Radiation Measurements最新文献_第7页

Using neutron-neutron angular correlation as a complementary observable in the fast neutron multiplicity counting for low-quality nuclear materials 在低质量核材料快中子多重计数中使用中子-中子角相关作为互补观测

IF 2.2 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Radiation Measurements

Pub Date : 2025-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107541

Kaile Li, Peng Xu, Sufen Li, Jiangyu Yan

In the process of nuclear fission, due to the momentum enhancement of the fission fragments, the neutrons will exhibit angular correlation. For a certain class of problem the emergent n-n angular correlation trends with multiplication. Using the scintillation array can simultaneously obtain time and angle information of fission neutrons. Therefore, this paper make an exploratory study of the potential of using neutron-neutron angular correlation as a complementary observable in the fast neutron multiplicity counting. This paper explores the intrinsic relationship between neutron anisotropy and multiplication coefficient, and neutron anisotropy can be used as a reference to reflect multiplication coefficient On this basis, the fission neutron anisotropy was quantified with the ratio of neutron–neutron coincidences observed at 180° and 90°. Fitting the neutron leakage multiplication coefficient and anisotropy. After measuring the anisotropy of the sample, the leakage multiplication coefficient can be obtained through this fitting relationship, and then combine it with fast neutron multiplicity to solve the mass of nuclear material,. The results were verified through simulation calculations by Geant4. The deviation of the results obtained by using this method is significantly lower than that obtained by using the fast neutron multiplicity method. This method can be used for estimate the quality properties of nuclear materials, but is not intended for the assay of completely unknown items. Instead, we reframe its potential application for situations where a item's general class is known.

在核裂变过程中，由于裂变碎片的动量增强，中子会表现出角相关。对于一类问题，出现的n-n角相关趋势与乘法有关。利用闪烁阵列可以同时获得裂变中子的时间和角度信息。因此，本文对中子-中子角相关作为互补观测在快中子多重计数中的潜力进行了探索性研究。本文探讨了中子各向异性与倍增系数之间的内在关系，中子各向异性可以作为反映倍增系数的参考。在此基础上，用180°和90°处观测到的中子-中子符合率来量化裂变中子各向异性。拟合中子泄漏倍增系数和各向异性。测量样品的各向异性后，可以通过这种拟合关系得到泄漏倍增系数，然后将其与快中子多重度结合，求解核材料的质量。通过Geant4的仿真计算验证了结果。与快中子多重度法相比，该方法得到的结果偏差明显小于快中子多重度法。该方法可用于估计核材料的质量性质，但不适用于完全未知项目的测定。相反，我们重新定义了它的潜在应用程序，以用于已知项的一般类的情况。

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引用次数: 0

Impacts of geometry on efficiency of tapered and truncated conical LaBr3(Ce) scintillation detectors 几何形状对锥形和截锥形LaBr3（Ce）闪烁探测器效率的影响

IF 2.2 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Radiation Measurements

Pub Date : 2025-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107546

Abouzeid A. Thabet , Mohamed S. Badawi , Ayman Hamzawy , Mohamed I. Badawi , Bohaysa A. Salem

In high-energy physics and medical fields, researchers are generally searching for ideal scintillation detectors with the best geometry response. LaBr₃(Ce) is considered an excellent inorganic material, that can be used for this purpose. In this study, the geometrical solid angle, geometrical efficiency, effective solid angle, total efficiency, and average path length were calculated as functions of different parameters for both tapered and truncated conical LaBr₃(Ce) scintillation detectors to provide all of the characteristic factors that are required to calibrate these detector geometries. The calculations were conducted to optimize the efficiency by using isotropic radioactive point sources in axial and non-axial forms and the study was extended to isotropic radioactive disk and cylinder shape sources. The analytical–numerical technique presented in this study is a valuable approach for analyzing and constructing arrays of multiple γ-ray scintillation detectors, particularly for use in complex spectroscopy systems. The results provide a clear comparison between tapered and truncated conical LaBr₃(Ce) detectors. For example, at a source-to-detector distance of 5 cm, the geometric solid angle of the truncated conical crystal was determined as greater than that of the tapered crystal, but this relationship reversed as the distance increased due to the solid angle effect.

