Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1590/1806-908820210000003
Ana C. Costa, Aylson Costa Oliveira, B. L. C. Pereira, José Reinaldo Moreira da Silva, M. Oliveira, Carolina Nogueira Xavier
ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the basic density of the wood and to simulate the performance of flooring produced with wood from five tropical species: Dipteryx odorata (Cumaru), Handroanthus spp. (Ipê), Hymenaea Courbaril (Jatobá), Astronium Lecointei (Muiracatiara), and Bowdichia virgilioides (Sucupira-Preta). Falling steel sphere, static and dynamic friction, indentation caused by loads applied in small areas, rolling load, and abrasiveness impact tests were simulated. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey’s test at 5% significance, and Pearson’s correlation was performed between the basic density and the indexes of each flooring. The basic density of the wood flooring made from the evaluated species ranged from 0.735 to 0.958 g.cm-3. D. odorata, Handroanthus spp. and H. courbaril woods were classified as heavy, while those of A. Lecointei and B. Virgilioides as moderately heavy. It was possible to indicate D. odorata, Handroanthus spp., H. courbaril, and B. Virgilioides flooring for environments with intense traffic where there is dragging or falling objects such as industries and companies. The A. Lecointei flooring can be used in residential environments with light traffic, where the loads exerted are low. There was a correlation between the basic wood density and the flooring use simulation tests.
{"title":"QUALITY OF TROPICAL HARDWOOD FLOORS","authors":"Ana C. Costa, Aylson Costa Oliveira, B. L. C. Pereira, José Reinaldo Moreira da Silva, M. Oliveira, Carolina Nogueira Xavier","doi":"10.1590/1806-908820210000003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-908820210000003","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the basic density of the wood and to simulate the performance of flooring produced with wood from five tropical species: Dipteryx odorata (Cumaru), Handroanthus spp. (Ipê), Hymenaea Courbaril (Jatobá), Astronium Lecointei (Muiracatiara), and Bowdichia virgilioides (Sucupira-Preta). Falling steel sphere, static and dynamic friction, indentation caused by loads applied in small areas, rolling load, and abrasiveness impact tests were simulated. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey’s test at 5% significance, and Pearson’s correlation was performed between the basic density and the indexes of each flooring. The basic density of the wood flooring made from the evaluated species ranged from 0.735 to 0.958 g.cm-3. D. odorata, Handroanthus spp. and H. courbaril woods were classified as heavy, while those of A. Lecointei and B. Virgilioides as moderately heavy. It was possible to indicate D. odorata, Handroanthus spp., H. courbaril, and B. Virgilioides flooring for environments with intense traffic where there is dragging or falling objects such as industries and companies. The A. Lecointei flooring can be used in residential environments with light traffic, where the loads exerted are low. There was a correlation between the basic wood density and the flooring use simulation tests.","PeriodicalId":21214,"journal":{"name":"Revista Arvore","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67138134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1590/1806-908820210000012
Gustavo Martins Soares, L. Silva, A. Higa, A. Simon, J. B. D. S. José
ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to evaluate the fit of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for height estimation and evaluation of the effects of consortium in a mixed-species plantation of Eucalyptus globulus (E) and Acacia mearnsii (A). The experiment was installed in 2005, on two farms in the municipality of Piratini - RS, where was planted the species Eucalyptus globulus (E) and Acacia mearnsii (A), in monoculture and mixed in simple lines (50%E:50%A - SL), and double lines (50%E:50%A - DL). The training and evaluation of the networks were made in R-project with the package neuralnet. All ANNs, from the simplest to the most complex, showed high values for Rŷy and low for Syx, BIAS and RMSE, with superior results in ANN 3, 4, and 6, which demonstrates that the information of DBHmin, DBHmean, and DBHmax were important stand attributes. Furthermore, the ANNs were able to capture the different growth patterns shown by the species in the different forms of consortiums, therefore is indicated for the height estimation in monocultures and mixed plantations of Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia mearnsii, and only one ANN would be necessary to represent the entire population.
