class recognition capability. Experiments on the Tennessee Eastman Process and Three-phase Flow Facility datasets demonstrate that NFSH-AE outperforms mainstream methods (e.g., AE, SAE, and their variants) across imbalance ratios from 5:1 to 40:1, achieving a maximum G-mean of 100%. and maintains a total G-mean exceeding 80% even under extreme 40:1 imbalance conditions, validating its effectiveness, robustness, and generalization capability in imbalanced fault diagnosis.
{"title":"Intelligent fault diagnosis for chemical process under imbalanced data: A non-local frequency-domain sparse hash autoencoder approach","authors":"Zhi Yang , Ying Wu , Yi Xiang , Bo Deng , Yi Chai , Shenhang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2026.108502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2026.108502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In chemical process fault diagnosis, the category imbalance caused by scarce fault samples severely limits the performance of deep learning models. We propose a dual-stream non-local frequency-domain sparse hash autoencoder network (NFSH-AE) tailored for imbalanced data. By constructing a dual-stream frequency-domain sparse autoencoder that decouples the process and state variables of the original signal, it utilizes an adaptive sparse spectral encoder to extract high-dimensional frequency-domain features. This approach combines Fourier transform and inverse transform to suppress noise and capture both short-term and long-term dependencies. A non-local sparse hash classifier is further designed. It aggregates globally similar features and suppresses redundancy through a spherical local sensitive hash bucket mechanism. A Kolmogorov-Arnold Network is introduced as the classification head, combined with a cost-sensitive reweighting strategy to enhance minority class recognition capability. Experiments on the Tennessee Eastman Process and Three-phase Flow Facility datasets demonstrate that NFSH-AE outperforms mainstream methods (e.g., AE, SAE, and their variants) across imbalance ratios from 5:1 to 40:1, achieving a maximum G-mean of 100%. and maintains a total G-mean exceeding 80% even under extreme 40:1 imbalance conditions, validating its effectiveness, robustness, and generalization capability in imbalanced fault diagnosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 108502"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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