Pub Date : 1997-06-01DOI: 10.1207/s15327590ijhc0902_3
Deborah Ercolini, M. Kokar
Desktop software agents are background processes that notify a computer user of certain predefined events. The complexity of desktop computing is increasing due to the proliferation of software agents. A desktop agent manager (DAM) may become an important component of desktop computing. This article focuses on the decision mechanism for the DAM to decide which agents should be allowed to access the user, which agents' results should be stored for future review by the user, and which of agents should be filtered out. We prove the validity of the concept of a DAM by developing an architecture that includes both a prototype of the DAM and a simulator of various types of agents. In this article, we present the results of our simulations and analyses of the DAM decision mechanism.
{"title":"Desktop Agent Manager (DAM): Decision Mechanism","authors":"Deborah Ercolini, M. Kokar","doi":"10.1207/s15327590ijhc0902_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327590ijhc0902_3","url":null,"abstract":"Desktop software agents are background processes that notify a computer user of certain predefined events. The complexity of desktop computing is increasing due to the proliferation of software agents. A desktop agent manager (DAM) may become an important component of desktop computing. This article focuses on the decision mechanism for the DAM to decide which agents should be allowed to access the user, which agents' results should be stored for future review by the user, and which of agents should be filtered out. We prove the validity of the concept of a DAM by developing an architecture that includes both a prototype of the DAM and a simulator of various types of agents. In this article, we present the results of our simulations and analyses of the DAM decision mechanism.","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114402105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-03-01DOI: 10.1207/s15327590ijhc0901_2
Qiyang Chen, A. F. Norcio
This article presents a neural network approach for user modeling. A set of neural networks is utilized to represent and infer users' task-related characteristics. These networks function as associative memories that can capture the causal relations among users' characteristics for the system adaptation. It is suggested that this approach can be expected to overcome some inherent problems of the conventional stereotyping approaches in terms of pattern recognition and classification of user characteristics.
{"title":"Modeling a User's Domain Knowledge With Neural Networks","authors":"Qiyang Chen, A. F. Norcio","doi":"10.1207/s15327590ijhc0901_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327590ijhc0901_2","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a neural network approach for user modeling. A set of neural networks is utilized to represent and infer users' task-related characteristics. These networks function as associative memories that can capture the causal relations among users' characteristics for the system adaptation. It is suggested that this approach can be expected to overcome some inherent problems of the conventional stereotyping approaches in terms of pattern recognition and classification of user characteristics.","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132542385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-03-01DOI: 10.1207/s15327590ijhc0901_5
Nong Ye, B. Zhao
The automatic format-setting of journal articles for reducing the workload of computer users involves two processes: automatic acquisition of article format and automatic recall of article formal. Several neural networks have been explored to implement the two processes. The advantages and disadvantages of these neural networks are evaluated in comparison with capabilities of conventional computer programs. A heteroassociative back-propagation network has been developed for the automatic acquisition process. This network excels over computer programs because of its abilities in learning and generalizing implicit knowledge from examples. A bidirectional associative memory network, a Boltzman network, and an autoassociative back-propagation network have been investigated for the automatic recall process. None of them excel over computer programs in terms of recall accuracy.
{"title":"Automatic Setting of Article Format Through Neural Networks","authors":"Nong Ye, B. Zhao","doi":"10.1207/s15327590ijhc0901_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327590ijhc0901_5","url":null,"abstract":"The automatic format-setting of journal articles for reducing the workload of computer users involves two processes: automatic acquisition of article format and automatic recall of article formal. Several neural networks have been explored to implement the two processes. The advantages and disadvantages of these neural networks are evaluated in comparison with capabilities of conventional computer programs. A heteroassociative back-propagation network has been developed for the automatic acquisition process. This network excels over computer programs because of its abilities in learning and generalizing implicit knowledge from examples. A bidirectional associative memory network, a Boltzman network, and an autoassociative back-propagation network have been investigated for the automatic recall process. None of them excel over computer programs in terms of recall accuracy.","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122608341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-03-01DOI: 10.1207/s15327590ijhc0901_1
B. Wolfe
This article provides background and an overview of the neural networks approach to user modeling and intelligent interface. Activities in user modeling and intelligent interface are discussed. Intelligent architectures of various neural network models are introduced to illustrate how neural networks solve problems and learn knowledge of problem solving. The introduction of neural networks helps in associating intelligent capabilities of neural networks, with the activities in user modeling and intelligent interface. The practical utility of neural networks in supporting user modeling and intelligent interfere is demonstrated by reviewing neural networks developed in this area. issues relating to the design of neural networks in various contexts of user modeling and intelligent interface are also addressed.