{"title":"ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS (ANN) FOR HEIGHT ESTIMATION IN A MIXED-SPECIES PLANTATION OF Eucalyptus globulus LABILL AND Acacia mearnsii DE WILD","authors":"Gustavo Martins Soares, L. Silva, A. Higa, A. Simon, J. B. D. S. José","doi":"10.1590/1806-908820210000012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-908820210000012","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to evaluate the fit of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for height estimation and evaluation of the effects of consortium in a mixed-species plantation of Eucalyptus globulus (E) and Acacia mearnsii (A). The experiment was installed in 2005, on two farms in the municipality of Piratini - RS, where was planted the species Eucalyptus globulus (E) and Acacia mearnsii (A), in monoculture and mixed in simple lines (50%E:50%A - SL), and double lines (50%E:50%A - DL). The training and evaluation of the networks were made in R-project with the package neuralnet. All ANNs, from the simplest to the most complex, showed high values for Rŷy and low for Syx, BIAS and RMSE, with superior results in ANN 3, 4, and 6, which demonstrates that the information of DBHmin, DBHmean, and DBHmax were important stand attributes. Furthermore, the ANNs were able to capture the different growth patterns shown by the species in the different forms of consortiums, therefore is indicated for the height estimation in monocultures and mixed plantations of Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia mearnsii, and only one ANN would be necessary to represent the entire population.","PeriodicalId":21214,"journal":{"name":"Revista Arvore","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67138480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1590/1806-908820210000035
L. Rodrigues, Noriel Arruda Figueiredo, Vinícius Gomes Vieira Porto, D. G. Barroso
ABSTRACT The cultivation of tuberous-root species such as Moringa oleifera Lam. (moringa) requires well-dimensioned containers and the use of appropriate substrates, since seedlings will be removed from the container before their planting. Sugarcane bagasse, urban waste compost (compost), and vermicompost are promising wastes for substrate composition. The present study aims to assess the quality of moringa grown in substrate produced from sugarcane bagasse associated with compost or vermicompost in different-volume tubes. The study followed a randomized blocks design, at 2x7 factorial arrangement, namely: tubes’ volumes (50 and 240 mL) x seven substrates (commercial substrate; sugarcane bagasse associated with urban waste compost at three different ratios (1:3; 1:1 and 3:1) and sugarcane bagasse associated with vermicompost at ratios 1:3; 1:1 and 3:1). In conclusion, the 240 mL container was the most appropriate one for moringa seedlings’ production. Substrates presenting higher organic compost ratios led to greater shoot and tuberous root growth and to greater nitrogen-use accumulation and efficiency, which was equivalent to that of the commercial substrate. Higher sugarcane bagasse rates in substrate composition made it easier to remove the seedlings from the tubes and led to better physical quality of the clod after seedling removal from the tubes.
