This article examines the effect of physical ergonomic work conditions on occupational health in video display terminal (VDT)-intensive work settings. A longitudinal intervention field study was conducted in a catalog retail service organization in the Midwest to explore the impact of ergonomic interventions. There were 3 levels of ergonomic interventions, each adding incrementally to the previous one. The 1st level was ergonomic training for all VDT users accompanied by workstation ergonomic analysis leading to specific customized adjustments (Group C). The 2nd level added specific workstation accessories supplied by Details, Inc. if the analysis indicated a need for them (Group B). The 3rd level added a Steelcase Criterion(tm) 453 Series chair (Group A). Health data were gathered from 80 volunteer participants by administering a survey before (baseline), 6 months after, and 12 months after interventions were put in place. The findings show that neck, back, and shoulders as well as wrists stand out in te...
{"title":"Effect of Physical Ergonomics on VDT Workers' Health: A Longitudinal Intervention Field Study in a Service Organization","authors":"Antoinette Derjani Bayeh, Michael J. Smith","doi":"10.1207/S153275901102_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/S153275901102_3","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the effect of physical ergonomic work conditions on occupational health in video display terminal (VDT)-intensive work settings. A longitudinal intervention field study was conducted in a catalog retail service organization in the Midwest to explore the impact of ergonomic interventions. There were 3 levels of ergonomic interventions, each adding incrementally to the previous one. The 1st level was ergonomic training for all VDT users accompanied by workstation ergonomic analysis leading to specific customized adjustments (Group C). The 2nd level added specific workstation accessories supplied by Details, Inc. if the analysis indicated a need for them (Group B). The 3rd level added a Steelcase Criterion(tm) 453 Series chair (Group A). Health data were gathered from 80 volunteer participants by administering a survey before (baseline), 6 months after, and 12 months after interventions were put in place. The findings show that neck, back, and shoulders as well as wrists stand out in te...","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133985846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The relation between psychological mood state, psychosocial aspects of work, and musculoskeletal discomfort was examined using a questionnaire survey of 505 office employees whose jobs required intensive use of video display terminals. Logistic and linear regression analyses demonstrated significant relations between the psychological mood state of stress and musculoskeletal discomfort. Linear regression analysis showed a significant relation between some psychosocial aspects of work and the psychological mood state of stress. The results suggest that an individual's psychological state and characteristics of jobs have important relations to musculoskeletal health. The cross-sectional study design precluded interpretation regarding the temporal nature of these relations.
{"title":"Psychological Mood State, Psychosocial Aspects of Work, and Musculoskeletal Discomfort in Intensive Video Display Terminal (VDT) Work","authors":"F. Conway","doi":"10.1207/S153275901102_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/S153275901102_2","url":null,"abstract":"The relation between psychological mood state, psychosocial aspects of work, and musculoskeletal discomfort was examined using a questionnaire survey of 505 office employees whose jobs required intensive use of video display terminals. Logistic and linear regression analyses demonstrated significant relations between the psychological mood state of stress and musculoskeletal discomfort. Linear regression analysis showed a significant relation between some psychosocial aspects of work and the psychological mood state of stress. The results suggest that an individual's psychological state and characteristics of jobs have important relations to musculoskeletal health. The cross-sectional study design precluded interpretation regarding the temporal nature of these relations.","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128264677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Task-complete activity-oriented user interfaces require the processing of knowledge that is based on front-line tasks and user characteristics. This type of knowledge enables the support of end users along the flow of work they are part of. Task completeness requires a development process that allows developers to trace the analysis, design, and implementation for particular user interface solutions, starting out with a transparent model of work in a consistent and understandable way. The Task Analysis/Design/End User Systems (TADEUS) project has led to a development technique and an environment that meets both objectives. The key concepts of TADEUS are (a) the unifying, but semantically rich notation for the representation of the results from task analysis and design; and (b) the executable specification of user interfaces. A workflow-based interpreter implements the latter concept, enabling early feedback on task-based artifacts by end users. This way, the stringent TADEUS methodology together with the ...
{"title":"Toward the Task-Complete Development of Activity-Oriented User Interfaces","authors":"C. Stary","doi":"10.1207/S153275901102_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/S153275901102_5","url":null,"abstract":"Task-complete activity-oriented user interfaces require the processing of knowledge that is based on front-line tasks and user characteristics. This type of knowledge enables the support of end users along the flow of work they are part of. Task completeness requires a development process that allows developers to trace the analysis, design, and implementation for particular user interface solutions, starting out with a transparent model of work in a consistent and understandable way. The Task Analysis/Design/End User Systems (TADEUS) project has led to a development technique and an environment that meets both objectives. The key concepts of TADEUS are (a) the unifying, but semantically rich notation for the representation of the results from task analysis and design; and (b) the executable specification of user interfaces. A workflow-based interpreter implements the latter concept, enabling early feedback on task-based artifacts by end users. This way, the stringent TADEUS methodology together with the ...","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124024736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-12-01DOI: 10.1207/s15327590ijhc1004_3
A. Parush, Ronen Nadir, A. Shtub
We developed a numerical model for evaluation of graphical user interface (GUI) screens. The model consists of design guidelines concerning screen factors--element size, local density, alignment, and grouping--and produces a complexity score for a given screen. The complexity predictions of the model were examined in a fully factorial experimental design in which GUI screens with all combinations of factors were shown to human users. We measured participants' search times for given elements on all screens, and participants rated their pair-wise preferences of those screens. Overall, very well designed screens resulted in shorter search times and high subjective preference. The combination of poor alignment and poor local density had the strongest adverse effect on search time. Alignment and grouping were found to have more influence on subjective preference. Weights derived from the subjective judgments were introduced into the model and a significant correlation was found between model predictions and se...
