Radiation Measurements最新文献

{"title":"Investigation of the dosimetric properties of K2SO4:Cu,Na detectors with varying phosphor and binder content using infrared-stimulated luminescence (IRSL)","authors":"Renata Majgier","doi":"10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>K₂SO₄:Cu,Na is as a very sensitive phosphor for infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL), and adding sodium as a co-dopant significantly enhances its dosimetric properties. This study focuses on the initial optimization of the K₂SO₄:Cu,Na phosphor for use as a passive detector with the IRSL method for reading dose information. Various detector configurations were prepared by mixing the phosphor powder with binders such as Teflon and silicone in different ratios. Key dosimetric characteristics: signal repeatability, dose-response, minimum detectable dose (MDD), and signal fading were evaluated. The dose-response relationship was found to be linear within the range of at least 3 mGy to 1 Gy. In several samples, the MDD was below 1 μGy. The material exhibited ∼50 % signal loss after three months of storage. To address this fading, preheating procedures before IRSL readout were tested, aiming to stabilize the IRSL signal over time. It was shown that preheating prevented signal loss for up to one month post-irradiation, and significantly reduced long-term fading compared to untreated samples. The results highlight the promising potential of K₂SO₄:Cu,Na phosphor in radiation dosimetry applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21055,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Measurements","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 107603"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation in multi-radionuclide distribution measurement of a new SPECT system based on a thick CZT crystal","authors":"Feng Tian ,&nbsp;Changran Geng ,&nbsp;Lijun Tang ,&nbsp;Xiaobin Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107602","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107602","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is the commonly used imaging modality in clinical nuclear medicine for disease diagnosis. However, traditional SPECT systems have several disadvantages when monitoring the distribution of radiopharmaceuticals labeled various radionuclides.</div><div>A cadmium zine telluride (CZT) SPECT system based on a 15.00 mm thick, three-dimensional (3D) pixeled CZT crystal is developed. The performance of this CZT-SPECT system in detecting the distribution of different radiopharmaceuticals are analyzed through mouse phantom experiments. The results show that for ^99mTc (141 keV), ¹⁷⁷Lu (208 keV), and ¹⁸F (511 keV), the energy resolution of the CZT-SPECT system is 2.38 %, 1.94 %, and 1.47 %, respectively. The depth of interaction (DOI) of 141 keV, 208 keV or 511 keV gamma rays emitted by different radionuclides in the CZT crystal are recorded, and the DOI ranges are approximately 2.17–5.85 mm, 2.00–9.00 mm, and 1.00–11.00 mm, respectively. Both qualitative and quantitative results indicate that the CZT-SPECT system can achieve spatial distribution detection and reconstruction, both in case of irradiation with only one and multiple radionuclides. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of radiation source placed in each kidney reconstructed is almost less than 5.00 mm for these radionuclides.</div><div>Due to the excellent energy resolution and the large size of the 3D-CZT crystal, the CZT-SPECT system developed can effectively measure the <em>in-vivo</em> distribution of various diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals labeled with different radionuclides. The results of this study can also provide technical support for the future development of more radiopharmaceuticals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21055,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Measurements","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 107602"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a fully automated instrument for the advanced characterisation of trapped-charge luminescence signals: The NAUTILUS proof-of-concept","authors":"Lily Bossin ,&nbsp;Mads L. Jensen ,&nbsp;Georgina E. King ,&nbsp;Eduardo G. Yukihara","doi":"10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A Risø TL/OSL reader and a Horiba Fluorolog-QM spectrofluorometer were coupled using an optical fibre bundle to form a novel instrument, the <strong>N</strong>ext-generation <strong>AU</strong>tomated <strong>T</strong>rapped charge <strong>I</strong>nduced <strong>LU</strong>minescence <strong>S</strong>pectroscopy (NAUTILUS) instrument. The combined capabilities of the two instruments forming the NAUTILUS open up the possibility to perform a large range of luminescence measurements to characterise radiation-induced luminescence signals. The NAUTILUS can carry out sequences of irradiation, preheating, annealing, and advanced luminescence measurements, such as photoluminescence (PL) or radiophotoluminescence (RPL) spectroscopy, PL at elevated temperature, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) stimulation and emission spectroscopy, and/or bleaching across the visible spectrum. The NAUTILUS also allows for nanosecond time-resolved PL or OSL measurement using pulsed lasers or diode light sources. These measurements can be carried sequentially on up to 48 samples without the need to move the samples between instruments, thus improving both measurement reproducibility and throughput.