Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106579
Atsushi Sone , Akira Isogai
An aqueous dispersion of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers with copper carboxylate groups (TOCN-Cu) (TEMPO: 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical) and a rubber latex were mixed. This mixture was then coated onto an opaque polypropylene (PP) or transparent poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film and thermally dried to prepare a TOCN-Cu-containing foam rubber layer on the PP or PET film. The foam rubber side of each sheet was adhered to a glass plate using pressure, which was then placed in a test bag. The adsorption of odorous H2S on each glass plate/TOCN-Cu-containing foam rubber/film was evaluated by determining the H2S gas concentration in the test bag against the treatment time, which had a length of up to 317 days. The H2S gas penetrated from the edge of each composite sheet and reached the interior, forming CuS, which was homogeneously distributed throughout the foam rubber layer through its continuously connected pore. The TOCN-Cu was primarily present near the rubber/air interface in the foam layer of the composite adhesive sheet, resulting in excellent deodorizing functions. However, H2S gas was mostly adsorbed to the TOCN-Cu-containing foam rubber sheets by physical interactions. This is because the S/Cu molar ratio for a representative H2S-adsorbed sheet was calculated to be ∼2080.
{"title":"Deodorizing mechanism of adhesive foam sheet containing cellulose nanofibers against hydrogen sulfide gas","authors":"Atsushi Sone , Akira Isogai","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An aqueous dispersion of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers with copper carboxylate groups (TOCN-Cu) (TEMPO: 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical) and a rubber latex were mixed. This mixture was then coated onto an opaque polypropylene (PP) or transparent poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film and thermally dried to prepare a TOCN-Cu-containing foam rubber layer on the PP or PET film. The foam rubber side of each sheet was adhered to a glass plate using pressure, which was then placed in a test bag. The adsorption of odorous H<sub>2</sub>S on each glass plate/TOCN-Cu-containing foam rubber/film was evaluated by determining the H<sub>2</sub>S gas concentration in the test bag against the treatment time, which had a length of up to 317 days. The H<sub>2</sub>S gas penetrated from the edge of each composite sheet and reached the interior, forming CuS, which was homogeneously distributed throughout the foam rubber layer through its continuously connected pore. The TOCN-Cu was primarily present near the rubber/air interface in the foam layer of the composite adhesive sheet, resulting in excellent deodorizing functions. However, H<sub>2</sub>S gas was mostly adsorbed to the TOCN-Cu-containing foam rubber sheets by physical interactions. This is because the S/Cu molar ratio for a representative H<sub>2</sub>S-adsorbed sheet was calculated to be ∼2080.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 106579"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145616313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-23DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106577
Hyunho Jang , Gunhee Park , Sangwoo Kwon , Su-il Park
Sebacic acid, a 10‑carbon aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, can be produced on an industrial scale (∼150,000 tons per year) from biomass-derived oils such as castor oil. Environmental concerns have heightened the need for renewable resources in the chemical industry, prompting the widespread use of sebacic acid in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Notably, sebacic acid can also be used as a building block in biodegradable polyesters, considering its long octamethylene segment imparts excellent flexibility and degradability, while its nontoxicity broadens its application scope. Consequently, sebacic acid is increasingly used in developing renewable and biodegradable polyesters with accelerated degradation performance. This review discusses recent advancements in sebacic-acid-based polyesters, focusing on their synthesis and characterization, and outlines future research perspectives in the field.
