Residual microplastics (MPs) in wastewater sludge inevitably enter anaerobic digestion systems. However, information regarding the impact of microplastic particle size on the anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge (WAS) is rarely reported. To investigate the impact of MPs particle sizes on the WAS fermentation process, four sizes (0.15, 0.3, 0.6, and 1 mm) of polyethylene terephthalate microplastics (PET-MPs) were added into the sludge fermentation system, and results showed that PET-MPs sped up WAS cell fragmentation and hindered hydrolysis and acidification. This effect increased with smaller particle sizes. The production of volatile fatty acids decreased by 9.12–22.21 % in comparison to the control group. Small-sized PET-MPs did not significantly reduce the relative abundance of functional bacteria such as Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidota, but reduced their utilization of acidifiable organic matter and limited amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, small-sized PET-MPs exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect on the expression of key hydrolytic and acidogenic enzymes. This study is of significant importance in elucidating the effect of PET-MPs with varying particle sizes on the anaerobic fermentation process.
{"title":"Response mechanism of sludge anaerobic fermentation on polyethylene terephthalate microplastic (PET-MPs) particle sizes","authors":"Guorun Zhou, Jingsi Gao, Xiao Huang, Shuai Zhang, Jun Wei, Xindong Teng, Zhihao Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.075","url":null,"abstract":"Residual microplastics (MPs) in wastewater sludge inevitably enter anaerobic digestion systems. However, information regarding the impact of microplastic particle size on the anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge (WAS) is rarely reported. To investigate the impact of MPs particle sizes on the WAS fermentation process, four sizes (0.15, 0.3, 0.6, and 1 mm) of polyethylene terephthalate microplastics (PET-MPs) were added into the sludge fermentation system, and results showed that PET-MPs sped up WAS cell fragmentation and hindered hydrolysis and acidification. This effect increased with smaller particle sizes. The production of volatile fatty acids decreased by 9.12–22.21 % in comparison to the control group. Small-sized PET-MPs did not significantly reduce the relative abundance of functional bacteria such as <ce:italic>Proteobacteria</ce:italic>, <ce:italic>Firmicutes</ce:italic>, and <ce:italic>Bacteroidota</ce:italic>, but reduced their utilization of acidifiable organic matter and limited amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, small-sized PET-MPs exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect on the expression of key hydrolytic and acidogenic enzymes. This study is of significant importance in elucidating the effect of PET-MPs with varying particle sizes on the anaerobic fermentation process.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-20DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.083
Wei Zhang, Qianru Wang, Jifei Song, Min Zhang, Yi Hu
Laccase is capable of catalyzing a wide range of substrates and is a potential candidate for pollutant biodegradation. However, its application is limited by the free enzyme, poor stability, and difficulties in recycling. In this paper, a novel bio-enzymatic preparation was constructed by using imidazolium-based ionic liquids as surface modifiers to modify magnetic metal-organic frameworks and immobilize laccase by covalent binding. The prepared immobilized enzyme (laccase-ILs-MIL-100-Fe3O4) exhibited remarkable thermal stability, retaining 72.7 % activity at 70 ℃, whereas the free laccase experienced almost complete inactivation, whereas the enzyme in the free laccase almost lost its activity. After 6 times of reuse, the laccase-ILs-MIL-100-Fe3O4 still retained nearly 60 % of its activity and possessed good reusability. Notably, the immobilized enzyme achieves nearly complete removal of phenolic pollutants within 8 h and maintains over 50 % removal efficiency even at high concentrations after 12 h. More importantly, the immobilized system could be recycled and reused for the treatment of pollutants. The removal efficiency of 74.3 % was maintained after 7 rounds of cycling. This paper presents an effective strategy for the development of novel biologics and provides valuable insights into advancing efficient enzyme immobilization technology and the practical application of immobilized enzymes in wastewater treatment.