{"title":"CLOD STRUCTURE AND THE QUALITY OF MORINGA SEEDLINGS (Moringa oleifera LAM.) GROWN IN COMMERCIAL SUBSTRATE AND IN ORGANIC COMPOSTS","authors":"L. Rodrigues, Noriel Arruda Figueiredo, Vinícius Gomes Vieira Porto, D. G. Barroso","doi":"10.1590/1806-908820210000035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-908820210000035","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The cultivation of tuberous-root species such as Moringa oleifera Lam. (moringa) requires well-dimensioned containers and the use of appropriate substrates, since seedlings will be removed from the container before their planting. Sugarcane bagasse, urban waste compost (compost), and vermicompost are promising wastes for substrate composition. The present study aims to assess the quality of moringa grown in substrate produced from sugarcane bagasse associated with compost or vermicompost in different-volume tubes. The study followed a randomized blocks design, at 2x7 factorial arrangement, namely: tubes’ volumes (50 and 240 mL) x seven substrates (commercial substrate; sugarcane bagasse associated with urban waste compost at three different ratios (1:3; 1:1 and 3:1) and sugarcane bagasse associated with vermicompost at ratios 1:3; 1:1 and 3:1). In conclusion, the 240 mL container was the most appropriate one for moringa seedlings’ production. Substrates presenting higher organic compost ratios led to greater shoot and tuberous root growth and to greater nitrogen-use accumulation and efficiency, which was equivalent to that of the commercial substrate. Higher sugarcane bagasse rates in substrate composition made it easier to remove the seedlings from the tubes and led to better physical quality of the clod after seedling removal from the tubes.","PeriodicalId":21214,"journal":{"name":"Revista Arvore","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67139242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1590/1806-908820210000039
B. Schettini, L. Jacovine, C. M. M. E. Torres, A. Carneiro, Paulo Henrique Villanova, S. J. S. S. D. Rocha, Maria Paula Miranda Xavier Rufino, R. Castro
ABSTRACT Traditional methods of economic evaluation of wood and charcoal production projects are based on indicators analysis, however, they are subject to market variations and uncertainties. The study was carried out in the city of Lamim, Minas Gerais State, to evaluate the economic viability of wood and charcoal production using the kiln-furnace system, due to the need to know the economic viability of this new production system. Sensitivity analysis using the Monte Carlo technique was performed on costs and revenues. The wood and charcoal production cash flow was elaborated and the following criteria were used in the economic analysis: Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), Equivalent Periodic Value (EPV), and Internal Return Rate (IRR). The wood and charcoal production sensitivity analysis was carried out using the software @RISK, according to the VPE parameter, which allows comparing projects with different durations. Wood production was economically viable, with NPV of $40.26 ha-1 and EPV of $ 16.80 ha-1, with an average production cost of $13.51 m3 wood-1. The EPV mean value found in the sensitivity analysis was $18.33 ha-1. The charcoal production was economically viable, with NPV of $4.43 mdc charcoal-1 and EPV of $3.52 mdc charcoal-1. The EPV mean value found in the sensitivity analysis was $9.80 mdc charcoal-1. It was possible to conclude that the wood and charcoal production are economically viable in the region.
{"title":"WOOD AND CHARCOAL PRODUCTION IN THE KILN-FURNACE SYSTEM: HOW DO THE COSTS AND REVENUES VARIATION AFFECT ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY?","authors":"B. Schettini, L. Jacovine, C. M. M. E. Torres, A. Carneiro, Paulo Henrique Villanova, S. J. S. S. D. Rocha, Maria Paula Miranda Xavier Rufino, R. Castro","doi":"10.1590/1806-908820210000039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-908820210000039","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Traditional methods of economic evaluation of wood and charcoal production projects are based on indicators analysis, however, they are subject to market variations and uncertainties. The study was carried out in the city of Lamim, Minas Gerais State, to evaluate the economic viability of wood and charcoal production using the kiln-furnace system, due to the need to know the economic viability of this new production system. Sensitivity analysis using the Monte Carlo technique was performed on costs and revenues. The wood and charcoal production cash flow was elaborated and the following criteria were used in the economic analysis: Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), Equivalent Periodic Value (EPV), and Internal Return Rate (IRR). The wood and charcoal production sensitivity analysis was carried out using the software @RISK, according to the VPE parameter, which allows comparing projects with different durations. Wood production was economically viable, with NPV of $40.26 ha-1 and EPV of $ 16.80 ha-1, with an average production cost of $13.51 m3 wood-1. The EPV mean value found in the sensitivity analysis was $18.33 ha-1. The charcoal production was economically viable, with NPV of $4.43 mdc charcoal-1 and EPV of $3.52 mdc charcoal-1. The EPV mean value found in the sensitivity analysis was $9.80 mdc charcoal-1. It was possible to conclude that the wood and charcoal production are economically viable in the region.","PeriodicalId":21214,"journal":{"name":"Revista Arvore","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67139338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1590/1806-908820210000040