{"title":"Evaluating the Layout of Graphical User Interface Screens: Validation of a Numerical Computerized Model","authors":"A. Parush, Ronen Nadir, A. Shtub","doi":"10.1207/s15327590ijhc1004_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327590ijhc1004_3","url":null,"abstract":"We developed a numerical model for evaluation of graphical user interface (GUI) screens. The model consists of design guidelines concerning screen factors--element size, local density, alignment, and grouping--and produces a complexity score for a given screen. The complexity predictions of the model were examined in a fully factorial experimental design in which GUI screens with all combinations of factors were shown to human users. We measured participants' search times for given elements on all screens, and participants rated their pair-wise preferences of those screens. Overall, very well designed screens resulted in shorter search times and high subjective preference. The combination of poor alignment and poor local density had the strongest adverse effect on search time. Alignment and grouping were found to have more influence on subjective preference. Weights derived from the subjective judgments were introduced into the model and a significant correlation was found between model predictions and se...","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130407639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-12-01DOI: 10.1207/s15327590ijhc1004_1
Charalampos Karagiannidis, A. Koumpis, C. Stephanidis, A. Georgiou
This article investigates the application of queuing modeling in intelligent multimedia user interfaces (IMUIs). We propose that queuing modeling constitutes an effective means for providing at runtime, assessment information concerning user-computer interaction (UCI) and can thus contribute to runtime adaptation. We present specific queuing systems that model the load posed to the user's sensory channels in IMUIs under different assumptions, and indicative (media-and-modalities allocation) adaptation policies that build on this modeling are exemplified. This article also outlines the implementation of an assessment software module that uses the proposed queuing modeling framework and its subsequent integration into an existing IMUI (in which it is used for the assignment of information to output modalities); both activities were undertaken to practically demonstrate that queuing modeling can be effectively used in IMUIs.
{"title":"Employing Queuing and Modeling in Intelligent Multimedia User Interfaces","authors":"Charalampos Karagiannidis, A. Koumpis, C. Stephanidis, A. Georgiou","doi":"10.1207/s15327590ijhc1004_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327590ijhc1004_1","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the application of queuing modeling in intelligent multimedia user interfaces (IMUIs). We propose that queuing modeling constitutes an effective means for providing at runtime, assessment information concerning user-computer interaction (UCI) and can thus contribute to runtime adaptation. We present specific queuing systems that model the load posed to the user's sensory channels in IMUIs under different assumptions, and indicative (media-and-modalities allocation) adaptation policies that build on this modeling are exemplified. This article also outlines the implementation of an assessment software module that uses the proposed queuing modeling framework and its subsequent integration into an existing IMUI (in which it is used for the assignment of information to output modalities); both activities were undertaken to practically demonstrate that queuing modeling can be effectively used in IMUIs.","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"47 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131521419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-12-01DOI: 10.1207/s15327590ijhc1004_5
A. Sutcliffe, G. Rugg
We describe a taxonomy of error types that builds on work by Reason (1990) and Hollnagel (1993). The taxonomy uses a faceted schema subdivided into layers. Each layer targets a particular analysis task, and a method is proposed leading the assessor through sets of error types at different levels (e.g. cognitive, social, organizational). This allows the causes of failure to be attributed to one or more error types. The method is illustrated with two case studies of diverse failures. The utility of taxonomy analysis in understanding the reasons for failure and risk assessment is discussed.
{"title":"A Taxonomy of Error Types for Failure Analysis and Risk Assessment","authors":"A. Sutcliffe, G. Rugg","doi":"10.1207/s15327590ijhc1004_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327590ijhc1004_5","url":null,"abstract":"We describe a taxonomy of error types that builds on work by Reason (1990) and Hollnagel (1993). The taxonomy uses a faceted schema subdivided into layers. Each layer targets a particular analysis task, and a method is proposed leading the assessor through sets of error types at different levels (e.g. cognitive, social, organizational). This allows the causes of failure to be attributed to one or more error types. The method is illustrated with two case studies of diverse failures. The utility of taxonomy analysis in understanding the reasons for failure and risk assessment is discussed.","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124785145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-12-01DOI: 10.1207/s15327590ijhc1004_4
Ann Lantz
A field study was conducted using a questionnaire and interviews concerning how electronic mail (E-mail) is used as a work tool for communication. The questionnaire, distributed electronically with ...
