Pub Date : 2022-09-28DOI: 10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i09.007
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Gani, Professor Dr. Feroza Parveen, Dr. Shyamol Kumar Saha, Dr. Aftab Uddin Ahmed, Dr. Md. Mojib Uddin, Dr. Rafika Afrose, Dr. Safia Sultana, Dr. Akm Sazidur Rahman Siddique
Introduction: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly prescribed and used for the treatment of pain and inflammation. Though this type of drug contains many side effects, these are widely used. The present study was conducted to observe the prescribing pattern. The study aimed to observe and assess the usage pattern and prescribing pattern of NSAIDs based on collected data from multiple general and specialized hospitals. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at multiple hospitals in Mymensingh district during the 2- year period from January 2015 to December 2016. For the purpose of this study, a total of 1216 patients of all ages and gender were selected based on whether they were prescribed NSAIDs. Result: Among the participants, 71.4% of the participants using NSAIDs were between the ages of 15-45 years. The difference in prevalence between different age groups was highly significant. Higher male prevalence was observed, with 60.4% male and 39.6% female population. The difference between male and female prevalence was statistically significant. The chief complaint/clinical diagnosis were mentioned as fever (20.1%); backache (15.6%); headache (12.0%); musculoskeletal pain (11.5%); traumatic injury (7.1%); dysmenorrhea (5.3%); infective condition (4.6%); post-surgical pain (1.5%) and others (5.6%) of total prescription. One drug was prescribed in 2.5%, two drugs were in 32.7%, three drugs were in 41.6%, four drugs were in 17.6%, five drugs were in 5.3% and six drugs were prescribed 0.3% prescriptions respectively. Out of the total of 1216 prescriptions: 15.6% were prescribed by a specialist doctor, 63.8% by an MBBS doctor, and 20.6% were prescribed by unqualified prescribers. Cost of prescribed NSAIDs was <10 BDT for 50.5%, 10-50 BDT for 42.9%, >50 BDT for 5.8% and for the remaining 0.8%, the price of prescribed NSAID was unknown. The commonest prescribed NSAIDs were paracetamol (42.1) diclofenac sodium (21.9%); ibuprofen (10.4%); naproxen (5.9%); aspirin (1.6%) and other NSAIDs (18.1%) were prescribed respectively. The commonest prescribed dosage from NSAIDs was tablet/capsule (83.7%); syrup (9.0%); suppository (3.0%); injection (2.0%); suspension (1.8%); topical application (0.5%) was prescribed respectively. Statistically, there was a relationship between different dosage forms of the drug. Tablet/capsule was the highest significant form of the drug. Conclusion: The patients usually consulted with an MBBS doctor. The chief complaint/clinical diagnosis are a fever for patients who consulted the prescribers. The commonest prescribed NSAID is paracetamol. NSAIDs are mentioned in the trade name in most cases. The commonest prescribed dosage of NSAIDs is tablet/capsule
{"title":"Usage and Prescribing Patterns of NSAID in Different General and Specialized Hospitals in Bangladesh","authors":"Dr. Mohammad Abdul Gani, Professor Dr. Feroza Parveen, Dr. Shyamol Kumar Saha, Dr. Aftab Uddin Ahmed, Dr. Md. Mojib Uddin, Dr. Rafika Afrose, Dr. Safia Sultana, Dr. Akm Sazidur Rahman Siddique","doi":"10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i09.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i09.007","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly prescribed and used for the treatment of pain and inflammation. Though this type of drug contains many side effects, these are widely used. The present study was conducted to observe the prescribing pattern. The study aimed to observe and assess the usage pattern and prescribing pattern of NSAIDs based on collected data from multiple general and specialized hospitals. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at multiple hospitals in Mymensingh district during the 2- year period from January 2015 to December 2016. For the purpose of this study, a total of 1216 patients of all ages and gender were selected based on whether they were prescribed NSAIDs. Result: Among the participants, 71.4% of the participants using NSAIDs were between the ages of 15-45 years. The difference in prevalence between different age groups was highly significant. Higher male prevalence was observed, with 60.4% male and 39.6% female population. The difference between male and female prevalence was statistically significant. The chief complaint/clinical diagnosis were mentioned as fever (20.1%); backache (15.6%); headache (12.0%); musculoskeletal pain (11.5%); traumatic injury (7.1%); dysmenorrhea (5.3%); infective condition (4.6%); post-surgical pain (1.5%) and others (5.6%) of total prescription. One drug was prescribed in 2.5%, two drugs were in 32.7%, three drugs were in 41.6%, four drugs were in 17.6%, five drugs were in 5.3% and six drugs were prescribed 0.3% prescriptions respectively. Out of the total of 1216 prescriptions: 