{"title":"Ionic liquid interfacial modification of magnetic metal-organic framework enhances laccase stability and catalytic performance in degrading phenolic pollutants","authors":"Wei Zhang, Qianru Wang, Jifei Song, Min Zhang, Yi Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.083","url":null,"abstract":"Laccase is capable of catalyzing a wide range of substrates and is a potential candidate for pollutant biodegradation. However, its application is limited by the free enzyme, poor stability, and difficulties in recycling. In this paper, a novel bio-enzymatic preparation was constructed by using imidazolium-based ionic liquids as surface modifiers to modify magnetic metal-organic frameworks and immobilize laccase by covalent binding. The prepared immobilized enzyme (laccase-ILs-MIL-100-Fe<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>) exhibited remarkable thermal stability, retaining 72.7 % activity at 70 ℃, whereas the free laccase experienced almost complete inactivation, whereas the enzyme in the free laccase almost lost its activity. After 6 times of reuse, the laccase-ILs-MIL-100-Fe<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf> still retained nearly 60 % of its activity and possessed good reusability. Notably, the immobilized enzyme achieves nearly complete removal of phenolic pollutants within 8 h and maintains over 50 % removal efficiency even at high concentrations after 12 h. More importantly, the immobilized system could be recycled and reused for the treatment of pollutants. The removal efficiency of 74.3 % was maintained after 7 rounds of cycling. This paper presents an effective strategy for the development of novel biologics and provides valuable insights into advancing efficient enzyme immobilization technology and the practical application of immobilized enzymes in wastewater treatment.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Implementing the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) has intensified maritime activities, highlighting the need for effective risk assessment methodologies to ensure process safety and environmental protection. This study presents a Bayesian Network model as an innovative approach to evaluating and mitigating maritime accident risks in the RCEP region. By analyzing 549 maritime accidents recorded in the Global Integrated Shipping Information System (GISIS) from 2016 to 2023, the research identifies and quantifies key factors influencing accident severity, such as accident category, ship flag, vessel type, and environmental conditions. The framework provides a systematic method for predicting accident severity and prioritizing safety interventions, enabling maritime authorities and stakeholders to enhance safety management processes and implement targeted risk reduction strategies. Key contributions include identifying critical risk factors unique to the RCEP maritime environment, developing and validating the Bayesian Network model, strategically ranking influencing factors, and exploring RCEP's regional maritime safety management implications. This study offers practical decision-making support for policymakers and ship operators, contributing to the maritime sector's broader discourse on process safety and environmental protection. The proposed framework is an adaptable tool for ongoing monitoring and improvement of maritime safety processes, aligning with global standards and regulatory requirements while addressing the unique challenges of the RCEP region to advance maritime process safety and support sustainable economic integration.
{"title":"Process safety enhancement in maritime operations: A Bayesian network-based risk assessment framework for the RCEP region","authors":"Wenyang Wang, Junrui Zhao, Yulihe Chen, Peng Shao, Peng Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.072","url":null,"abstract":"Implementing the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) has intensified maritime activities, highlighting the need for effective risk assessment methodologies to ensure process safety and environmental protection. This study presents a Bayesian Network model as an innovative approach to evaluating and mitigating maritime accident risks in the RCEP region. By analyzing 549 maritime accidents recorded in the Global Integrated Shipping Information System (GISIS) from 2016 to 2023, the research identifies and quantifies key factors influencing accident severity, such as accident category, ship flag, vessel type, and environmental conditions. The framework provides a systematic method for predicting accident severity and prioritizing safety interventions, enabling maritime authorities and stakeholders to enhance safety management processes and implement targeted risk reduction strategies. Key contributions include identifying critical risk factors unique to the RCEP maritime environment, developing and validating the Bayesian Network model, strategically ranking influencing factors, and exploring RCEP's regional maritime safety management implications. This study offers practical decision-making support for policymakers and ship operators, contributing to the maritime sector's broader discourse on process safety and environmental protection. The proposed framework is an adaptable tool for ongoing monitoring and improvement of maritime safety processes, aligning with global standards and regulatory requirements while addressing the unique challenges of the RCEP region to advance maritime process safety and support sustainable economic integration.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"336 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.078
Raf Vandevelde, Sylvain Renders, Maarten Vanierschot, Johan De Greef
To establish more advanced combustion control in industrial Waste-to-Energy plants, models are required, that combine low computation demand with sufficient accuracy. In this work, a multi-scale compartmental model is presented, that enables simulation of heat generation and gas compound release from a combusting waste layer in a typical grate furnace. The model takes inputs measurable at the industrial scale, and avoids features that are considered less essential. Time-Travelling Reactive Cells (TTRCs), representing unit volumes of the waste layer, stepwise advance the waste as lumped solid spheres, applying shrinking-core-type solid-gas kinetics to simulate the release of CO, H₂O, HCl, and H₂S under strong limitation by mass transfer of O2. The gas phase in each TTRC, well-mixed at high temperature and containing a large excess of O2, enables instant oxidation of CO to CO2 and H2S to SO2. In its current state, the model is valid for the case of incineration only. Initial results confirm correctness of the numerical calculations internal to the model, and suggest adequate level of accuracy for future industrial use. Comparison with data from the literature, although limited in availability and not always representative of actual conditions in industrial furnaces, also yields reasonable agreement with regard to temperatures.
