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Personal protective equipment (PPE) and plastic pollution during COVID-19: strategies for a sustainable environment 2019冠状病毒病期间的个人防护装备和塑料污染:可持续环境战略
IF 3.9 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-16 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0024
F. Mazahir, Ali Mazahir Al Qamari
Abstract Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, plastic medical waste poses significant threat to our land, aquatic and atmospheric ecosystems via generation of criteria pollutants (micro/nano plastics and greenhouse gas emissions). Global strategic planning is urgently needed for environmental sustainability coupled with integrated efforts by the governments, industries and academia. Rational utilization of single-use plastic-based PPE with efficient recycling and waste disposal methods should be adopted as interim strategies till more sustainable solutions are designed and implemented. Redesigning plastic production decoupled from fossil fuels, such as Bioplastics, is a way towards sustainable plastic alternatives.
摘要在新冠肺炎大流行期间,塑料医疗废物通过产生标准污染物(微/纳米塑料和温室气体排放),对我们的土地、水生和大气生态系统构成重大威胁。环境可持续性迫切需要全球战略规划,同时政府、行业和学术界也要做出综合努力。在设计和实施更可持续的解决方案之前,应将合理利用一次性塑料基个人防护装备以及有效的回收和废物处理方法作为临时战略。重新设计与化石燃料脱钩的塑料生产,如生物塑料,是实现可持续塑料替代品的一种方式。
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引用次数: 3
Factors influencing the prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in the United Arab Emirates 阿拉伯联合酋长国多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患病率的影响因素
IF 3.9 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-11 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0036
S. Dalibalta, Yara Abukhaled, Fatin Samara
Abstract Statistics indicate that at least 20–25% of women suffer from PCOS in the Gulf region. Despite its prevalence and negative implications on reproductive, metabolic, and physiological heath the exact cause of PCOS is unknown, in part due to the diversity of symptoms manifested by this disorder. In this review, we investigate causes of PCOS globally and draw on these studies, to determine the potential contributing factors for PCOS pathogenesis in the UAE population. The most frequently identified factors promoting PCOS pathogenesis that may be pertinent to this population include physiological factors such as insulin resistance, vitamin D deficiency, genetic factors, obesity, and anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) levels in the body as well as environmental factors such as air pollution, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and pesticide use. This evidence will help inform healthcare workers and government agencies to set up optimal guidelines for control and awareness of PCOS in the UAE.
摘要统计数据表明,海湾地区至少有20-25%的妇女患有多囊卵巢综合征。尽管多囊卵巢综合征很普遍,对生殖、代谢和生理健康有负面影响,但其确切原因尚不清楚,部分原因是这种疾病表现出的症状多样。在这篇综述中,我们在全球范围内调查了多囊卵巢综合征的病因,并利用这些研究来确定阿联酋人群中多囊卵巢综合症发病机制的潜在因素。促进多囊卵巢综合征发病机制的最常见因素可能与该人群有关,包括生理因素,如胰岛素抵抗、维生素D缺乏、遗传因素、肥胖和体内抗苗勒管激素(AMH)水平,以及环境因素,如空气污染、内分泌干扰化学物质和杀虫剂使用。这些证据将有助于为医护人员和政府机构提供信息,以制定阿联酋PCOS控制和意识的最佳指南。
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引用次数: 3
A review of the characteristic properties of selected tobacco chemicals and their associated etiological risks. 对选定烟草化学物质的特征特性及其相关病因风险的综述。
IF 3.9 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-11 Print Date: 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0013
Alfayo K Maiyo, Joshua K Kibet, Fredrick O Kengara

Objectives: Despite the quantum of research findings on tobacco epidemic, a review on the formation characteristics of nicotine, aldehydes and phenols, and their associated etiological risks is still limited in literature. Accordingly, knowledge on the chemical properties and free radical formation during tobacco burning is an important subject towards unravelling the relationship between smoking behaviour and disease. This review investigates how scientific efforts have been advanced towards understanding the release of molecular products from the thermal degradation of tobacco, and harm reduction strategies among cigarette smokers in general. The mechanistic characteristics of nicotine and selected aldehydes are critically examined in this review. For the purpose of this work, articles published during the period 2004-2021 and archived in PubMed, Google Scholar, Medley, Cochrane, and Web of Science were used. The articles were selected based on the health impacts of cigarette smoking, tobacco burning kinetics, tobacco cessation and tobacco as a precursor for emerging diseases such as Covid-19.