在高能物理和医学领域，研究人员普遍在寻找具有最佳几何响应的理想闪烁探测器。LaBr3（Ce）被认为是一种优良的无机材料，可用于此目的。在本研究中，计算了锥形和截锥形LaBr3（Ce）闪烁探测器的几何立体角、几何效率、有效立体角、总效率和平均路径长度作为不同参数的函数，以提供校准这些探测器几何形状所需的所有特征因子。采用轴向和非轴向两种形式的各向同性放射性点源进行了效率优化计算，并将研究扩展到各向同性辐射源的圆盘形和圆柱形。本研究中提出的分析-数值技术是分析和构建多个γ射线闪烁探测器阵列的一种有价值的方法，特别是在复杂光谱系统中使用。结果提供了锥形和截锥形LaBr3（Ce）探测器之间的清晰比较。例如，在源到探测器的距离为5 cm时，截断锥形晶体的几何立体角被确定为大于锥形晶体的几何立体角，但由于立体角效应，这种关系随着距离的增加而逆转。

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引用次数: 0

LyoScope: a portable lyoluminescence reader prototype LyoScope：便携式lyo释光阅读器原型

IF 2.2 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Radiation Measurements

Pub Date : 2025-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107545

Magdalena Biernacka , Krzysztof Maternicki , Michał Sądel , Sebastian Kreutzer

We present the design of LyoScope, a portable, compact device for measuring lyoluminescence (LL). Lyoluminescence is a phenomenon occurring during the dissolution of previously irradiated material. Measurements facilitate the estimation of the total dose absorbed by the material since its last exposure to light, heat, or moisture. Due to its versatility, LyoScope is suitable for both environmental and laboratory measurements. Its elementary design enables self-assembly, such as through 3D printing. We provide a detailed technical description and present first performance tests: the minimum detectable dose for NaCl was determined at ∼5 mGy, repeatability tests on natural halite achieved a variation of only ∼2.4 %, and fading experiments revealed that ∼35–40 % of the LL signal is lost within weeks, followed by stabilization of ∼35–60 % of the signal. In addition, we demonstrate the option of attaching an EM-CCD camera to our setup enabling spatially-resolved LL measurements and a visualization of the dissolution process. Our results underscore that LyoScope enables reproducible LL measurements and support the potential of LL as a complementary tool for dosimetry and geochronology.

我们提出了LyoScope的设计，一种便携式，紧凑的装置，用于测量lyoluminescence （LL）。溶解发光是在先前辐照的物质溶解过程中发生的现象。测量有助于估计材料自最后一次暴露于光、热或湿后所吸收的总剂量。由于其通用性，LyoScope适用于环境和实验室测量。它的基本设计可以通过3D打印等方式进行自组装。我们提供了详细的技术描述，并提出了第一次性能测试：NaCl的最小可检测剂量为~ 5 mGy，在天然岩盐上的重复性测试仅实现了~ 2.4%的变化，衰落实验显示，在几周内，约35 - 40%的LL信号丢失，随后约35 - 60%的信号稳定。此外，我们还演示了将EM-CCD相机附加到我们的设置上的选项，从而实现空间分辨LL测量和溶解过程的可视化。我们的研究结果强调LyoScope能够实现可重复的LL测量，并支持LL作为剂量学和地质年代学的补充工具的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Application of a PGNAA-based neutron spectrometer for simulated workplace neutron field measurement 基于pgnaa的中介仪在模拟工作场所中子场测量中的应用

IF 2.2 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Radiation Measurements

Pub Date : 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107544

Can Cheng , Liteng Xing , Jiayu Gu , Jiatong Li , Zeliang Wang , Zhenhua Zhang , Daqian Hei , Wenbao Jia , Ruoyu Chen , Xunrong Xia , Chuanhui Yuan