{"title":"Sebacic acid as a renewable monomer for biodegradable polyesters: A review","authors":"Hyunho Jang , Gunhee Park , Sangwoo Kwon , Su-il Park","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sebacic acid, a 10‑carbon aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, can be produced on an industrial scale (∼150,000 tons per year) from biomass-derived oils such as castor oil. Environmental concerns have heightened the need for renewable resources in the chemical industry, prompting the widespread use of sebacic acid in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Notably, sebacic acid can also be used as a building block in biodegradable polyesters, considering its long octamethylene segment imparts excellent flexibility and degradability, while its nontoxicity broadens its application scope. Consequently, sebacic acid is increasingly used in developing renewable and biodegradable polyesters with accelerated degradation performance. This review discusses recent advancements in sebacic-acid-based polyesters, focusing on their synthesis and characterization, and outlines future research perspectives in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 106577"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ocular drug distribution has consistently presented issues for ophthalmologists as well as specialists, due to distinct pharmacological and anatomical barriers. These barriers eliminate the accumulation of foreign substances inside the body and may inhibit the active absorption of therapeutic substances. Thus, the design of an appropriate delivery system must integrate features that tend to enhance the bioavailability of the drug and controlled medication release towards the target area, thereby overcoming numerous ocular barriers. In recent years, chitosan, a naturally occurring polymer, has been mucoadhesive, biologically compatible, and biodegradable, making it the subject of extensive investigation. It has special physicochemical qualities, including easy chemical modification, pH-sensitive solubility, and improved permeability capabilities. These characteristics render it an optimal material for nanoparticles, hydrogels, gels, in situ, and ocular drug delivery inserts development. This review examines the obstacles related to ocular drug delivery and recent progress for chitosan-based ocular systems formulation designed to enhance drug retention, corneal permeability, and prolonged drug release. Moreover, it highlights the main obstacles to clinical translation and provides prospects for their growth as efficient, patient-friendly platforms for the therapy of ocular diseases.
{"title":"Chitosan-based delivery systems for ocular therapeutics: Advances, challenges, and future perspectives","authors":"Ritamay Sau , Garima , Ankur , Gurpreet Kaur , Sachin Kumar Singh , Meenakshi Dhanawat , Neeraj Mittal","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ocular drug distribution has consistently presented issues for ophthalmologists as well as specialists, due to distinct pharmacological and anatomical barriers. These barriers eliminate the accumulation of foreign substances inside the body and may inhibit the active absorption of therapeutic substances. Thus, the design of an appropriate delivery system must integrate features that tend to enhance the bioavailability of the drug and controlled medication release towards the target area, thereby overcoming numerous ocular barriers. In recent years, chitosan, a naturally occurring polymer, has been mucoadhesive, biologically compatible, and biodegradable, making it the subject of extensive investigation. It has special physicochemical qualities, including easy chemical modification, pH-sensitive solubility, and improved permeability capabilities. These characteristics render it an optimal material for nanoparticles, hydrogels, gels, <em>in situ</em>, and ocular drug delivery inserts development. This review examines the obstacles related to ocular drug delivery and recent progress for chitosan-based ocular systems formulation designed to enhance drug retention, corneal permeability, and prolonged drug release. Moreover, it highlights the main obstacles to clinical translation and provides prospects for their growth as efficient, patient-friendly platforms for the therapy of ocular diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 106575"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145616314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PANI) are two of the most significantly used conducting polymers in supercapacitor applications. The chemical oxidative polymerization in-situ method is applied to synthesize the poly(aniline-co-pyrrole)/SnO2 (PAPSn) nanocomposites. Three different batches of the PAPSn nanocomposites (NCs) were produced by combining the PPy and PANI with different amounts of SnO2. The electrochemical properties of the synthesized PAPSn NC materials were thoroughly evaluated using a potentiostat in 1 M H2SO4 solution. The PAPSn10 electrode exhibited improved electrochemical performance and achieved a remarkable specific capacitance (Csp) of 670 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. The PAPSn10 symmetric supercapacitor (SSC) device exhibited a Csp of 252 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. It achieved a remarkable power and energy densities of 696 W kg−1 and 35 Wh kg−1, respectively. The SSC device retained 85 % of its initial capacitance even after 3000 charge-discharge cycles at a current density of 4 A g−1. This signifies the exceptional cycling stability of the PAPSn10 SSC device. These findings emphasized the potential of PAPSn10 NCs as a promising candidate in energy storage applications.