Content: The toxicity of cigarette smoke is directly correlated with its chemical composition derived from the pyrolysis of tobacco stem and leaves. Most of the harmful toxic substances are generated by pyrolysis during smoking and depends on pyrolysis conditions. Detailed studies have been conducted on the kinetics of nicotine by use of robust theoretical models in order to determine the rate constants of reactions in nicotine and those of nicotine dissociation via C-C and C-N scission, yielding pyridinyl and methyl radicals, respectively. Research has suggested that acetaldehyde enhances the effect of nicotine, which in turn reinforces addiction characteristics whereas acrolein and crotonaldehyde are ciliatoxic, and can inhibit lung clearance. On the other hand, phenol affects liver enzymes, lungs, kidneys, and the cardiovascular system while m-cresol attacks the nervous system.

Summary and outlook: The characteristics of chemical release during tobacco burning are very important in the tobacco industry and the cigarette smoking community. Understanding individual chemical formation from cigarette smoking will provide the necessary information needed to formulate sound tobacco reform policies from a chemical standpoint. Nonetheless, intense research is needed in this field in order to prescribe possible measures to deter cigarette smoking addiction and ameliorate the grave miseries bedevilling the tobacco smoking community.

目的:尽管对烟草流行的研究结果很多,但对尼古丁、醛类和酚类的形成特征及其相关病因风险的综述在文献中仍然有限。因此,了解烟草燃烧过程中的化学性质和自由基形成是揭示吸烟行为与疾病之间关系的重要课题。这篇综述调查了如何在科学上努力理解烟草热降解过程中分子产物的释放,以及吸烟者的减少危害策略。本文对尼古丁和所选醛类的机理特征进行了批判性的研究。为了这项工作的目的,使用了2004-2021年期间发表的文章,并在PubMed、Google Scholar、Medley、Cochrane和Web of Science上存档。这些文章是根据吸烟对健康的影响、烟草燃烧动力学、戒烟以及烟草作为新出现疾病(如Covid-19)的前体而选择的。内容:香烟烟雾的毒性与其来自烟草茎和叶热解的化学成分直接相关。大多数有害有毒物质是在吸烟过程中通过热解产生的,这取决于热解条件。利用稳健的理论模型对尼古丁的动力学进行了详细的研究,以确定尼古丁中反应的速率常数以及通过C-C和C-N断裂分别产生吡啶基和甲基的尼古丁离解的速率常数。研究表明,乙醛可以增强尼古丁的作用,进而增强成瘾特征,而丙烯醛和巴豆醛具有纤毛毒性,可以抑制肺部清除。另一方面,苯酚会影响肝酶、肺、肾脏和心血管系统,而间甲酚会攻击神经系统。总结与展望:烟草燃烧过程中化学物质释放的特征在烟草行业和吸烟界非常重要。了解吸烟产生的个体化学物质将为从化学角度制定健全的烟草改革政策提供必要的信息。尽管如此,仍需要在这一领域进行深入研究,以制定可能的措施来遏制吸烟成瘾,并减轻困扰吸烟社区的严重痛苦。
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引用次数: 3
A review on chromium health hazards and molecular mechanism of chromium bioremediation. 铬的健康危害及铬生物修复的分子机制综述。
IF 3.9 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-11 Print Date: 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0139
Meesala Krishna Murthy, Pratima Khandayataray, Samprit Padhiary, Dibyaranjan Samal

Living beings have been devastated by environmental pollution, which has reached its peak. The disastrous pollution of the environment is in large part due to industrial wastes containing toxic pollutants. The widespread use of chromium (Cr (III)/Cr (VI)) in industries, especially tanneries, makes it one of the most dangerous environmental pollutants. Chromium pollution is widespread due to ineffective treatment methods. Bioremediation of chromium (Cr) using bacteria is very thoughtful due to its eco-friendly and cost-effective outcome. In order to counter chromium toxicity, bacteria have numerous mechanisms, such as the ability to absorb, reduce, efflux, or accumulate the metal. In this review article, we focused on chromium toxicity on human and environmental health as well as its bioremediation mechanism.