{"title":"Neural Networks Approach to User Modeling and Intelligent Interface: A Review and Reappraisal","authors":"B. Wolfe","doi":"10.1207/s15327590ijhc0901_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327590ijhc0901_1","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides background and an overview of the neural networks approach to user modeling and intelligent interface. Activities in user modeling and intelligent interface are discussed. Intelligent architectures of various neural network models are introduced to illustrate how neural networks solve problems and learn knowledge of problem solving. The introduction of neural networks helps in associating intelligent capabilities of neural networks, with the activities in user modeling and intelligent interface. The practical utility of neural networks in supporting user modeling and intelligent interfere is demonstrated by reviewing neural networks developed in this area. issues relating to the design of neural networks in various contexts of user modeling and intelligent interface are also addressed.","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116374748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-03-01DOI: 10.1207/s15327590ijhc0901_3
J. McGrew
Three methods of performing a task analysis are compared: cognitive analysis, graph-matrix analysis, and self-organizing networks. Cognitive analysis relies on the ability of an observer to abstract and generalize over situations. Graph-matrix analysis is valuable for its precision an inclusion of details. Neural networks have an ability to generalize uninfluenced by observer bias. Comparison demonstrates that each method misses some important but different aspect of human-computer interaction. The cognitive analysis included infrequently used information that was not captured by direct observation. The graph-matrix analysis included frequency of use information and details missed by the cognitive analysis. The self-organizing network generated an alternative view of the task structure that was not influenced by observer bias. It showed that the underlying structure for the user-computer interaction in this study was the structure of the computer system itself.
{"title":"A Comparison of Three Methods of Task Analysis: Cognitive Analysis, Graph-Matrix Analysis, and Self-Organizing Networks","authors":"J. McGrew","doi":"10.1207/s15327590ijhc0901_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327590ijhc0901_3","url":null,"abstract":"Three methods of performing a task analysis are compared: cognitive analysis, graph-matrix analysis, and self-organizing networks. Cognitive analysis relies on the ability of an observer to abstract and generalize over situations. Graph-matrix analysis is valuable for its precision an inclusion of details. Neural networks have an ability to generalize uninfluenced by observer bias. Comparison demonstrates that each method misses some important but different aspect of human-computer interaction. The cognitive analysis included infrequently used information that was not captured by direct observation. The graph-matrix analysis included frequency of use information and details missed by the cognitive analysis. The self-organizing network generated an alternative view of the task structure that was not influenced by observer bias. It showed that the underlying structure for the user-computer interaction in this study was the structure of the computer system itself.","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130841465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-03-01DOI: 10.1207/s15327590ijhc0901_4
B. Wolfe, D. Eichmann
The design of a neural network based eye tracker is presented. A series of experiments with counterpropagation neural networks convert synthetic video images into eye coordinates by an enhanced feed-forward neural network with multiple winning hidden layer nodes. Difficulties encountered during the design process are discussed. The results show that accurate, fine-grained tracking of a human's eye position is possible by processing the video image collected from a goggle-mounted miniature charge-coupled device (CCD) camera.
{"title":"A Neural Network Approach to Tracking Eye Position","authors":"B. Wolfe, D. Eichmann","doi":"10.1207/s15327590ijhc0901_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327590ijhc0901_4","url":null,"abstract":"The design of a neural network based eye tracker is presented. A series of experiments with counterpropagation neural networks convert synthetic video images into eye coordinates by an enhanced feed-forward neural network with multiple winning hidden layer nodes. Difficulties encountered during the design process are discussed. The results show that accurate, fine-grained tracking of a human's eye position is possible by processing the video image collected from a goggle-mounted miniature charge-coupled device (CCD) camera.","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133119574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-12-15DOI: 10.1080/10447319609526159
L. Schleifer, T. Galinsky, C. Pan
The effects of electronic performance monitoring (EPM) work management on mood disturbances and musculoskeletal discomfort were evaluated under three levels of data‐entry task performance. EPM work management (i.e., performance monitoring and feedback) was used to induce compliance with data‐entry performance standards of greater than or equal to 200 keystrokes per minute and less than or equal to six errors per minute. Forty‐seven female office workers who had difficulty maintaining the data‐entry speed standard were assigned at random to EPM work management or no EPM work management. Participants in both work management conditions were divided into three keystroke performance groups (low, moderate, high). Self‐ratings of mood disturbance and musculoskeletal discomfort were recorded at periodic intervals over three consecutive workdays. Regardless of the level of data‐entry performance, the increase in perceived time pressure across the workdays was greater under EPM work management than under no EPM wor...