{"title":"A multi-scale compartmental model for simulation of thermal and gas composition profiles on waste layers in grate-fired furnaces","authors":"Raf Vandevelde, Sylvain Renders, Maarten Vanierschot, Johan De Greef","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.078","url":null,"abstract":"To establish more advanced combustion control in industrial Waste-to-Energy plants, models are required, that combine low computation demand with sufficient accuracy. In this work, a multi-scale compartmental model is presented, that enables simulation of heat generation and gas compound release from a combusting waste layer in a typical grate furnace. The model takes inputs measurable at the industrial scale, and avoids features that are considered less essential. Time-Travelling Reactive Cells (TTRCs), representing unit volumes of the waste layer, stepwise advance the waste as lumped solid spheres, applying shrinking-core-type solid-gas kinetics to simulate the release of CO, H₂O, HCl, and H₂S under strong limitation by mass transfer of O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>. The gas phase in each TTRC, well-mixed at high temperature and containing a large excess of O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>, enables instant oxidation of CO to CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> and H<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>S to SO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>. In its current state, the model is valid for the case of <ce:italic>incineration</ce:italic> only. Initial results confirm correctness of the numerical calculations internal to the model, and suggest adequate level of accuracy for future industrial use. Comparison with data from the literature, although limited in availability and not always representative of actual conditions in industrial furnaces, also yields reasonable agreement with regard to temperatures.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.076
Xiaoxia Fan, Yiyuan Wei, Dan Song, Ting Zhou, Ronghua Li, Xiaoxuan Su, Tao Zhang, Shang Cheng, Ran Xiao
Vegetable waste management and the creation of peat-free seedling substrates pose significant challenges to the sustainability of the modern vegetable industry. This study investigated the use of cabbage harvest residue (CHR) as a peat substitute in substrates through biochar-enhanced co-composting with spent mushroom residue (SMS). Various biochar dosages (0 % (CK), 2.5 % (BC2.5), 5.0 % (BC5.0) and 10 % (BC10)) were tested to evaluate their effects on the composting process, quality of the end-products, and application potential as peat substitutes. Results indicated that biochar, especially at dosages of 5.0 % and 10 %, enhanced moisture loss, humification, and compost quality. The highest peak temperature (67.3°C), moisture reduction (∼30 %), carbon loss (∼50 %), seed germination index (GI, 199 %), humic substance content (14.5 %), and degree of humification were observed in BC10. Additionally, biochar treatments led to improvements in the structural composition and co-occurrence relationships within the microbial community. Substrates made from compost, vermiculite, and perlite exhibited excellent physicochemical properties and superior seedling growth performance compared to commercial substrates. Notably, BC2.5 emerged as the most optimal peat substitute, demonstrating significant enhancement in shoot height (6 %-88 %), thickness (4 %-113 %), and strong seeding index (SEI) (24 %-264 %). Overall, biochar-enhanced co-composting of CHR and SMS offers a promising sustainable solution for the modern vegetable industry.