聚吡咯（PPy）和聚苯胺（PANI）是超级电容器中应用最广泛的两种导电聚合物。采用原位化学氧化聚合法制备了聚苯胺-共吡咯/SnO2 （PAPSn）纳米复合材料。将聚吡啶和聚苯胺与不同数量的SnO2相结合，制备了3批不同批次的PAPSn纳米复合材料。利用恒电位器在1 M H2SO4溶液中对合成的PAPSn NC材料的电化学性能进行了全面评价。PAPSn10电极的电化学性能得到了改善，在1ag−1下的比电容（Csp）达到670 F g−1。该PAPSn10对称超级电容器（SSC）器件在1ag−1时的Csp值为252fg−1。它的功率和能量密度分别为696 W kg - 1和35 Wh kg - 1。在4 a g−1的电流密度下，即使在3000次充放电循环后，SSC器件仍保持了85%的初始电容。这表明PAPSn10 SSC器件具有出色的循环稳定性。这些发现强调了PAPSn10纳米碳纳米管在储能应用中的潜力。
{"title":"Poly(aniline-co-pyrrole)/SnO2 nanocomposites: Innovative electrode materials for enhanced capacitance for symmetric supercapacitor applications","authors":"Manikant , Srikanta Moharana , Alekha Kumar Sutar , Tungabidya Maharana","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PANI) are two of the most significantly used conducting polymers in supercapacitor applications. The chemical oxidative polymerization in-situ method is applied to synthesize the poly(aniline-<em>co</em>-pyrrole)/SnO<sub>2</sub> (PAPSn) nanocomposites. Three different batches of the PAPSn nanocomposites (NCs) were produced by combining the PPy and PANI with different amounts of SnO<sub>2</sub>. The electrochemical properties of the synthesized PAPSn NC materials were thoroughly evaluated using a potentiostat in 1 M H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution. The PAPSn10 electrode exhibited improved electrochemical performance and achieved a remarkable specific capacitance (C<sub>sp</sub>) of 670 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 1 A g<sup>−1</sup>. The PAPSn10 symmetric supercapacitor (SSC) device exhibited a C<sub>sp</sub> of 252 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 1 A g<sup>−1</sup>. It achieved a remarkable power and energy densities of 696 W kg<sup>−1</sup> and 35 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The SSC device retained 85 % of its initial capacitance even after 3000 charge-discharge cycles at a current density of 4 A g<sup>−1</sup>. This signifies the exceptional cycling stability of the PAPSn10 SSC device. These findings emphasized the potential of PAPSn10 NCs as a promising candidate in energy storage applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 106573"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145616312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106572
Qi Peng
One of the emerging problems in fluorescence sensing is the development of high-performance sensors with high abundant active sites to achieve rapid and strong interaction with analytes such as iodide ions, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. In this work, we prepared hydrazone-linked COF (TpTHTA) and one imine-linked COF (TpMA) through the condensation of 2,4,6- tris(hydrazino)-1,3,5-triazine and melamine with 2,4,6-tris(p-formylphenoxy)- 1,3,5-triazine. Although the specific surface area and pore volume of TpTHTA (2148 m2 g−1 and 1.0997 cm3 g−1) are lower than those of TpMA (2403 m2 g−1 and 1.3325 cm3 g−1), the fluorescence sensing sensitivities of TpTHTA to I− and DNP (KSV: 1.76 × 104 and 2.14 × 104 L−1 mol) are higher than that of TpMA (KSV: 1.61 × 104 and 6.78 × 103 L−1 mol), which is because the active sites of TpTHTA are more than that of TpMA. The mechanisms of iodine ion quenching fluorescence of TpTHTA and TpMA are heavy atom effect and energy transfer mechanism, while the mechanisms of DNP and TNP quenching fluorescence of TpTHTA and TpMA are electron transfer mechanism, energy transfer mechanism and basic hydrogen bond interaction. TpTHTA and TpMA can detect iodide ions in wheat flour and DNP and TNP in river sand with satisfactory recovery and low relative standard deviation. Moreover, TpTHTA and TpMA were characterized by XRD, TEM, BET, FE-SEM, TGA, FT-IR, and solid state 13C NMR.