{"title":"Mood disturbances and musculoskeletal discomfort: Effects of electronic performance monitoring under different levels of VDT data-entry performance","authors":"L. Schleifer, T. Galinsky, C. Pan","doi":"10.1080/10447319609526159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447319609526159","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of electronic performance monitoring (EPM) work management on mood disturbances and musculoskeletal discomfort were evaluated under three levels of data‐entry task performance. EPM work management (i.e., performance monitoring and feedback) was used to induce compliance with data‐entry performance standards of greater than or equal to 200 keystrokes per minute and less than or equal to six errors per minute. Forty‐seven female office workers who had difficulty maintaining the data‐entry speed standard were assigned at random to EPM work management or no EPM work management. Participants in both work management conditions were divided into three keystroke performance groups (low, moderate, high). Self‐ratings of mood disturbance and musculoskeletal discomfort were recorded at periodic intervals over three consecutive workdays. Regardless of the level of data‐entry performance, the increase in perceived time pressure across the workdays was greater under EPM work management than under no EPM wor...","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126998438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-12-15DOI: 10.1080/10447319609526164
A. Murata
This study looks at the performance model of mouse movement from the following three viewpoints: (a) effects of the direction of movement on the performance model, (b) optimal formula to define the size of targets in the performance model, and (c) comparison of fit to the pointing time among five performance models. As a result, it was shown that the fit to the experimental data did not differ among four conditions of direction of movement The contribution of the performance model was found to be the highest when the square of the area of a target is used as the size of a target. Moreover, the performance model based on the multiple‐regression analysis was better than that based on Fitts's law.
{"title":"Empirical evaluation of performance models of pointing accuracy and speed with a PC mouse","authors":"A. Murata","doi":"10.1080/10447319609526164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447319609526164","url":null,"abstract":"This study looks at the performance model of mouse movement from the following three viewpoints: (a) effects of the direction of movement on the performance model, (b) optimal formula to define the size of targets in the performance model, and (c) comparison of fit to the pointing time among five performance models. As a result, it was shown that the fit to the experimental data did not differ among four conditions of direction of movement The contribution of the performance model was found to be the highest when the square of the area of a target is used as the size of a target. Moreover, the performance model based on the multiple‐regression analysis was better than that based on Fitts's law.","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"261 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128035291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-12-15DOI: 10.1080/10447319609526163
G. McDermott, C. Mulvihill
With the ongoing development of computer‐mediated collaboration environments, computer‐supported collaborative work (CSCW) systems are at hand. An emerging theme is the treatment of dynamic groups. The interest in this article is in the automated construction of dynamic policies for workflow situations in cooperative environments. The system described in this article operates on the events that are recorded in solving workflow problems. These are analyzed in order to derive policies that may be used to guide future cooperative activities.
{"title":"Dynamic workflow analysis in a multiuser task context","authors":"G. McDermott, C. Mulvihill","doi":"10.1080/10447319609526163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447319609526163","url":null,"abstract":"With the ongoing development of computer‐mediated collaboration environments, computer‐supported collaborative work (CSCW) systems are at hand. An emerging theme is the treatment of dynamic groups. The interest in this article is in the automated construction of dynamic policies for workflow situations in cooperative environments. The system described in this article operates on the events that are recorded in solving workflow problems. These are analyzed in order to derive policies that may be used to guide future cooperative activities.","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134335371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-12-15DOI: 10.1080/10447319609526161
S. Hovmark, Eva Frisk Wollberg, Stefan Nordqvist
Employees from the design and manufacturing departments of 4 companies participated in a longitudinal questionnaire and interview study of health complaints related to computer‐aided design (CAD). Data was collected on 2 occasions at 4‐year intervals. The severity of musculo‐skeletal complaints, eye complaints and skin rashes were approximately the same on Occasions 1 and 2. No results demonstrated a relation between the amount of CAD work and the severity of health complaints. There were more musculo‐skeletal and eye complaints reported by women than by men, whereas complaints were also more common among older CAD users than younger ones. Participants with a greater work load or less support from leaders reported a greater severity of musculo‐skeletal complaints. Great work load and less leader support were not connected with the amount of CAD work.
{"title":"A longitudinal study of health complaints in professional computer work: Effects of computer-aided design","authors":"S. Hovmark, Eva Frisk Wollberg, Stefan Nordqvist","doi":"10.1080/10447319609526161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447319609526161","url":null,"abstract":"Employees from the design and manufacturing departments of 4 companies participated in a longitudinal questionnaire and interview study of health complaints related to computer‐aided design (CAD). Data was collected on 2 occasions at 4‐year intervals. The severity of musculo‐skeletal complaints, eye complaints and skin rashes were approximately the same on Occasions 1 and 2. No results demonstrated a relation between the amount of CAD work and the severity of health complaints. There were more musculo‐skeletal and eye complaints reported by women than by men, whereas complaints were also more common among older CAD users than younger ones. Participants with a greater work load or less support from leaders reported a greater severity of musculo‐skeletal complaints. Great work load and less leader support were not connected with the amount of CAD work.","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116945666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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