{"title":"Heavy Users of Electronic Mail","authors":"Ann Lantz","doi":"10.1207/s15327590ijhc1004_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327590ijhc1004_4","url":null,"abstract":"A field study was conducted using a questionnaire and interviews concerning how electronic mail (E-mail) is used as a work tool for communication. The questionnaire, distributed electronically with ...","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126658676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-12-01DOI: 10.1207/s15327590ijhc1004_2
Rui Zhang, H. Tamura, Y. Shibuya
In this study, we examined participants' integration of speech and camera control during message-transfer television conferencing. We obtained participants' free use of speech and camera-control modality when they transmitted 3 types of objects--formed text (FT), mathematical expression (ME), and electronic circuit (EC)-each ranging in size from 1 to 7 elements. Modality use was classified into main-modality use and auxiliary-modality use. Five integration models were proposed based on main-auxiliary combinations. Results indicated that (a) speech was used more frequently for transmitting ME objects, and camera control was used more often for FT and EC objects; (b) speech was gradually replaced by camera control as size increased; (c) when camera control was chosen as main modality, speech was usually also used, as auxiliary modality; and (d) compared to beginners, experienced participants used more speech. A postsession questionnaire was conducted to collect participants' assessment of the correctness, s...
{"title":"The Integration of Speech and Camera Control in Message Transfer TV Conferencing","authors":"Rui Zhang, H. Tamura, Y. Shibuya","doi":"10.1207/s15327590ijhc1004_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327590ijhc1004_2","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we examined participants' integration of speech and camera control during message-transfer television conferencing. We obtained participants' free use of speech and camera-control modality when they transmitted 3 types of objects--formed text (FT), mathematical expression (ME), and electronic circuit (EC)-each ranging in size from 1 to 7 elements. Modality use was classified into main-modality use and auxiliary-modality use. Five integration models were proposed based on main-auxiliary combinations. Results indicated that (a) speech was used more frequently for transmitting ME objects, and camera control was used more often for FT and EC objects; (b) speech was gradually replaced by camera control as size increased; (c) when camera control was chosen as main modality, speech was usually also used, as auxiliary modality; and (d) compared to beginners, experienced participants used more speech. A postsession questionnaire was conducted to collect participants' assessment of the correctness, s...","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126226796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-09-01DOI: 10.1207/s15327590ijhc1003_3
H. Hoffman, Jerrold Prothero, M. Wells, J. Groen
A mooring anchor made up of a solid, heavy, cylindrical body from which extend rigid upper and lower cross arms that have flukes at the outer ends. The cross arms are spaced at ninety degree intervals around the circumference of the body. The upper cross arm is located appreciably higher on the body than is the lower cross arm. An eye affords a convenient means of attaching a chain or cable. This anchor is intended to provide a good means of anchoring buoys to bottoms that are either of sand or mud. It has no moving parts.
{"title":"Virtual Chess: Meaning Enhances Users' Sense of Presence in Virtual Environments","authors":"H. Hoffman, Jerrold Prothero, M. Wells, J. Groen","doi":"10.1207/s15327590ijhc1003_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327590ijhc1003_3","url":null,"abstract":"A mooring anchor made up of a solid, heavy, cylindrical body from which extend rigid upper and lower cross arms that have flukes at the outer ends. The cross arms are spaced at ninety degree intervals around the circumference of the body. The upper cross arm is located appreciably higher on the body than is the lower cross arm. An eye affords a convenient means of attaching a chain or cable. This anchor is intended to provide a good means of anchoring buoys to bottoms that are either of sand or mud. It has no moving parts.","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130976828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-09-01DOI: 10.1207/s15327590ijhc1003_1
C. Kolski, E. L. Strugeon
An important field of current research is that of the design and implementation of intelligent human-machine interfaces (HMIs). This article reviews a number of concepts concerning intelligent interfaces, taking as its starting point the well-known ARCH model of HMI, with particular concern for the ability of such interfaces to be flexible, adaptive, tolerant of human error, and supportive both of human operators and intelligent agents.
{"title":"A Review of Intelligent Human-Machine Interfaces in the Light of the ARCH Model","authors":"C. Kolski, E. L. Strugeon","doi":"10.1207/s15327590ijhc1003_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327590ijhc1003_1","url":null,"abstract":"An important field of current research is that of the design and implementation of intelligent human-machine interfaces (HMIs). This article reviews a number of concepts concerning intelligent interfaces, taking as its starting point the well-known ARCH model of HMI, with particular concern for the ability of such interfaces to be flexible, adaptive, tolerant of human error, and supportive both of human operators and intelligent agents.","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128067088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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