{"title":"The hydrazone-linked and imine-linked Tp covalent organic frameworks for fluorescence sensing iodide ions and nitrophenols","authors":"Qi Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the emerging problems in fluorescence sensing is the development of high-performance sensors with high abundant active sites to achieve rapid and strong interaction with analytes such as iodide ions, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. In this work, we prepared hydrazone-linked COF (TpTHTA) and one imine-linked COF (TpMA) through the condensation of 2,4,6- tris(hydrazino)-1,3,5-triazine and melamine with 2,4,6-tris(p-formylphenoxy)- 1,3,5-triazine. Although the specific surface area and pore volume of TpTHTA (2148 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup> and 1.0997 cm<sup>3</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>) are lower than those of TpMA (2403 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup> and 1.3325 cm<sup>3</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>), the fluorescence sensing sensitivities of TpTHTA to I<sup>−</sup> and DNP (K<sub>SV</sub>: 1.76 × 10<sup>4</sup> and 2.14 × 10<sup>4</sup> L<sup>−1</sup> mol) are higher than that of TpMA (K<sub>SV</sub>: 1.61 × 10<sup>4</sup> and 6.78 × 10<sup>3</sup> L<sup>−1</sup> mol), which is because the active sites of TpTHTA are more than that of TpMA. The mechanisms of iodine ion quenching fluorescence of TpTHTA and TpMA are heavy atom effect and energy transfer mechanism, while the mechanisms of DNP and TNP quenching fluorescence of TpTHTA and TpMA are electron transfer mechanism, energy transfer mechanism and basic hydrogen bond interaction. TpTHTA and TpMA can detect iodide ions in wheat flour and DNP and TNP in river sand with satisfactory recovery and low relative standard deviation. Moreover, TpTHTA and TpMA were characterized by XRD, TEM, BET, FE-SEM, TGA, FT-IR, and solid state <sup>13</sup>C NMR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 106572"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145616308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106567
Xiangyi Li , Yuanqin Guo , Shumei Liu , Jianqing Zhao
Butadiene-styrene copolymer (BSC) resin is one of the hydrocarbon-based resins, which are regarded as promising candidates for high-frequency electronic packaging applications due to their inherently excellent dielectric properties. However, the insufficient mechanical and thermal performance of BSC, particularly the high coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), adversely affects its reliability and dimensional stability, thereby limiting its potential and wider applications. In contrast, liquid crystalline poly(ester imide)s (LCPEIs) exhibit molecular orientation and possess a rigid, heat-resistant ester-imide backbone, resulting in excellent thermal, mechanical, and dielectric properties. Nevertheless, the high cost and complex synthesis of LCPEIs are considered major barriers to their widespread practical application. Although LCPEIs and BSC exhibit complementary properties, it is difficult to obtain high-performance blends through simple physical blending because of their inherent incompatibility. In order to solve this problem, a low-molecular-weight LCPEI bearing reactive vinyl groups was synthesized and used for co-curing butadiene-styrene copolymer (BSC) resin to obtain LCPEI/BSC thermosets. The incorporation of rigid segments and the formation of a denser cross-linked network endowed the LCPEI/BSC thermosets with markedly improved mechanical and thermal performance. At a loading of 4.8 wt% LCPEI, the resulting LCPEI-5/BSC thermoset exhibited a 33 % increase in Young's modulus and a 38 % increase in tensile strength, along with a 31 % reduction in CTE, compared to the BSC thermoset. This work demonstrates a feasible strategy to enhance the mechanical and thermal properties of LCPEI/BSC thermosets by co-curing the reaction of LCPEI for the potential application in advanced electronic packaging.