人类受到环境污染的破坏,环境污染已达到顶峰。环境的灾难性污染在很大程度上是由于含有有毒污染物的工业废物。铬(Cr(III)/Cr(VI))在工业中的广泛使用,尤其是在制革厂,使其成为最危险的环境污染物之一。由于处理方法无效,铬污染普遍存在。利用细菌对铬进行生物修复是非常深思熟虑的,因为它具有环保和成本效益。为了对抗铬的毒性,细菌有许多机制,例如吸收、减少、流出或积累金属的能力。在这篇综述文章中,我们重点介绍了铬对人类和环境健康的毒性及其生物修复机制。
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引用次数: 6
Determination of safe levels of persistent organic pollutants in toxicology and epidemiology. 毒理学和流行病学中持久性有机污染物安全水平的测定。
IF 3.9 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-05 Print Date: 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0105
Tom Muir, Joel E Michalek, Raymond F Palmer

We reviewed published manuscripts from toxicology and epidemiology reporting harmful health effects and doses of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), published between 2000 and 2021. We found 42 in vitro, 32 in vivo, and 74 epidemiological studies and abstracted the dose associated with harm in a common Molar unit. We hypothesized that the dose associated with harm would vary between animal and human studies. To test this hypothesis, for each of several POPs, we assessed the significance of variation in the dose associated with a harmful effect [categorized as non-thyroid endocrine (NTE), developmental neurotoxicity (DNT), and Thyroid] with study type (in vitro, in vivo, and Epidemiology) using a linear model after adjustment for basis (lipid weight, wet weight). We created a Calculated Safety Factor (CSF) defined as the toxicology dose divided by epidemiology dose needed to exhibit significant harm. Significant differences were found between study types ranging from <1 to 5.0 orders of magnitude in the dose associated with harm. Our CSFs in lipid weight varied from 12.4 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.3, 47) for NTE effects in Epidemiology relative to in vivo studies to 6,244 (95% CI 2510, 15530) for DNT effects in Epidemiology relative to in vitro in wet weight representing 12.4 to 6.2 thousand-fold more sensitivity in people relative to animals, and mechanistic models, respectively. In lipid weight, all CSF 95% CI lower bounds across effect categories were less than 6.5. CIs for CSFs ranged from less than one to four orders of magnitude for in vivo, and two to five orders of magnitude for in vitro vs. Epidemiology. A global CSF for all Epidemiology vs. all Toxicology was 104.6 (95% CI 72 to 152), significant at p<0.001.

我们回顾了2000年至2021年间发表的毒理学和流行病学报告持久性有机污染物有害健康影响和剂量的手稿。我们发现了42项体外、32项体内和74项流行病学研究,并提取了一个常见摩尔单位中与伤害相关的剂量。我们假设与伤害相关的剂量在动物和人类研究中会有所不同。为了验证这一假设,对于几种持久性有机污染物中的每一种,我们在调整了基础(脂质重量、湿重)后,使用线性模型评估了与研究类型(体外、体内和流行病学)的有害影响[分类为非甲状腺内分泌(NTE)、发育神经毒性(DNT)和甲状腺]相关的剂量变化的显著性。我们创建了一个计算安全系数(CSF),定义为毒理学剂量除以表现出重大危害所需的流行病学剂量。研究类型之间存在显著差异,从体内研究到6244(95%CI 2510,15530),DNT在流行病学中的作用相对于体外湿重,分别是人相对于动物和机制模型的124-62000倍的敏感性。在脂质重量方面,所有疗效类别的CSF 95%CI下限均小于6.5。CSFs在体内的CI小于一到四个数量级,在体外与流行病学的CI小于两到五个数量级。所有流行病学与所有毒理学的全球CSF为104.6(95%CI 72至152),在p
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引用次数: 2
Evaluation of the impact of different disinfectants on new coronavirus and human health. 评估不同消毒剂对新型冠状病毒和人类健康的影响。
IF 3.9 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-05 Print Date: 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0051
Trias Mahmudiono, Pushpamala Ramaiah, Heydar Maleki, Rumi Iqbal Doewes, Mohammed Nader Shalaby, Fahad Alsaikhan, Mohammad Javad Mohammadi

A new health threat was appeared in 2019 known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The new coronavirus distributed all over the world and caused millions of deaths. One way to incomplete the process of COVID-19 transfer from one person to another is using disinfectants. A narrative review study was done on manuscript published documents about the stability of the virus, different types of disinfectants and the effects of disinfectants on SARS-CoV2 and environment from 2005 to 2022 based on Searched databases included Google Scholar, Springer, PubMed, Web of Science and Science Direct (Scopus). All relevant studies published 2005 until 2022 gathered. According to the databases, 670 articles were retrieved. Thirty studies were screened after review and 30 full-text articles entered into the analysis process. Finally, 14 articles were selected in this study. New coronavirus could survive until 9 days in room temperature; the surviving time decreases if temperature increases. The virus can survive in various plastic, glass, and metal surfaces for hours to days. Disinfectants, such as alcohol, isopropanol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and ethanol, can kill 70-90% viruses in up to 30 s but should be noted that these disinfectants are recognized by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) as a potential carcinogen. According to the different reports, increased duration and level of disinfectant exposure can have negative impacts on human and animal health including upper and lower respiratory tract irritation, inflammation, edema, ulceration, and allergic reactions.