H. Soares, Á. N. Souza, E. S. Santos Júnior, A. Nunes, M. S. Joaquim, Luiz Moreira Coelho Junior
ABSTRACT Faced with the transition in the global energy structure with the shift in consumption of fossil fuels to renewable and clean sources, there has been an increase in the demand for forest biomass for energy purposes, especially wood pellets, and imports have grown in recent years. Therefore, this study analyzed the world concentration of pellet imports from 2012 to 2018. Data on pellet imports were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and the following indicators were used to measure the concentration: Concentration Ratio [CR(k)], Hirschman-Herfindal Index (HHI), Theil Entropy Index (E), Gini Inequality Coefficient (G) and the Hall-Tideman Index (HTI). The results showed a growth of 16.67% p.a. of global pellet imports, from 8.76 million tons (t) in 2012 to 22.15 million tons in 2018. The CR(k) indicated very high concentration for countries and high in the subcontinents. The HHI showed a high concentration for continents and subcontinents and a moderate concentration for countries. Entropy and HTI corroborated the analyzes found in the HHI. The G pointed out strong inequality for all territorial levels and showed trends towards a reduction in inequality as of 2015. The reduction in the concentration in the final years of study is related to the expansion and technological diffusion of energy conversion of the densified biomass, which makes this fuel more affordable.
{"title":"ANALYSIS OF THE WORLDWIDE CONCENTRATION OF PELLET IMPORTS (2012-2018)","authors":"H. Soares, Á. N. Souza, E. S. Santos Júnior, A. Nunes, M. S. Joaquim, Luiz Moreira Coelho Junior","doi":"10.1590/1806-908820210000040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-908820210000040","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Faced with the transition in the global energy structure with the shift in consumption of fossil fuels to renewable and clean sources, there has been an increase in the demand for forest biomass for energy purposes, especially wood pellets, and imports have grown in recent years. Therefore, this study analyzed the world concentration of pellet imports from 2012 to 2018. Data on pellet imports were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and the following indicators were used to measure the concentration: Concentration Ratio [CR(k)], Hirschman-Herfindal Index (HHI), Theil Entropy Index (E), Gini Inequality Coefficient (G) and the Hall-Tideman Index (HTI). The results showed a growth of 16.67% p.a. of global pellet imports, from 8.76 million tons (t) in 2012 to 22.15 million tons in 2018. The CR(k) indicated very high concentration for countries and high in the subcontinents. The HHI showed a high concentration for continents and subcontinents and a moderate concentration for countries. Entropy and HTI corroborated the analyzes found in the HHI. The G pointed out strong inequality for all territorial levels and showed trends towards a reduction in inequality as of 2015. The reduction in the concentration in the final years of study is related to the expansion and technological diffusion of energy conversion of the densified biomass, which makes this fuel more affordable.","PeriodicalId":21214,"journal":{"name":"Revista Arvore","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67138903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1590/1806-908820200000029
D. C. Lima, A. P. Souza, J. F. Keffer, Luana Bouvié, C. C. Martim, Brena Geliane Ferneda
ABSTRACT The use of fire retardants increases efficiency in fighting forest fires, however, it still presents uncertainties regarding environmental contamination, recommendations for preparation, and it lack of regulation in Brazil. In this scenario, alternative products such as water-retaining polymers, that can reduce the rapid evaporation of water, can also have positive effects in terms of reducing fire behavior. Efficiency and ways of using the water-retaining polymer as a short-duration fire retardant (indirect combat) in controlled burns in eucalyptus plantations were evaluated. Five concentrations (dilution in water), three volumes of spray solution, and two post-application times on the combustible material available in the area were evaluated. Controlled burns were conducted downwind, between 10 am and 2 pm, during dry season in the region, with micrometeorological and fire behavior assessments (fire propagation speed and length of flames). Increased spray volume and concentration of water-retaining polymer led to reductions in the spread of fire. In eucalyptus combustible material, the water-retaining polymer can be used as a fire retardant of short duration (effective up to two hours after application), considering a spray volume of 2.0 L m-2 and concentration of 0.0060% (diluted in water).