{"title":"Biochar enhanced co-composting for peat-free seedling substrate: A win-win solution for sustainable development of modern vegetable industry","authors":"Xiaoxia Fan, Yiyuan Wei, Dan Song, Ting Zhou, Ronghua Li, Xiaoxuan Su, Tao Zhang, Shang Cheng, Ran Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.076","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetable waste management and the creation of peat-free seedling substrates pose significant challenges to the sustainability of the modern vegetable industry. This study investigated the use of cabbage harvest residue (CHR) as a peat substitute in substrates through biochar-enhanced co-composting with spent mushroom residue (SMS). Various biochar dosages (0 % (CK), 2.5 % (BC2.5), 5.0 % (BC5.0) and 10 % (BC10)) were tested to evaluate their effects on the composting process, quality of the end-products, and application potential as peat substitutes. Results indicated that biochar, especially at dosages of 5.0 % and 10 %, enhanced moisture loss, humification, and compost quality. The highest peak temperature (67.3°C), moisture reduction (∼30 %), carbon loss (∼50 %), seed germination index (GI, 199 %), humic substance content (14.5 %), and degree of humification were observed in BC10. Additionally, biochar treatments led to improvements in the structural composition and co-occurrence relationships within the microbial community. Substrates made from compost, vermiculite, and perlite exhibited excellent physicochemical properties and superior seedling growth performance compared to commercial substrates. Notably, BC2.5 emerged as the most optimal peat substitute, demonstrating significant enhancement in shoot height (6 %-88 %), thickness (4 %-113 %), and strong seeding index (SEI) (24 %-264 %). Overall, biochar-enhanced co-composting of CHR and SMS offers a promising sustainable solution for the modern vegetable industry.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142925060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.074
Fan Lin, Tianya Lei, Jiancheng Shu, Mengjun Chen, Jibamu Duo, Xiangfei Zeng, Yunhui Han, Shaoqin Chen, Jiaming Chen, Weiping Huang, Jun Luo
Direct stacking and storage of recycled copper smelting fly ash (RCA) will not only cause environmental pollution, but also its valuable metal resources (Cu, Zn, Cd, etc.) will be wasted. In this study, Cu, Zn and Cd in RCA were leached by selective complexation using the NH3-NH4Cl system. The results showed that the leaching efficiencies of Cu, Zn, and Cd were 89.45 %, 78.75 %, and 82.34 % respectively, when the concentration of NH3·H2O was 1 mol/L, the concentration of NH4Cl was 1 mol/L, the solid liquid ratio was 125 g/L at 30 °C reacting for 60 min. In addition, the combined control of chemical reaction and diffusion of the NH3-NH4Cl leaching system limits the leaching efficiency of Cu. The leaching mechanism indicates that Cu, Zn, and Cd in RCA were predominantly intensively leached as complex [Cu(NH3)4]2+, [Zn(NH3)4]2+, and [Cd(NH3)4]2+. A part of Cu2(OH)3Cl, CuO, FePO4·2H2O, Zn(OH)2 and ZnCl2 in RCA converted to (NH4)2CuCl4, [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 and Zn3(PO4)2, and are accompanied by the formation of FeO(OH) and Fe2O3·H2O in the NH3-NH4Cl leaching system. This study provides a database and methodological support for the leaching of Cu, Zn, and Cd from RCA.