2019年出现了一种新的健康威胁,称为严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)或2019冠状病毒病(新冠肺炎)。新型冠状病毒在世界各地传播,造成数百万人死亡。完成新冠肺炎从一个人转移到另一个人的过程的一种方法是使用消毒剂。基于Google Scholar、Springer、PubMed、Web of Science and Science Direct(Scopus)等搜索数据库,对2005年至2022年关于病毒稳定性、不同类型消毒剂以及消毒剂对严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型和环境影响的手稿发表的文件进行了叙述性综述研究。收集了2005年至2022年发表的所有相关研究。根据数据库,检索到670篇文章。30项研究在审查后进行了筛选,30篇全文文章进入了分析过程。最后,本研究选取了14篇文章。新冠病毒在室温下可以存活9天;如果温度升高,则存活时间减少。病毒可以在各种塑料、玻璃和金属表面存活数小时至数天。消毒剂,如酒精、异丙醇、甲醛、戊二醛和乙醇,可以在30秒内杀死70-90%的病毒,但应注意的是,这些消毒剂被职业安全与健康管理局(OSHA)认定为潜在致癌物。根据不同的报告,消毒剂暴露时间和水平的增加会对人类和动物健康产生负面影响,包括上下呼吸道刺激、炎症、水肿、溃疡和过敏反应。
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引用次数: 4
A critical analysis of the MOBI-Kids study of wireless phone use in childhood and adolescence and brain tumor risk. 一项关于儿童和青少年使用无线电话和脑肿瘤风险的MOBI儿童研究的批判性分析。
IF 3.9 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-05 Print Date: 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0040
Lennart Hardell, Joel M Moskowitz

The MOBI-Kids case-control study on wireless phone use and brain tumor risk in childhood and adolescence included the age group 10-24 years diagnosed between 2010 and 2015. Overall no increased risk was found although for brain tumors in the temporal region an increased risk was found in the age groups 10-14 and 20-24 years. Most odds ratios (ORs) in MOBI-Kids were <1.0, some statistically significant, suggestive of a preventive effect from RF radiation; however, this is in contrast to current knowledge about radiofrequency (RF) carcinogenesis. The MOBI-Kids results are not biologically plausible and indicate that the study was flawed due to methodological problems. For example, not all brain tumor cases were included since central localization was excluded. Instead, all brain tumor cases should have been included regardless of histopathology and anatomical localization. Only surgical controls with appendicitis were used instead of population-based controls from the same geographical area as for the cases. In fact, increased incidence of appendicitis has been postulated to be associated with RF radiation which makes selection of control group in MOBI-Kids questionable. Start of wireless phone use up to 10 years before diagnosis was in some analyses included in the unexposed group. Thus, any important results demonstrating late carcinogenesis, a promoter effect, have been omitted from analysis and may underestimate true risks. Linear trend was in some analyses statistically significant in the calculation of RF-specific energy and extremely low frequency (ELF)-induced current in the center of gravity of the tumor. Additional case-case analysis should have been performed. The data from this study should be reanalyzed using unconditional regression analysis adjusted for potential confounding factors to increase statistical power. Then all responding cases and controls could be included in the analyses. In sum, we believe the results as reported in this paper seem uninterpretable and should be dismissed.