阻燃剂的使用提高了扑灭森林火灾的效率，然而，在巴西，它仍然存在环境污染、制备建议和缺乏监管方面的不确定性。在这种情况下，保水聚合物等替代产品可以减少水的快速蒸发，也可以在减少火灾行为方面产生积极影响。评价了保水性聚合物在桉树人工林控制烧伤中作为短效阻燃剂(间接阻燃)的效果和方法。评估了五种浓度(在水中稀释)，三体积喷雾溶液和两次对该地区可用可燃材料的应用后时间。在该地区旱季，在上午10点至下午2点之间顺风进行了控制燃烧，并进行了微气象和火灾行为评估(火焰传播速度和火焰长度)。增加保水聚合物的喷雾量和浓度，减少了火灾的蔓延。在桉木可燃材料中，考虑喷雾量为2.0 L m-2，浓度为0.0060%(在水中稀释)，保水性聚合物可作为短期阻燃剂(应用后2小时有效)。
{"title":"EFFECTIVENESS OF WATER-RETAINING POLYMER AS FIRE RETARDANT IN INDIRECT USE","authors":"D. C. Lima, A. P. Souza, J. F. Keffer, Luana Bouvié, C. C. Martim, Brena Geliane Ferneda","doi":"10.1590/1806-908820200000029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-908820200000029","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The use of fire retardants increases efficiency in fighting forest fires, however, it still presents uncertainties regarding environmental contamination, recommendations for preparation, and it lack of regulation in Brazil. In this scenario, alternative products such as water-retaining polymers, that can reduce the rapid evaporation of water, can also have positive effects in terms of reducing fire behavior. Efficiency and ways of using the water-retaining polymer as a short-duration fire retardant (indirect combat) in controlled burns in eucalyptus plantations were evaluated. Five concentrations (dilution in water), three volumes of spray solution, and two post-application times on the combustible material available in the area were evaluated. Controlled burns were conducted downwind, between 10 am and 2 pm, during dry season in the region, with micrometeorological and fire behavior assessments (fire propagation speed and length of flames). Increased spray volume and concentration of water-retaining polymer led to reductions in the spread of fire. In eucalyptus combustible material, the water-retaining polymer can be used as a fire retardant of short duration (effective up to two hours after application), considering a spray volume of 2.0 L m-2 and concentration of 0.0060% (diluted in water).","PeriodicalId":21214,"journal":{"name":"Revista Arvore","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67137963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1590/1806-908820200000030
S. D. Souza, J. Paes, Marina Donária Chaves Arantes, Luciana Ferreira da Silva, Larissa Dudecki
ABSTRACT Non-renewable chemical products are still the most used for wood protection, however, they have negative aspects. Several problems associated with the extensive use of these substances have been reported, such as intoxication of animals and plants, and environmental contamination. This has led to a search for alternative methods of control that cause less impact on the environment. In this context, the use of natural products extracted from different plants can be an alternative to this industrial activity. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of andiroba, copaiba and jatropha oils, either pure or enriched with iodine (I2), to improve the biological resistance of Pinus elliottii wood to wood-decay fungi causing brown, white and soft rot. The andiroba and copaiba oils came from the state of Pará and the jatropha oil came from Paraíba. Thus, we performed resistance tests to accelerated decay (brown and white rot fungi) and soft rot tests in the laboratory. We used pure natural oils and those enriched with sublimated iodine in assessing efficiency. In turn, we evaluated the effects of volatilization and leaching on the efficiency of solutions against decaying fungi. Pure andiroba and jatropha oils were the least efficient in controlling the Trametes versicolor fungus in the accelerated decay biological assay. Moreover, the wood treated with pure copaiba oil (normal situation) was classified as non-resistant for controlling Postia placenta fungus. In the soft rot test, we observed that there was a tendency to improve the wood resistance (normal situation) with an increase in the iodine concentration (I2).