{"title":"Selective complex leaching of Cu, Zn, and Cd from recycled copper smelting fly ash using NH3-NH4Cl system and kinetic analysis","authors":"Fan Lin, Tianya Lei, Jiancheng Shu, Mengjun Chen, Jibamu Duo, Xiangfei Zeng, Yunhui Han, Shaoqin Chen, Jiaming Chen, Weiping Huang, Jun Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.074","url":null,"abstract":"Direct stacking and storage of recycled copper smelting fly ash (RCA) will not only cause environmental pollution, but also its valuable metal resources (Cu, Zn, Cd, etc.) will be wasted. In this study, Cu, Zn and Cd in RCA were leached by selective complexation using the NH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>-NH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>Cl system. The results showed that the leaching efficiencies of Cu, Zn, and Cd were 89.45 %, 78.75 %, and 82.34 % respectively, when the concentration of NH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>·H<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O was 1 mol/L, the concentration of NH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>Cl was 1 mol/L, the solid liquid ratio was 125 g/L at 30 °C reacting for 60 min. In addition, the combined control of chemical reaction and diffusion of the NH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>-NH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>Cl leaching system limits the leaching efficiency of Cu. The leaching mechanism indicates that Cu, Zn, and Cd in RCA were predominantly intensively leached as complex [Cu(NH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>)<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>]<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2+</ce:sup>, [Zn(NH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>)<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>]<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2+</ce:sup>, and [Cd(NH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>)<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>]<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2+</ce:sup>. A part of Cu<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>(OH)<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>Cl, CuO, FePO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>·2H<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O, Zn(OH)<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> and ZnCl<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> in RCA converted to (NH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>)<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>CuCl<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>, [Cu(NH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>)<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>](OH)<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> and Zn<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>(PO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>)<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>, and are accompanied by the formation of FeO(OH) and Fe<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>·H<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O in the NH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>-NH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>Cl leaching system. This study provides a database and methodological support for the leaching of Cu, Zn, and Cd from RCA.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To guarantee the safe and effective running of the boiler and help to solve the issue of ash deposition on the heating surface of the boiler burning high alkali coal, we investigated the properties of ash deposition on many heating surfaces of 660 MW utility boiler utilizing Zhundong coal. Furthermore, the formation process of first layer of ash deposition under the coupling action of sodium and calcium was investigated using first principles. The findings revealed that for the actual boiler, ash deposition could be clearly split into inner and exterior layer. Clearly for the outer layer of the high temperature reheater, the concentrations of Na, Ca, and S on the surface of ash particles are higher than those inside ash particles. The large concentrations of alkali and alkaline earth metal sulfates on the surface of ash particles aggravate ash deposition. It was demonstrated by examination of binding energy, electron density difference, and electron orbital density of states that single calcium may be hybridized with Fe3O4(111) surface more easily than single sodium atom. Moreover, the interaction of sodium and calcium might worsen their deposition on the surface of Fe3O4(111). AIM studies shown that the interaction between particles and surface in certain binding systems is non-covalent. Furthermore, the interaction of the surface-based particles is essentially closed shell with occasional covalent connection. IGM theory clarifies the shape and place of weak interaction even further. The preceding studies are rather important for the burning of high alkaline coal, biomass, and waste.
{"title":"Understanding the influence mechanism of sodium-calcium coupling on ash deposition in 660 MW utility boiler: Experiments and a first-principles study","authors":"Xue Li, Yongzhen Wang, Xuesen Kou, Jinling Lu, Fengxiao Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.065","url":null,"abstract":"To guarantee the safe and effective running of the boiler and help to solve the issue of ash deposition on the heating surface of the boiler burning high alkali coal, we investigated the properties of ash deposition on many heating surfaces of 660 MW utility boiler utilizing Zhundong coal. Furthermore, the formation process of first layer of ash deposition under the coupling action of sodium and calcium was investigated using first principles. The findings revealed that for the actual boiler, ash deposition could be clearly split into inner and exterior layer. Clearly for the outer layer of the high temperature reheater, the concentrations of Na, Ca, and S on the surface of ash particles are higher than those inside ash particles. The large concentrations of alkali and alkaline earth metal sulfates on the surface of ash particles aggravate ash deposition. It was demonstrated by examination of binding energy, electron density difference, and electron orbital density of states that single calcium may be hybridized with Fe<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>(111) surface more easily than single sodium atom. Moreover, the interaction of sodium and calcium might worsen their deposition on the surface of Fe<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>(111). AIM studies shown that the interaction between particles and surface in certain binding systems is non-covalent. Furthermore, the interaction of the surface-based particles is essentially closed shell with occasional covalent connection. IGM theory clarifies the shape and place of weak interaction even further. The preceding studies are rather important for the burning of high alkaline coal, biomass, and waste.