The calibration of neutron dosimeter needs to be conducted in a neutron field that closely resembles its workplace field. Neutron generators can be used to simulate the workplace neutron field, making the measurement of the neutron spectrum in the modulated field a crucial task. In this study, a neutron spectrometer based on prompt gamma ray neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) was employed to measure the neutron spectrum. The response of the neutron spectrometer was calculated using Monte Carlo simulation, and benchmark measurements were carried out in D-D and D-T neutron fields. The results show that the energy responses at 2.5 MeV and 14 MeV are in good agreement with the simulated values. The neutron spectrum of a graphite-moderated D-D neutron source was unfolded using the neutron spectrometer and the corresponding neutron ambient dose equivalent rate was compared with the value recorded by neutron dosimeter. The deviation between the two is 14 %, validating the feasibility of the neutron spectrometer and its potential application for neutron dosimeter calibration.

中子剂量计的校准需要在与其工作场所非常相似的中子场中进行。中子发生器可以用来模拟工作场所的中子场，使调制场中中子谱的测量成为一项至关重要的任务。在本研究中，采用基于提示伽马射线中子活化分析（PGNAA）的中子星谱仪测量中子能谱。利用蒙特卡罗模拟计算了中子星的响应，并在D-D和D-T中子场进行了基准测量。结果表明，在2.5 MeV和14 MeV下的能量响应与模拟值吻合较好。用中光谱仪展开了石墨慢化D-D中子源的中子谱，并将相应的中子环境剂量当量率与中子剂量计记录的值进行了比较。两者之间的偏差为14%，验证了中子谱仪的可行性及其在中子剂量计校准中的潜在应用。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the correlation between thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence of rose quartz 探讨玫瑰石英的热释光与光激发发光的关系

IF 2.2 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Radiation Measurements

Pub Date : 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107543

I.A. Ferreira , E.M. Yoshimura , N.M. Trindade

This work investigates the correlation between thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signals in natural rose quartz. Four distinct TL glow peaks were identified at 90 °C (I), 140 °C (II), 215 °C (III), and 336 °C (IV) at a heating rate of 1 °C/s. The effect of blue LED illumination on TL glow peaks was investigated revealing a systematic reduction in the intensity of peaks I-III. Additionally, the influence of the temperature on the OSL decay curve characteristics was analyzed, showing a marked decrease in the OSL signal at temperatures above 100 °C. These results contribute to understanding the thermal and optical behavior of rose quartz, with implications for its use in radiation dosimetry.

本文研究了天然玫瑰石英中热释光（TL）和光激发发光（OSL）信号的相关性。在90°C (I)、140°C （II）、215°C （III）和336°C （IV）下，在1°C/s的加热速率下，鉴定出四个不同的TL发光峰。研究了蓝色LED照明对TL发光峰的影响，揭示了峰I-III强度的系统性降低。此外，还分析了温度对光释光衰减曲线特性的影响，发现在温度高于100℃时，光释光信号明显减弱。这些结果有助于理解玫瑰石英的热学和光学行为，并对其在辐射剂量学中的应用产生影响。

引用次数: 0

Drastic reduction of the slow scintillation component in highly luminescent Ce3+ and Mg2+ doped Lu2.5Gd0.5Ga2Al3O12 garnet powders 在高发光的Ce3+和Mg2+掺杂的Lu2.5Gd0.5Ga2Al3O12石榴石粉末中，慢闪烁成分急剧减少

IF 2.2 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Radiation Measurements

Pub Date : 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107542

Lenka Prouzová Procházková , Eliška Müllerová , Jan Bárta , Estelle Homeyer , Alena Zavadilová , Christophe Dujardin , Václav Čuba