{"title":"EFFICIENCY OF ANDIROBA, COPAIBA AND JATROPHA OILS TO IMPROVE THE RESISTANCE OF Pinus elliottii WOOD TO WOOD-DECAY FUNGI","authors":"S. D. Souza, J. Paes, Marina Donária Chaves Arantes, Luciana Ferreira da Silva, Larissa Dudecki","doi":"10.1590/1806-908820200000030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-908820200000030","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Non-renewable chemical products are still the most used for wood protection, however, they have negative aspects. Several problems associated with the extensive use of these substances have been reported, such as intoxication of animals and plants, and environmental contamination. This has led to a search for alternative methods of control that cause less impact on the environment. In this context, the use of natural products extracted from different plants can be an alternative to this industrial activity. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of andiroba, copaiba and jatropha oils, either pure or enriched with iodine (I2), to improve the biological resistance of Pinus elliottii wood to wood-decay fungi causing brown, white and soft rot. The andiroba and copaiba oils came from the state of Pará and the jatropha oil came from Paraíba. Thus, we performed resistance tests to accelerated decay (brown and white rot fungi) and soft rot tests in the laboratory. We used pure natural oils and those enriched with sublimated iodine in assessing efficiency. In turn, we evaluated the effects of volatilization and leaching on the efficiency of solutions against decaying fungi. Pure andiroba and jatropha oils were the least efficient in controlling the Trametes versicolor fungus in the accelerated decay biological assay. Moreover, the wood treated with pure copaiba oil (normal situation) was classified as non-resistant for controlling Postia placenta fungus. In the soft rot test, we observed that there was a tendency to improve the wood resistance (normal situation) with an increase in the iodine concentration (I2).","PeriodicalId":21214,"journal":{"name":"Revista Arvore","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67137973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1590/1806-908820200000031
E. Eloy, E. Bandera, T. Mangini, Laura da Silva Zanchetta, R. Trevisan, B. O. Caron, L. Candaten
ABSTRACT The cultivation of native and exotic species intercropped in an agroforestry system raises the interest for information on the properties of wood. Therefore, different methods are being tested to improve the technological properties of this material, including drying, which causes changes in the physical and mechanical properties of the wood. The present study investigated the influence of drying on the physical and mechanical properties of wood from tree species grown in an agroforestry system. Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan, Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill × Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake (hybrid), and Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) S.F.Blake were the species selected for the study. Three 9-year-old individuals of each of the species were obtained from an agroforestry system. Thirty wood samples (2.5 × 2.5 × 41 cm) were extracted from each species. The wood samples were divided between temperature treatments; 6 samples were used for each heat treatment (control, 120, 150, 180, and 210 °C), which were then dried for two hours in an oven (with forced air circulation). Following the heat treatment, the mechanical properties of wood samples were evaluated to determine the modulus of elasticity and rupture, the tension in the proportional limit, and maximum force according to the ASTM D-143-94 (2000) standard. Finally, the physical properties of the retractability of the wood samples were evaluated according to the NBR 7190 (ABNT, 1997) standard. Specimens used to analyze this variable came from sections of the wood (sample dimensions: 2.5 × 2.5 × 5 cm) not affected by the static bending test. Our findings indicate that, for all species investigated in this study, drying alters the physical and mechanical properties of the wood, with the most significant changes occurring at temperatures between 120 and 180 °C.