</div><div>The aim of this contribution is to demonstrate the capabilities of the NAUTILUS using well-known dosimetric materials, such as Al<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>O<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>:C,Mg, Al<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>O<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>:C, MgB<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>O<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>7</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>:Ce,Li, and Ag<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>-doped phosphate glass. By doing so, we demonstrate the NAUTILUS’ capability to perform in-situ irradiation, heating, and reliable advanced luminescence measurements, sequentially on up to 48 samples, with results in agreement with those reported in the literature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21055,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Measurements","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 107601"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation of LaCl3(Ce)-based detectors for D-D fusion neutron diagnostic","authors":"D.S. Fridrikhsen ,&nbsp;S.Yu. Obudovsky ,&nbsp;T.M. Kormilitsyn ,&nbsp;A.V. Pankratenko ,&nbsp;Yu.A. Kashchuk ,&nbsp;N.N. Moiseev","doi":"10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents an experimental evaluation of key parameters (efficiency and sensitivity) of two detectors based on lanthanum chloride LaCl₃(Ce) scintillation crystals. We performed measurements in the neutron energy range of ∼2.2–2.9 MeV using a reference neutron source at the D.I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology in St. Petersburg, Russia. A special feature of the source is the thin target (mitigating internal neutron attenuation), the total D-D neutron yield is ∼2 × 10⁶ n/s. The values for the sensitivity obtained from the experiment were underestimated by a factor of several times compared to those calculated using cross-sections from the ENDF/B-VIII.0 nuclear data library. These results suggest a possible need to refine the properties of the ³⁵Cl(n,p)³⁵S_g.s. reaction used in the evaluation model and to supplement the database with experimental data in the neutron energy region of ∼2.5 MeV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21055,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Measurements","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 107600"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Characterization of a Gd-based color CMOS detector for proton dosimetry” [Radiat. Meas. 164 (2023) 106945]","authors":"Qi Liu ,&nbsp;Benno Rohrer ,&nbsp;Sairos Safai ,&nbsp;Antony John Lomax ,&nbsp;Zhiling Chen ,&nbsp;Michele Togno","doi":"10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107595","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21055,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Measurements","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 107595"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Absolute measurement of absorbed dose in water for 125I brachytherapy seeds","authors":"Zhong-Bin Hang ,&nbsp;Chuan-Feng Liu ,&nbsp;Yan Zhang ,&nbsp;Zi-Wei Liang ,&nbsp;Hai Hu ,&nbsp;Tian-Tian Zhang ,&nbsp;Yun-Tao Liu ,&nbsp;Ming-Zhe Song ,&nbsp;Ke-Xin Wei ,&nbsp;Lin Qin ,&nbsp;Xi-Mei Wang ,&nbsp;Zuo-Xiang He","doi":"10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background:</h3><div>In the clinical application of brachytherapy, the relevant quantities of brachytherapy seed strength must be converted into absorbed dose at a reference depth of 1 cm in water. The current method of obtaining the absorbed dose in water is based on the air kerma strength and dose rate constant, which has an uncertainty of more than 10% (<em>k</em>=2), potentially affecting cancer treatment outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Purpose:</h3><div>To ensure accurate dosimetry for ¹²⁵I brachytherapy seeds, an extrapolation chamber embedded in the water-equivalent material was designed and manufactured to measure the absorbed dose in water directly.</div></div><div><h3>Methods:</h3><div>The mathematical model for determining the absorbed dose in water is based on radiation transport theory, where the key term conversion factor <span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> is determined using the Monte Carlo (MC) methods. In this paper, the basic structure, the measurement method, and the MC simulation of the extrapolation chamber are described. The dose rate constant of the model 6711 ¹²⁵I brachytherapy seed was obtained using three methods (experimental measurement, MC simulation, and AAPM recommended values), and the results was compared and analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>The absorbed dose in water of the model 6711 ¹²⁵I brachytherapy seed was determined, and after repeated measurements and uncertainty evaluation, the result was 12.39 mGy/h, with an uncertainty of 3.5% (<em>k</em>=2). In addition, the brachytherapy seed was calibrated using an absolute measurement device for the air kerma strength, and its dose rate constant was calculated, which was in good agreement with both the AAPM-recommended values and MC simulated values.