This paper deals with the photochemical preparation of nanomaterials with garnet structure. Ce³⁺ and Mg²⁺ doped Lu_2.5Gd_0.5Ga₂Al₃O₁₂ powders were prepared by using UV irradiation of aqueous solutions with low-pressure mercury lamps and subsequent calcination of the solid products. The synthesis was optimized and gives access to a range of doping which is very hard to achieve with single crystal growth from melt. The effect of Ce and Mg concentration on the structural and luminescence properties was studied. Garnets were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and their luminescence properties under optical and X-ray photon excitations were investigated. XRF and XRD show that the samples are sufficiently chemically pure and phase-pure and their elemental composition corresponds with expectations. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy confirmed that Mg concentrations in Mg-codoped samples are slightly lower than the nominal. Luminescence spectra show typical emission maxima of 5d-4f Ce³⁺ transition and 4f-4f Gd³⁺ transition. The effects of the concentration of Ce³⁺ and Mg²⁺ on the RL intensity, light yields and decays were observed.

本文研究了石榴石结构纳米材料的光化学制备。采用低压汞灯紫外照射水溶液，煅烧固体产物，制备了Ce3+和Mg2+掺杂Lu2.5Gd0.5Ga2Al3O12粉末。该合成得到了优化，并提供了一系列的掺杂，这是很难从熔体中获得单晶生长。研究了Ce和Mg浓度对结构和发光性能的影响。采用x射线荧光（XRF）和x射线粉末衍射（XRPD）对石榴石进行了分析，研究了石榴石在光学和x射线光子激发下的发光特性。XRF和XRD表明，样品具有足够的化学纯度和相纯性，元素组成符合预期。激光诱导击穿光谱证实，Mg共掺杂样品中的Mg浓度略低于标称浓度。发光光谱显示5d-4f Ce3+跃迁和4f-4f Gd3+跃迁的典型发射最大值。观察了Ce3+和Mg2+浓度对RL强度、产光率和衰减的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Investigation of thermal neutron/gamma discrimination capability of a CLYC Scintillator with a SiPM in a mixed field of 241Am-Be neutron source: Pulse shape discrimination using constant fraction time over threshold (CF-TOT) and cumulative charge ratio (CCR) 带有SiPM的CLYC闪烁体在241Am-Be中子源混合场中热中子/伽马识别能力的研究：利用恒分数阈值时间（CF-TOT）和累积电荷比（CCR）进行脉冲形状识别

IF 2.2 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Radiation Measurements

Pub Date : 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107540

Haluk Yücel , Ege Can Karanfil , Mehmet Can Karaman , Okay Tüzel , Zeynep Dağıstan , Kadir Özgür Hanci , Miray Özkan

In this study, neutron detection and neutron/gamma discrimination capability of a 99 % ⁶Li enriched CLYC (Cs₂LiYCl₆:Ce) scintillator detector module incorporating a built-in microcontroller-based MCA featuring analog-signal processing for pulse shape discrimination method is investigated. This miniature detector module has a small-sized

15 \times 15 \times 25 m m^{3}

CLYC crystal, optically coupled with Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM). It uses a temperature compensated bias supply. The analog-signal processing components of this compact detector system implement the constant fraction time over threshold (CF-TOT) and cumulative charge ratio (CCR) methods for the pulse shape discrimination. The neutron/gamma measurements were performed in a thermalized neutron field having a thermal neutron flux of 2.11 × 10³ n∙cm⁻²∙s⁻¹ of an ²⁴¹Am-Be neutron source. The obtained pulse-height spectra is stored in a 4096 channels ADC/MCA. From the observed spectra, noise and low-energy events are lying quite far from neutron and gamma pulses. The figure of merit (FoM) criteria for the performance of PSD method was estimated to be 1.274. This means that the presently developed compact neutron detector system based on CLYC scintillation crystal has a good thermal neutron/gamma discrimination capability although there are high energy gamma-ray in the field. Thus, this compact device can be a versatile device for measuring thermal neutron fluxes in space-constrained or portable applications such as small ducts or openings. Moreover, it has a potential use for the detection of neutrons in the mixed fields from micro-modular (MMR) reactors or small modular reactor (SMR) environments.