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF DRYING ON THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD FROM TREES GROWN IN AN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM","authors":"E. Eloy, E. Bandera, T. Mangini, Laura da Silva Zanchetta, R. Trevisan, B. O. Caron, L. Candaten","doi":"10.1590/1806-908820200000031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-908820200000031","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The cultivation of native and exotic species intercropped in an agroforestry system raises the interest for information on the properties of wood. Therefore, different methods are being tested to improve the technological properties of this material, including drying, which causes changes in the physical and mechanical properties of the wood. The present study investigated the influence of drying on the physical and mechanical properties of wood from tree species grown in an agroforestry system. Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan, Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill × Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake (hybrid), and Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) S.F.Blake were the species selected for the study. Three 9-year-old individuals of each of the species were obtained from an agroforestry system. Thirty wood samples (2.5 × 2.5 × 41 cm) were extracted from each species. The wood samples were divided between temperature treatments; 6 samples were used for each heat treatment (control, 120, 150, 180, and 210 °C), which were then dried for two hours in an oven (with forced air circulation). Following the heat treatment, the mechanical properties of wood samples were evaluated to determine the modulus of elasticity and rupture, the tension in the proportional limit, and maximum force according to the ASTM D-143-94 (2000) standard. Finally, the physical properties of the retractability of the wood samples were evaluated according to the NBR 7190 (ABNT, 1997) standard. Specimens used to analyze this variable came from sections of the wood (sample dimensions: 2.5 × 2.5 × 5 cm) not affected by the static bending test. Our findings indicate that, for all species investigated in this study, drying alters the physical and mechanical properties of the wood, with the most significant changes occurring at temperatures between 120 and 180 °C.","PeriodicalId":21214,"journal":{"name":"Revista Arvore","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67138021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1590/1806-908820200000019
Gil Pereira, I. Bertol, Bruno Afonso Magro, Ariane Andreola, Bárbara Bagio
ABSTRACT Water erosion is the main factor of degradation and reduction of the productive capacity of the soil, requiring management operations that minimize water and soil losses and at the same time maximize crop productivity. The research aimed to quantify losses by water erosion and, in the runoff water, determine the levels and total losses of P and K during the development of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus benthamii). Eucalyptus was planted in three types of soil preparation: minimum preparation in the direction of the slope, minimum preparation in the contour of the slope, and semi-mechanized preparation, in an experiment in southern Brazil on a Haplic Dystrudept soil. We observed that the mechanical preparation of the soil carried out in the direction of the slope is less effective in controlling soil losses than the mechanical carried out perpendicularly to the slope and also less effective than the manual in pits, in which the soil losses are equivalent to 10% of those that occur in the direction of the slope. As for the control of water losses, manual preparation in pits is more effective than the two mechanized preparations. The greatest losses of soil occur in the fall, with losses 27 times greater in relation to the other seasons of the year, and the greatest losses of water occurred in the mechanized preparation perpendicular to the slope and in the manual preparation. Water losses vary less than soil losses, regardless of the type of soil preparation and the season. The losses of phosphorus and potassium by the Runoff water vary with the contents in the soil, with the type of soil preparation and with the moment of evaluation.
{"title":"WATER EROSION IN EUCALYPTUS FOREST IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF OTACÍLIO COSTA (SC)","authors":"Gil Pereira, I. Bertol, Bruno Afonso Magro, Ariane Andreola, Bárbara Bagio","doi":"10.1590/1806-908820200000019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-908820200000019","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Water erosion is the main factor of degradation and reduction of the productive capacity of the soil, requiring management operations that minimize water and soil losses and at the same time maximize crop productivity. The research aimed to quantify losses by water erosion and, in the runoff water, determine the levels and total losses of P and K during the development of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus benthamii). Eucalyptus was planted in three types of soil preparation: minimum preparation in the direction of the slope, minimum preparation in the contour of the