{"title":"Fabrication of high-performance butadiene-styrene copolymer thermosets co-cured by reactive liquid crystalline poly(ester imide)","authors":"Xiangyi Li , Yuanqin Guo , Shumei Liu , Jianqing Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Butadiene-styrene copolymer (BSC) resin is one of the hydrocarbon-based resins, which are regarded as promising candidates for high-frequency electronic packaging applications due to their inherently excellent dielectric properties. However, the insufficient mechanical and thermal performance of BSC, particularly the high coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), adversely affects its reliability and dimensional stability, thereby limiting its potential and wider applications. In contrast, liquid crystalline poly(ester imide)s (LCPEIs) exhibit molecular orientation and possess a rigid, heat-resistant ester-imide backbone, resulting in excellent thermal, mechanical, and dielectric properties. Nevertheless, the high cost and complex synthesis of LCPEIs are considered major barriers to their widespread practical application. Although LCPEIs and BSC exhibit complementary properties, it is difficult to obtain high-performance blends through simple physical blending because of their inherent incompatibility. In order to solve this problem, a low-molecular-weight LCPEI bearing reactive vinyl groups was synthesized and used for co-curing butadiene-styrene copolymer (BSC) resin to obtain LCPEI/BSC thermosets. The incorporation of rigid segments and the formation of a denser cross-linked network endowed the LCPEI/BSC thermosets with markedly improved mechanical and thermal performance. At a loading of 4.8 wt% LCPEI, the resulting LCPEI-5/BSC thermoset exhibited a 33 % increase in Young's modulus and a 38 % increase in tensile strength, along with a 31 % reduction in CTE, compared to the BSC thermoset. This work demonstrates a feasible strategy to enhance the mechanical and thermal properties of LCPEI/BSC thermosets by co-curing the reaction of LCPEI for the potential application in advanced electronic packaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 106567"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145616317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sulfated polysaccharides are either naturally occurring biopolymers derived primarily from marine algae and some terrestrial sources or synthesized chemically. These macromolecules have gained increasing attention in biomedical science due to their unique structural properties, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and diverse biological activities. In particular, their application as drug carriers in various delivery systems has opened new avenues in targeted and sustained drug release. Owing to the presence of sulfate groups, these polysaccharides exhibit strong interactions with drugs, proteins, and cell membranes, enabling enhanced bioavailability, mucoadhesive properties, and site-specific delivery. Their therapeutic roles span across wound healing, anti-inflammatory action, cancer therapy, and regenerative medicine. The present work provides a comprehensive analysis of the major types of sulfated polysaccharides, including thiolated chitosan, carrageenan, chondroitin sulfate, alginate sulfate, ulvan, and fucoidans. Each polysaccharide is discussed with respect to its structural characteristics, drug-binding potential, and utility in various delivery platforms such as nanoparticles, hydrogels, micelles, and scaffolds. The discussion further emphasizes commercially available formulations, outlining their advantages in enhancing drug stability, prolonging retention time, and improving therapeutic outcomes. Despite their promising biomedical properties, most applications of sulfated polysaccharides remain confined to in vitro studies, with limited in vivo and clinical data. Thus, further research is required to explore their pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy in biological systems. The primary focus of this review is to consolidate current knowledge on sulfated polysaccharides as drug carriers, evaluate their biological significance, and identify gaps and future directions for their development in advanced drug delivery systems.
{"title":"Sulfated polysaccharides and their potential applications as drug carrier systems: A review","authors":"Sakthivel Ragul, Sreeram Sneha, Shivanshu Nautiyal, Akshad Balde, Rasool Abdul Nazeer","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulfated polysaccharides are either naturally occurring biopolymers derived primarily from marine algae and some terrestrial sources or synthesized chemically. These macromolecules have gained increasing attention in biomedical science due to their unique structural properties, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and diverse biological activities. In particular, their application as drug carriers in various delivery systems has opened new avenues in targeted and sustained drug release. Owing to the presence of sulfate groups, these polysaccharides exhibit strong interactions with drugs, proteins, and cell membranes, enabling enhanced bioavailability, mucoadhesive properties, and site-specific delivery. Their therapeutic roles span across wound healing, anti-inflammatory action, cancer therapy, and regenerative medicine. The present work provides a comprehensive analysis of the major types of sulfated polysaccharides, including thiolated chitosan, carrageenan, chondroitin sulfate, alginate sulfate, ulvan, and fucoidans. Each polysaccharide is