在这项研究中，研究了含有内置微控制器的MCA的99% 6Li富集CLYC （Cs2LiYCl6:Ce）闪烁体探测器模块的中子探测和中子/伽马识别能力，该模块具有用于脉冲形状识别方法的模拟信号处理。这个微型探测器模块有一个小尺寸的15×15×25mm3 CLYC晶体，与硅光电倍增管（SiPM）光学耦合。它使用温度补偿偏置电源。该系统的模拟信号处理组件实现了恒分数阈值时间（CF-TOT）和累积电荷比（CCR）方法进行脉冲形状判别。中子/伽马测量是在241Am-Be中子源的热中子场中进行的，热中子通量为2.11 × 103 n∙cm−2∙s−1。得到的脉冲高度谱存储在4096通道ADC/MCA中。从观测到的光谱来看，噪声和低能事件离中子和伽马脉冲很远。评价PSD方法性能的优点值（FoM）标准估计为1.274。这意味着目前研制的基于CLYC闪烁晶体的紧凑型中子探测器系统，尽管存在高能伽玛射线，但仍具有良好的热中子/伽玛识别能力。因此，这种紧凑的装置可以是一个多功能的装置，用于测量空间受限或便携式应用，如小管道或开口的热中子通量。此外，它在微模块反应堆（MMR）或小模块反应堆（SMR）环境中混合场的中子探测方面具有潜在的用途。

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引用次数: 0

The market and comparison of low-cost radon meters in Europe with the example of Poland 欧洲低成本氡计的市场及比较，以波兰为例

IF 2.2 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Radiation Measurements

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107539

J. Kubiak , D. Grządziel , M. Basińska

At the time of writing, there are over twenty affordable radon detectors available on the European market. Devices of this type could become a valuable tool for increasing measurements in buildings in the future, particularly in the context of short-term measurements aimed at assessing radon levels in buildings. The article analyses the market for inexpensive radon detectors from the user's perspective, assesses their availability and presents mathematical methods for comparing readings. The article is practical in nature as it discusses the advantages and disadvantages of selected models. The meters were subjected to a controlled comparative experiment in a radon chamber. The meters had an average error for instantaneous measurements ranging from 25 to 275 %. The aim of the study is to identify devices that may be of interest from the point of view of radon dosimetry, as well as to indicate gaps in knowledge about inexpensive meters for this element.

在撰写本文时，欧洲市场上有超过20种负担得起的氡探测器。这种类型的装置将来可能成为增加建筑物内测量的宝贵工具，特别是在旨在评估建筑物内氡水平的短期测量范围内。本文从用户的角度分析了廉价氡探测器的市场，评估了它们的可用性，并提出了比较读数的数学方法。这篇文章在本质上是实用的，因为它讨论了所选模型的优缺点。这些仪表在氡室中进行了对照实验。这些仪表的瞬时测量平均误差在25%到275%之间。这项研究的目的是从氡剂量学的角度确定可能感兴趣的装置，并指出关于这种元素的廉价仪器的知识差距。

引用次数: 0

Utilizing the coincidence and anti-coincidence counting of crosstalk events to enhance measurement accuracy in BNCT-SPECT 利用串扰事件的符合计数和反符合计数来提高ct - spect的测量精度

IF 2.2 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Radiation Measurements

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107538

Yu Fujiwara, Mana Miyagawa, Mikito Yagura, Jiye Qiu, Shingo Tamaki, Sachie Kusaka, Fuminobu Sato, Isao Murata

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) plays a vital role in real-time monitoring of treatment effects. However, image quality can be degraded by background noise. We propose a novel noise-reduction technique that utilizes both coincidence and anti-coincidence counting methods, leveraging the crosstalk phenomenon between adjacent scintillators. To evaluate the feasibility of this approach, we measured γ-ray spectra from a¹³⁷Cs standard source using two GAGG scintillators. The results showed noise reduction improvements of 15.9 % with coincidence and 3.8 % with anti-coincidence methods. Additionally, theoretical analysis demonstrated that this approach is effective in multiple scintillators arranged by the forward nature of Compton Scattering. This approach offers a promising path toward improving BNCT-SPECT imaging quality by effectively discriminating target signals from noise in high-density detector arrays.