slope, and semi-mechanized preparation, in an experiment in southern Brazil on a Haplic Dystrudept soil. We observed that the mechanical preparation of the soil carried out in the direction of the slope is less effective in controlling soil losses than the mechanical carried out perpendicularly to the slope and also less effective than the manual in pits, in which the soil losses are equivalent to 10% of those that occur in the direction of the slope. As for the control of water losses, manual preparation in pits is more effective than the two mechanized preparations. The greatest losses of soil occur in the fall, with losses 27 times greater in relation to the other seasons of the year, and the greatest losses of water occurred in the mechanized preparation perpendicular to the slope and in the manual preparation. Water losses vary less than soil losses, regardless of the type of soil preparation and the season. The losses of phosphorus and potassium by the Runoff water vary with the contents in the soil, with the type of soil preparation and with the moment of evaluation.","PeriodicalId":21214,"journal":{"name":"Revista Arvore","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67138172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1590/1806-908820200000025
Diego Weslly Ferreira do Nascimento Santos, D. Valente, H. C. Fernandes, A. Souza, L. Minette
ABSTRACT Reducing engine speed and pressure of forest machine hydraulic pumps may be a strategy to achieve a reduction in fuel costs. However, this approach can positively or negatively affect the ergonomic parameters of the operators, in particular, the whole-body vibration and repetitive movements of the operators. The objective of this research was to evaluate the acceleration force resulting from normalized exposure (Aren) and the Real Occupancy Rate and Maximum Occupancy Rate considering Repetitive Activities (ROR-MORCRA) of forwarder operating at different pump pressures, engine speed, and volume of trees. The research was carried out in forest stands with an individual average volume of 0.10, 0.14, and 0.29 m³ tree-1. For each volume, the machine was configured to operate at hydraulic pump pressures of 240, 235, and 230 bar and engine speed of 1550, 1475, and 1400 rpm, totaling 9 combinations. The values were measured in the 9 combinations and also in each phase of the machine operational cycle, using a triaxial accelerometer of the 01dB brand, model Vib 008. To determine ROR, percentage of rest due to regular breaks, percentage of time with low demand activities, percentage of usual irregular breaks, and percentage of very short breaks were calculated. To estimate MORCRA, the repetition, strength, and static effort factors were calculated. In volumes of 0.10, 0.14, and 0.29 m³ tree-1, the highest Aren values were 0.82, 0.88, and 0.99 m s-2, respectively, being obtained at the 1550 rpm engine speed. The forwarder logging operation is characterized as an ergonomic risk, which can cause discomfort, fatigue, and injuries to operators.
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF PUMP PRESSURE AND ENGINE SPEED ON ERGONOMIC PARAMETERS OF FORWARDER OPERATORS","authors":"Diego Weslly Ferreira do Nascimento Santos, D. Valente, H. C. Fernandes, A. Souza, L. Minette","doi":"10.1590/1806-908820200000025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-908820200000025","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Reducing engine speed and pressure of forest machine hydraulic pumps may be a strategy to achieve a reduction in fuel costs. However, this approach can positively or negatively affect the ergonomic parameters of the operators, in particular, the whole-body vibration and repetitive movements of the operators. The objective of this research was to evaluate the acceleration force resulting from normalized exposure (Aren) and the Real Occupancy Rate and Maximum Occupancy Rate considering Repetitive Activities (ROR-MORCRA) of forwarder operating at different pump pressures, engine speed, and volume of trees. The research was carried out in forest stands with an individual average volume of 0.10, 0.14, and 0.29 m³ tree-1. For each volume, the machine was configured to operate at hydraulic pump pressures of 240, 235, and 230 bar and engine speed of 1550, 1475, and 1400 rpm, totaling 9 combinations. The values were measured in the 9 combinations and also in each phase of the machine operational cycle, using a triaxial accelerometer of the 01dB brand, model Vib 008. To determine ROR, percentage of rest due to regular breaks, percentage of time with low demand activities, percentage of usual irregular breaks, and percentage of very short breaks were calculated. To estimate MORCRA, the repetition, strength, and static effort factors were calculated. In volumes of 0.10, 0.14, and 0.29 m³ tree-1, the highest Aren values were 0.82, 0.88, and 0.99 m s-2, respectively, being obtained at the 1550 rpm engine speed. The forwarder logging operation is characterized as an ergonomic risk, which can cause discomfort, fatigue, and injuries to operators.","PeriodicalId":21214,"journal":{"name":"Revista Arvore","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67138354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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