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions:</h3><div>We successfully developed an absolute measurement device for the absorbed dose in water, which reduced the measurement uncertainty for ¹²⁵I brachytherapy seeds and achieved dose accuracy for external radiotherapy. This study contributes to the establishment of primary standards for the absorbed dose in water of ¹²⁵I brachytherapy seeds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21055,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Measurements","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 107594"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized quantitative indirect neutron radiography method for 2D non-primary radiation measurement in BNCT","authors":"Jialong Yang ,&nbsp;Xingyan Liu ,&nbsp;Diyun Shu ,&nbsp;Changran Geng ,&nbsp;Xiaobin Tang ,&nbsp;Yuan-Hao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate quantitative measurement of neutron non-primary radiation is crucial for the safe implementation of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), yet such measurement faces challenges including large measurement area and strong γ-ray interference. Indirect neutron radiography (INR) offers advantages for large-area measurement and γ resistance, but its application is limited by the low sensitivity of activation detectors and measurement errors from crosstalk. To address these challenges, dysprosium (Dy) was selected as the activation detector to enhance sensitivity, establishing a quantitative calibration relationship between its activity and imaging plate (IP) signals. For signal crosstalk during foil exposure, spatial convolution kernel was constructed using Monte Carlo simulations, and then applied with the Biconjugate Gradient Stabilized (Bi-CGSTAB) algorithm to perform spatial deconvolution of dose deposition on the IP, thereby reconstructing the actual activity of each pixel on the foil. Validation experiments demonstrated significant improvement, and the proportion of data points exceeding 5 % deviation decreased from over 60 % before correction to below 15 % after correction. Applied to clinical BNCT device, it successfully obtained the two-dimensional (2D) distribution of neutron non-primary radiation within 150–550 mm from the radiation field edge. The converted maximum skin absorbed dose rate was 1.26 × 10⁻⁴ Gy/s, located at 150 mm from the radiation field edge and decaying rapidly with increasing distance. This study achieved the quantitative measurement of 2D neutron non-primary radiation distribution in clinical BNCT devices, and provided technical support for comprehensive assessment of radiation risks and optimization of protection design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21055,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Measurements","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 107599"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep learning-based organ dose prediction in pediatric head CT using fully automated tissue segmentation and newly developed voxelized phantoms in GATE/Geant4 simulation toolkit","authors":"H. Sekkat ,&nbsp;A. Khallouqi ,&nbsp;O. El rhazouani ,&nbsp;A. Halimi","doi":"10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the performance of a deep learning model developed to predict organ-specific radiation doses in pediatric head CT scans. The model automates tissue segmentation and voxelization of organs for Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, which provide the ground truth for dose assessment. Using a Python-based framework, the model preprocesses DICOM images, applies HU-based thresholds for tissue classification, and refines segmentation with morphological operations. The segmented tissues, bone, brain matter, eye lens and air + fat, are reconstructed into 3D voxelized volumes, enabling precise dose predictions. A convolutional neural network (CNN) with a pre-trained VGG16 architecture was employed to predict doses based on features extracted from the CT scans and voxelized phantoms. The dataset included 982 pediatric CT scans, with data augmentation techniques applied for model robustness. The model demonstrated high performance in predicting radiation doses, closely matching the MC simulated doses for all organs, with minimal deviations in mean doses and low standard deviations. RRMSE values were low (4.84 % for bone, 6.01 % for brain matter, 8.45 % for air + fat, and 10.59 % for eye lens), indicating high precision. Additionally, the model achieved high R² values, with bone showing the best correlation (0.95). Performance analysis