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aquatic carbon heterogeneity is an indicator of eco-environmental disturbance induced by anthropogenic activities. However, the insight of spatial variation of navigable lake’s aquatic carbon still remains to be improved, given that the rapid development of hydraulic engineering and hydrological transformation. This study investigated the dissolved carbon (DC) in the overlying water (OW) and pore water (PW) of Wabu Lake, the pivotal navigable lake in the Yangtze River diversion project to feed the Huaihe River, China. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) ranged from 10.20 ∼ 23.21 and 11.24 ∼ 38.49 mg/L, respectively, in OW, whereas they ranged from 9.40 ∼ 27.31 and 0.69 ∼ 64.30 mg/L, respectively, in PW. However, the DOC and DIC contents did not significantly differ between sites near (n = 17) and off (n = 5) the route (p > 0.05). For dissolved organic matter (DOM), humic-like (65.49 ± 8.85 %) and protein-like (50.40 ± 12.68 %) substances were dominant in the overlying water and PW, respectively. The results of redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that turbidity contributes significantly to the distribution of fluorescence components in the PW and OW (p < 0.05). The self-organizing mapping (SOM) analysis illustrated the clustering differences of fluorescence components between sites near and off the route. The two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) analysis revealed that the highest sensitivity of fulvic acid varied in Wabu Lake. Significant differences in the chemical properties of DOM, including light absorptivity and aromaticity in OW and humification and hydrophobicity in PW, between sites near and off the route were found in Wabu Lake (p < 0.05). The findings of this study provide valuable insights for the eco-environmental assessment and management of potential risks induced by shipping navigation to the lacustrine carbon imbalance.
{"title":"Heterogeneity assessment for spatial distributions and physicochemical properties of navigable lake’s dissolved organic matter in overlying/pore water: An investigation in Wabu Lake, China","authors":"Zi-wei Chen, Zhi-min Wang, Hui-ling Chen, Si-jia Tan, Long Chen, Qian Wang, Fa-zhi Xie, Shu-guang Zhu, Bing-yu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.061","url":null,"abstract":"Aquatic carbon heterogeneity is an indicator of eco-environmental disturbance induced by anthropogenic activities. However, the insight of spatial variation of navigable lake’s aquatic carbon still remains to be improved, given that the rapid development of hydraulic engineering and hydrological transformation. This study investigated the dissolved carbon (DC) in the overlying water (OW) and pore water (PW) of Wabu Lake, the pivotal navigable lake in the Yangtze River diversion project to feed the Huaihe River, China. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) ranged from 10.20 ∼ 23.21 and 11.24 ∼ 38.49 mg/L, respectively, in OW, whereas they ranged from 9.40 ∼ 27.31 and 0.69 ∼ 64.30 mg/L, respectively, in PW. However, the DOC and DIC contents did not significantly differ between sites near (n = 17) and off (n = 5) the route (p > 0.05). For dissolved organic matter (DOM), humic-like (65.49 ± 8.85 %) and protein-like (50.40 ± 12.68 %) substances were dominant in the overlying water and PW, respectively. The results of redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that turbidity contributes significantly to the distribution of fluorescence components in the PW and OW (p < 0.05). The self-organizing mapping (SOM) analysis illustrated the clustering differences of fluorescence components between sites near and off the route. The two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) analysis revealed that the highest sensitivity of fulvic acid varied in Wabu Lake. Significant differences in the chemical properties of DOM, including light absorptivity and aromaticity in OW and humification and hydrophobicity in PW, between sites near and off the route were found in Wabu Lake (p < 0.05). The findings of this study provide valuable insights for the eco-environmental assessment and management of potential risks induced by shipping navigation to the lacustrine carbon imbalance.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.079
Bin Huang, Sheng-Jie Feng, Hao Chen, Wei Zhang, Cheng Fu
The rapid and efficient purification of industrial sewage is essential for promoting industrial development and improving the environment. Traditional sewage treatment methods often encounter challenges, such as limited mass transfer capacity, which can result in prolonged purification times and incomplete treatment. High-gravity (HG) technology emerges as a promising solution for sewage purification, offering improved mass transfer performance along with significant space savings. This paper reviews the advancements in HG technology, concentrating on the principles of intensified mass transfer and its applications across various types of sewage purification. It assesses the advantages and disadvantages of employing HG technology for the treatment of sewage containing ammonium nitrogen, phenols, azo compounds, anthraquinones, nitrobenzenes, and antibiotics. Additionally, this paper discusses and summarizes integrated technologies such as HG impact flow, HG ion body, and HG electrocatalysis. Furthermore, this paper offers recommendations for future research aimed at promoting the wider application of HG technology in the treatment of diverse sewage types.