MOBI Kids关于儿童和青少年使用无线电话和脑瘤风险的病例对照研究包括2010年至2015年间诊断的10-24岁年龄组。总体而言,没有发现风险增加,尽管在10-14岁和20-24岁的年龄组中发现颞区脑肿瘤的风险增加。MOBI儿童的大多数比值比(OR)为
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引用次数: 2
Occupational and environmental noise exposure during pregnancy and rare health outcomes of offspring: a scoping review focusing on congenital anomalies and perinatal mortality. 妊娠期间的职业和环境噪声暴露与后代罕见的健康结果:一项关注先天性畸形和围产期死亡率的范围界定综述。
IF 3.9 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-03 Print Date: 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0166
Natalia Vincens, Kerstin Persson Waye

As environmental and occupational noise can be health hazards, recent studies have investigated the effects of noise exposure during pregnancy. Despite biological plausibility and animal studies supporting an association, studies focusing on congenital anomalies and perinatal mortality as outcomes of noise exposure are still scarce. We performed a scoping review to collect, summarise, and discuss the existing scientific research about the relationships between noise exposure during pregnancy and congenital anomalies and/or perinatal mortality. We searched electronic databases for papers published between 1970 and March 2021. We included 16 studies (seven on congenital anomalies, three on perinatal mortality, and two on both congenital anomalies and perinatal mortality). We assessed four studies on congenital hearing dysfunction as the definition of congenital anomalies includes functional anomalies. We found few studies on this topic and no studies on the combined effects of occupational and environmental noise exposures. Evidence suggests a small increase in the risk of congenital anomalies in relation to occupational and to a lesser extent environmental noise exposure. In addition, few studies investigated perinatal mortality and the ones that did, used different outcome definitions, so no conclusions could be made. However, a recent big cross-sectional study demonstrated an association between road traffic noise and stillbirth. A few studies suggest a possible association between congenital hearing dysfunction and occupational noise exposure during pregnancy. Future studies with larger samples, better exposure assessments, and better statistical modelling strategies are needed to investigate these relationships further.

由于环境和职业噪音可能对健康造成危害,最近的研究调查了怀孕期间接触噪音的影响。尽管生物学上的合理性和动物研究支持这种关联,但关注先天性畸形和围产期死亡率作为噪声暴露结果的研究仍然很少。我们进行了一项范围界定审查,以收集、总结和讨论关于妊娠期噪声暴露与先天性畸形和/或围产期死亡率之间关系的现有科学研究。我们在电子数据库中搜索了1970年至2021年3月期间发表的论文。我们纳入了16项研究(7项关于先天畸形,3项关于围产期死亡率,2项关于先天异常和围产期死亡率)。我们评估了四项关于先天性听力功能障碍的研究,因为先天性异常的定义包括功能异常。我们发现很少有关于这一主题的研究,也没有关于职业和环境噪声暴露的综合影响的研究。有证据表明,与职业和较小程度的环境噪声暴露有关,先天性畸形的风险略有增加。此外,很少有研究调查围产期死亡率,而那些调查的研究使用了不同的结果定义,因此无法得出结论。然而,最近的一项大型横断面研究表明,道路交通噪音与死胎之间存在关联。一些研究表明,先天性听力功能障碍与妊娠期职业噪声暴露之间可能存在关联。未来的研究需要更大的样本、更好的暴露评估和更好的统计建模策略来进一步调查这些关系。
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引用次数: 0
Dariusz Leszczynski responds to comments of Maël Dieudonné on Leszczynski's review of the scientific evidence on the individual sensitivity to electromagnetic fields (EHS). Dariusz Leszczynski回应了Maël dieudonn<e:1>对Leszczynski关于个体对电磁场敏感性(EHS)的科学证据的评论。
IF 3.9 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-09 Print Date: 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0034
Dariusz Leszczynski

While Dieudonné has praised thoroughness of Leszczynski's review of EHS studies, he was critical of the final conclusions. Leszczynski strongly disagrees with argumentation of Dieudonné that EHS issue is settled and that biomarker research is unnecessary because it is expensive and might produce false positives. Leszczynski's opinion is that his review has demonstrated how very poor scientifically and inadequate statistically is the to-date executed research on EHS. Dieudonné's approach of using such poor science to justify claim that EHS issue is settled and there is no causality link between EHS and EMF exposures, is completely unjustified and simply false.

虽然Dieudoné赞扬了Leszczynski对EHS研究的全面审查,但他对最终结论持批评态度。Leszczynski强烈反对Dieudoné的论点,即EHS问题已经解决,生物标志物研究是不必要的,因为它成本高昂,可能会产生假阳性。Leszczynski的观点是,他的综述已经证明了迄今为止执行的EHS研究在科学上是多么糟糕,在统计上是多么的不充分。Dieudoné利用如此糟糕的科学来证明EHS问题已经解决,EHS和EMF暴露之间没有因果关系的说法是完全不合理的,完全是错误的。
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引用次数: 0
Frontmatter Frontmatter
IF 3.9 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-frontmatter1
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引用次数: 0
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