单光子发射计算机断层扫描（SPECT）在硼中子俘获治疗（BNCT）中的实时监测治疗效果起着至关重要的作用。但是，背景噪声会降低图像质量。我们提出了一种新的降噪技术，利用符合和反符合计数方法，利用相邻闪烁体之间的串扰现象。为了评估这种方法的可行性，我们使用两个GAGG闪烁体测量了a137Cs标准源的γ射线光谱。结果表明，采用符合方法降噪15.9%，采用反符合方法降噪3.8%。此外，理论分析表明，该方法在康普顿散射正向排列的多闪烁体中是有效的。该方法通过在高密度探测器阵列中有效区分目标信号和噪声，为提高BNCT-SPECT成像质量提供了一条有希望的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Glow curve deconvolution – Why are most published results wrong? Common pitfalls in measurement and analysis 辉光曲线反褶积——为什么大多数已发表的结果都是错误的？测量和分析中的常见缺陷

IF 2.2 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Radiation Measurements

Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107537

Stephen W.S. McKeever

The published literature is full of reports claiming to determine the trapping parameters – trap depth (E_t, eV), frequency factor (s, s⁻¹) and kinetic order (b) – from thermoluminescence (TL) glow curves. In recent years probably the most popular approaches employ ‘Computerized Glow Curve Deconvolution’ methods of fitting the glow curve using standard TL equations. Regrettably, most of these efforts are at best unreliable and at worst simply wrong. This paper illustrates that, in order to accept the published results with a degree of confidence, the details of the experimental method and the appropriateness of the theory used must both be examined carefully. Examples of poor experimental method include inadequate temperature control (e.g. measuring the temperature of the heater, not the sample), ignoring changes in luminescence efficiency with increasing temperature (thermal quenching), and no, or improper, consideration of the emission spectrum (i.e. whether it is constant as the temperature changes). Examples of inappropriate theory include the use of General-Order Kinetics when this is unjustified. This results from an apparent misunderstanding of TL kinetics when dealing with systems described by multiple-trap/multiple-recombination-site models. Most published analyses assume non-interactive kinetics between the various trapping and recombination sites and treat each trap as isolated from all other traps and from the recombination sites. This paper discusses these issues in detail and concludes that once the glow curves are properly obtained, deconvolution analysis should consider the potential for localized recombination (including thermally excited tunneling) and, if delocalized recombination dominates, only first-order kinetics should be used in almost all examples, with the possible exception of the highest-temperature TL peak for which second-order kinetics may apply.

已发表的文献中充满了声称从热释光（TL）发光曲线确定捕获参数-捕获深度（Et, eV），频率因子（s, s−1）和动力学顺序(b)的报告。近年来，可能最流行的方法采用“计算机辉光曲线反褶积”方法拟合辉光曲线使用标准TL方程。遗憾的是，这些努力往好里说是不可靠的，往坏里说是完全错误的。本文说明，为了有信心地接受已发表的结果，必须仔细检查实验方法的细节和所使用理论的适当性。较差的实验方法包括温度控制不充分（例如测量加热器的温度，而不是样品的温度），忽略发光效率随温度升高的变化（热猝灭），没有或不适当考虑发射光谱（即是否随温度变化而恒定）。不恰当理论的例子包括在不合理的情况下使用一般级动力学。这是由于在处理由多陷阱/多重组位点模型描述的系统时对TL动力学的明显误解。大多数已发表的分析假设各种捕获和重组位点之间的非相互作用动力学，并将每个陷阱与所有其他陷阱和重组位点隔离开来。本文详细讨论了这些问题，并得出结论，一旦正确获得发光曲线，反褶积分析应考虑局域复合的潜力（包括热激发隧道），如果非局域复合占主导地位，则几乎所有例子都应只使用一级动力学，除了可能适用二阶动力学的最高温度TL峰。

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引用次数: 0