{"title":"Applications of high-gravity technologies in industrial sewage purification: A review","authors":"Bin Huang, Sheng-Jie Feng, Hao Chen, Wei Zhang, Cheng Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.079","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid and efficient purification of industrial sewage is essential for promoting industrial development and improving the environment. Traditional sewage treatment methods often encounter challenges, such as limited mass transfer capacity, which can result in prolonged purification times and incomplete treatment. High-gravity (HG) technology emerges as a promising solution for sewage purification, offering improved mass transfer performance along with significant space savings. This paper reviews the advancements in HG technology, concentrating on the principles of intensified mass transfer and its applications across various types of sewage purification. It assesses the advantages and disadvantages of employing HG technology for the treatment of sewage containing ammonium nitrogen, phenols, azo compounds, anthraquinones, nitrobenzenes, and antibiotics. Additionally, this paper discusses and summarizes integrated technologies such as HG impact flow, HG ion body, and HG electrocatalysis. Furthermore, this paper offers recommendations for future research aimed at promoting the wider application of HG technology in the treatment of diverse sewage types.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.059
Aleksander de Rosset, Rafael Torres-Mendieta, Grzegorz Pasternak, Fatma Yalcinkaya
The removal of microplastics and oil from oil-water emulsions presents significant challenges in membrane technology due to issues with low permeability, rejection rates, and membrane fouling. This study focuses on enhancing nanofibrous composite membranes to effectively separate microplastic contaminants (0.5 µm) and oil-water emulsions in wastewater. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymeric nanofibers were produced using a needle-free electrospinning technique and attached to a nonwoven surface through lamination. The membranes were modified with alkaline treatment, biosurfactant (BS), TiO2, and CuO particles to prevent fouling and improve separation efficiency. The modified membranes demonstrated exceptional water permeability, with BS-modified membranes reaching above 9000 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 for microplastic separation. However, BS modifications led to reduced water permeability during oil-water emulsion treatment. TiO2 and CuO further enhanced permeability and reduced fouling. The TiO2-modified membranes exhibited superior performance in oil-water emulsion separation, maintaining high oil rejection rates (∼95 %) and antifouling properties. The maximum microplastic and oil rejection rates were of 99.99 % and 95.30 %, respectively. This study illustrates the successful modification of membrane surfaces to improve the separation of microplastics and oil-water emulsions, offering significant advancements in wastewater treatment technology.
{"title":"Synergistic effects of natural biosurfactant and metal oxides modification on PVDF nanofiber filters for efficient microplastic and oil removal","authors":"Aleksander de Rosset, Rafael Torres-Mendieta, Grzegorz Pasternak, Fatma Yalcinkaya","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.059","url":null,"abstract":"The removal of microplastics and oil from oil-water emulsions presents significant challenges in membrane technology due to issues with low permeability, rejection rates, and membrane fouling. This study focuses on enhancing nanofibrous composite membranes to effectively separate microplastic contaminants (0.5 µm) and oil-water emulsions in wastewater. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymeric nanofibers were produced using a needle-free electrospinning technique and attached to a nonwoven surface through lamination. The membranes were modified with alkaline treatment, biosurfactant (BS), TiO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>, and CuO particles to prevent fouling and improve separation efficiency. The modified membranes demonstrated exceptional water permeability, with BS-modified membranes reaching above 9000 L m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−2</ce:sup> h<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup> bar<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup> for microplastic separation. However, BS modifications led to reduced water permeability during oil-water emulsion treatment. TiO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> and CuO further enhanced permeability and reduced fouling. The TiO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>-modified membranes exhibited superior performance in oil-water emulsion separation, maintaining high oil rejection rates (∼95 %) and antifouling properties. The maximum microplastic and oil rejection rates were of 99.99 % and 95.30 %, respectively. This study illustrates the successful modification of membrane surfaces to improve the separation of microplastics and oil-water emulsions, offering significant advancements in wastewater treatment technology.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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