discussed with respect to its structural characteristics, drug-binding potential, and utility in various delivery platforms such as nanoparticles, hydrogels, micelles, and scaffolds. The discussion further emphasizes commercially available formulations, outlining their advantages in enhancing drug stability, prolonging retention time, and improving therapeutic outcomes. Despite their promising biomedical properties, most applications of sulfated polysaccharides remain confined to in vitro studies, with limited in vivo and clinical data. Thus, further research is required to explore their pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy in biological systems. The primary focus of this review is to consolidate current knowledge on sulfated polysaccharides as drug carriers, evaluate their biological significance, and identify gaps and future directions for their development in advanced drug delivery systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 106576"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145616231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106571
Qiuyan Ye , Liangdong Jiang , Yao Yuan , Yukun Liu , Lemin Chen , Menglin Lu , Yanling Zhou , Junyan Zhan , Linbin Jiang
Herein, an innovative hydrogel system (QOPC) is presented that combats bacterial infections through a synergistic photothermal approach, eliminating the need for antibiotics. The hydrogel was synthesized via Schiff base cross-linking between quaternized chitosan (QCS), polyethyleneimine (PEI), and oxidized dextran (ODex), incorporating copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuS NPs) for enhanced photothermal properties. The resulting material exhibited exceptional mechanical strength, favorable biocompatibility, swelling capacity, and dynamic viscoelastic properties, along with self-healing and injectable characteristics. Notably, the composite demonstrated remarkable antibacterial efficacy, achieving complete eradication of E. coli and over 93 % elimination of S. aureus under near-infrared irradiation. The hydrogel also successfully encapsulated methylene blue (MB), showing pH-responsive release kinetics ranging from 49 to 99 h across physiological pH conditions. Leveraging the collaborative therapeutic benefits of QOP and CuS NPs, the MB-encapsulated QOPC hydrogels demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial potency, yielding 100 % inhibition rates against both bacterial strains, presenting a promising alternative to conventional antibiotic treatments.
{"title":"Construction of quaternized chitosan/oxidized dextran photothermal antibacterial self-healing hydrogels and their application in local drug delivery","authors":"Qiuyan Ye , Liangdong Jiang , Yao Yuan , Yukun Liu , Lemin Chen , Menglin Lu , Yanling Zhou , Junyan Zhan , Linbin Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herein, an innovative hydrogel system (QOPC) is presented that combats bacterial infections through a synergistic photothermal approach, eliminating the need for antibiotics. The hydrogel was synthesized via Schiff base cross-linking between quaternized chitosan (QCS), polyethyleneimine (PEI), and oxidized dextran (ODex), incorporating copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuS NPs) for enhanced photothermal properties. The resulting material exhibited exceptional mechanical strength, favorable biocompatibility, swelling capacity, and dynamic viscoelastic properties, along with self-healing and injectable characteristics. Notably, the composite demonstrated remarkable antibacterial efficacy, achieving complete eradication of <em>E. coli</em> and over 93 % elimination of <em>S. aureus</em> under near-infrared irradiation. The hydrogel also successfully encapsulated methylene blue (MB), showing pH-responsive release kinetics ranging from 49 to 99 h across physiological pH conditions. Leveraging the collaborative therapeutic benefits of QOP and CuS NPs, the MB-encapsulated QOPC hydrogels demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial potency, yielding 100 % inhibition rates against both bacterial strains, presenting a promising alternative to conventional antibiotic treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 106571"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145616309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The preparation of antioxidant Pickering emulsions and their application as enzymatic reaction platform for the ester hydrolysis were indicated in this study. Mixed shell polymer particles (MSPPs), exhibiting a homogeneous poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) core and mixed poly (oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate/polystyrene shells, were first synthesized via one-pot RAFT mediated polymerization induced self-assembly strategy, which were further functionalized with p-aminophenol (PAP). The resulting functionalized MSPPs exhibited both outstanding interfacial activity and excellent antioxidant capacity, which were then used as Pickering emulsifiers to prepare antioxidant lipase-containing water-in-toluene Pickering emulsions through hand-shaking emulsification. The generated Pickering emulsions were subsequently applied as enzymatic microreactors for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate. The catalytic performances of the fabricated microreactors were investigated. A strong positive correlation between the antioxidant capability of Pickering emulsions and the enhanced long-term catalytic performance of the enzymatic microreactors was revealed in this study.