across 15 random allocations revealed that bone consistently exhibited the highest prediction accuracy, with the lowest median RRMSE (7.84 %) and median MAPE (1.2 %). Although variability was higher for brain matter, eye lens, and air + fat, bone demonstrated superior consistency and accuracy. In conclusion, the deep learning model effectively predicts organ-specific radiation doses for pediatric head CT scans, with particularly high accuracy for bone tissue. While the model shows reliable performance across multiple metrics, further optimization is needed for tissues with higher variability, indicating its promising potential in enhancing radiation dose assessment in pediatric CT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21055,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Measurements","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 107597"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of combined EPR alanine/OSL Al2O3:C dosimetry for neutron and photon dose measurements","authors":"A. Romanyukha ,&nbsp;J.L. Saunders ,&nbsp;J.A. Delzer ,&nbsp;A. Smolinski ,&nbsp;K. Riley ,&nbsp;A. Guynn ,&nbsp;A. Tsioplaya ,&nbsp;A. Cook","doi":"10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alanine Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) dosimetry can measure the total (neutron + photon) dose from a neutron source. Commercially available optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeters and readers can accurately measure photon doses. An independent measurement of the photon dose contribution is vital because alanine has a different sensitivity to neutrons and photons when calibrated in terms of tissue kerma from ⁶⁰Co gamma radiation. Therefore, OSL dosimetry can be used to separate neutron and photon dose contributions from the total dose measured by alanine. The Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (AFRRI) research reactor produces varied neutron-photon mixtures, primarily used for radiobiology experiments. Many phantoms at AFRRI are used to measure the accuracy of dose delivery in animal experiments. In the present work, standard and 3D-printed rat phantoms equipped with OSL and alanine dosimeters were used. A special holder capable of securing four alanine pellets and four OSL NanoDot dosimeters was designed and 3D-printed and inserted into the rat phantoms during irradiation. This work was aimed at comparing 3D-printed rat phantoms with the standard PMMA phantom. The results of neutron and photon dose measurements after irradiation in different photon and neutron mixtures are presented. Based on these measurements, the relative neutron sensitivity of alanine was determined to be 0.35 ± 0.11 Gy. Alanine neutron dose measurements were validated using other dosimetry techniques, and further applications of the developed approach are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21055,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Measurements","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 107598"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulsed and time-resolved optically stimulated luminescence of natural minerals – A review","authors":"Svenja Riedesel ,&nbsp;Christina Ankjærgaard","doi":"10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Time-resolved luminescence measurements provide a powerful means of investigating luminescence processes across timescales, ranging from picoseconds to seconds. These measurements are typically enabled by pulsed stimulation, where light pulses of fixed durations are applied to a sample. Luminescence can then be recorded both during and after the pulsed light stimulation, allowing discrimination between stimulation and emission, as well as isolation of luminescence components with different lifetimes.</div><div>Quartz and feldspar minerals are the two natural minerals most commonly used in luminescence studies. Time-resolved luminescence of feldspars has been investigated since the early 1990s, while quartz time-resolved signals has come into focus since around 2000. Over the past three decades, the extensive research into time-resolved and pulsed luminescence properties of these two minerals has provided insights into the lifetime of recombination and relaxation processes of various emissions in these minerals. These differences in the luminescence decay of quartz and feldspar offers a practical solution for discriminating their luminescence.</div><div>This review is aimed at researchers specialising in the field of luminescence dating, who embark on their first pulsed and time-resolved luminescence journeys. It provides practical information on measurement techniques for conducting time-resolved luminescence measurements and presents an overview of research findings, accumulated over the past 3.5 decades highlighting both the fundamental processes revealed and the applications enabled by these methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21055,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Measurements","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 107596"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}