{"title":"Rational design of phenol-functionalized mixed-shell polymer particles for tailored antioxidant pickering emulsions as an enzymatic microreactor","authors":"Xinyi Wu , Siqi Zhu , Siqi Zheng , Guoxiang Wang , Yong Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The preparation of antioxidant Pickering emulsions and their application as enzymatic reaction platform for the ester hydrolysis were indicated in this study. Mixed shell polymer particles (MSPPs), exhibiting a homogeneous poly(styrene-<em>alt</em>-maleic anhydride) core and mixed poly (oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate/polystyrene shells, were first synthesized <em>via</em> one-pot RAFT mediated polymerization induced self-assembly strategy, which were further functionalized with <em>p</em>-aminophenol (PAP). The resulting functionalized MSPPs exhibited both outstanding interfacial activity and excellent antioxidant capacity, which were then used as Pickering emulsifiers to prepare antioxidant lipase-containing water-in-toluene Pickering emulsions through hand-shaking emulsification. The generated Pickering emulsions were subsequently applied as enzymatic microreactors for the hydrolysis of <em>p</em>-nitrophenyl butyrate. The catalytic performances of the fabricated microreactors were investigated. A strong positive correlation between the antioxidant capability of Pickering emulsions and the enhanced long-term catalytic performance of the enzymatic microreactors was revealed in this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 106574"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145616307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hydrogels, after the rational design of their structure, can exhibit the properties (such as stiffness, pore size, viscoelasticity, degradability, presence of ligands, etc.) required for specific intended functions, making them versatile platforms for a variety of applications. This study evaluated the potential for the multidirectional use of hydrogels obtained from biocompatible polymers: poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPOx) and selected polyesters (polylactide-PLA and polycaprolactone-PCL) as drug carriers, sorbents, antimicrobial hydrogels and plant growth supports. Hydrogels containing covalently attached drugs (probenecid, valproic acid, or ibuprofen) were synthesized through the cross-linking of suitably modified PiPOx with dicarboxyl PLA. The release of probenecid was subsequently monitored at 37 °C and pH 8.3 using UV/Vis spectroscopy. To evaluate the potential of these hydrogels for water purification, we conducted sorption tests using selected metal cations (Fe3+ and Cu2+) and dyes (crystal violet, acidic fuchsin) from aqueous solutions. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of the quercetin-loaded hydrogels was assessed using the agar diffusion method. Finally, we investigated the feasibility of employing these hydrogels as substrates for plant cultivation. The results obtained demonstrate that hydrogels composed of poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) and aliphatic polyesters are functional materials with a wide range of potential applications.
{"title":"Multifunctional hydrogels from poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) and aliphatic polyesters: Assessment of their potential for application as drug carriers, sorbents for water purification, antimicrobial hydrogels and plant growth substrates","authors":"Bartosz Kopka , Bartłomiej Kost , Agnieszka Kobylińska , Zuzanna Świniarska , Agnieszka Tyfa , Alina Kunicka-Styczyńska , Malgorzata Basko","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogels, after the rational design of their structure, can exhibit the properties (such as stiffness, pore size, viscoelasticity, degradability, presence of ligands, etc.) required for specific intended functions, making them versatile platforms for a variety of applications. This study evaluated the potential for the multidirectional use of hydrogels obtained from biocompatible polymers: poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPOx) and selected polyesters (polylactide-PLA and polycaprolactone-PCL) as drug carriers, sorbents, antimicrobial hydrogels and plant growth supports. Hydrogels containing covalently attached drugs (probenecid, valproic acid, or ibuprofen) were synthesized through the cross-linking of suitably modified PiPOx with dicarboxyl PLA. The release of probenecid was subsequently monitored at 37 °C and pH 8.3 using UV/Vis spectroscopy. To evaluate the potential of these hydrogels for water purification, we conducted sorption tests using selected metal cations (Fe<sup>3+</sup> and Cu<sup>2+</sup>) and dyes (crystal violet, acidic fuchsin) from aqueous solutions. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of the quercetin-loaded hydrogels was assessed using the agar diffusion method. Finally, we investigated the feasibility of employing these hydrogels as substrates for plant cultivation. The results obtained demonstrate that hydrogels composed of poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) and aliphatic polyesters are functional materials with a wide range of potential applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 106558"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145616316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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