15.6% were prescribed by a specialist doctor, 63.8% by an MBBS doctor, and 20.6% were prescribed by unqualified prescribers. Cost of prescribed NSAIDs was <10 BDT for 50.5%, 10-50 BDT for 42.9%, >50 BDT for 5.8% and for the remaining 0.8%, the price of prescribed NSAID was unknown. The commonest prescribed NSAIDs were paracetamol (42.1) diclofenac sodium (21.9%); ibuprofen (10.4%); naproxen (5.9%); aspirin (1.6%) and other NSAIDs (18.1%) were prescribed respectively. The commonest prescribed dosage from NSAIDs was tablet/capsule (83.7%); syrup (9.0%); suppository (3.0%); injection (2.0%); suspension (1.8%); topical application (0.5%) was prescribed respectively. Statistically, there was a relationship between different dosage forms of the drug. Tablet/capsule was the highest significant form of the drug. Conclusion: The patients usually consulted with an MBBS doctor. The chief complaint/clinical diagnosis are a fever for patients who consulted the prescribers. The commonest prescribed NSAID is paracetamol. NSAIDs are mentioned in the trade name in most cases. The commonest prescribed dosage of NSAIDs is tablet/capsule","PeriodicalId":21439,"journal":{"name":"Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84296248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i09.006
Nagar Joginder, Anupama Anand
Nanoparticle drug delivery system is used for drug delivery applications in nanomedicine because of beneficial properties, such as better encapsulation, bioavailability, control release, and lower toxic effect. Nanomedicine and nano delivery systems are a relatively new but rapidly developing science where materials in the nano scale range are employed to serve as means of diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutic agents to specific targeted sites in a controlled manner. There are a number of outstanding applications of the nanomedicine (chemotherapeutic agents, biological agents, immunotherapeutic agents etc. in the treatment of various diseases.The controlled self-assembly of organic and inorganic materials may enable their use in theranostic applications. This review presents an overview of a recent advanced nanoparticle system that can be used as a potential drug delivery carrier and focuses on the potential applications of nanoparticles in various biomedical fields for human health care.
{"title":"Recent Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery System","authors":"Nagar Joginder, Anupama Anand","doi":"10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i09.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i09.006","url":null,"abstract":"Nanoparticle drug delivery system is used for drug delivery applications in nanomedicine because of beneficial properties, such as better encapsulation, bioavailability, control release, and lower toxic effect. Nanomedicine and nano delivery systems are a relatively new but rapidly developing science where materials in the nano scale range are employed to serve as means of diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutic agents to specific targeted sites in a controlled manner. There are a number of outstanding applications of the nanomedicine (chemotherapeutic agents, biological agents, immunotherapeutic agents etc. in the treatment of various diseases.The controlled self-assembly of organic and inorganic materials may enable their use in theranostic applications. This review presents an overview of a recent advanced nanoparticle system that can be used as a potential drug delivery carrier and focuses on the potential applications of nanoparticles in various biomedical fields for human health care.","PeriodicalId":21439,"journal":{"name":"Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87166599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i09.005
D. P. Kumar, Makka Sai Kumar
Background: Hydro ethanolic extract of Coccinia grandis leaves was assumed to have anticonvulsant activity. Objective: To evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of Coccinia grandis by using some animal models like maximal electric shock model, pentylenetetrazole induced seizures, Isoniazid induced seizures. Materials and Methods: Various equipment and apparatus were used in the present study. Hydroethanolic extract of Coccinia grandis was done by Soxhlet apparatus. Phytochemical investigation of the leaf extract of Coccinia grandis was performed. Anticonvulsant activity was determined by using different animal models like maximal electric shock model, pentylenetetrazole induced seizures, Isoniazid induced seizures. Results: Anticonvulsant activity was determined by using different animal models like Maximal electric shock model, pentylenetetrazole induced seizures & Isoniazid induced model. Percentage of protection, Duration of hind limb tonic extension (HLTE), Latency of onset of convulsions were taken as a indication of anticonvulsant activity. Phenytoin and Diazepam showed significant anticonvulsant activity. In the present study the test samples exhibited significant (P < 0.0001) anticonvulsant activity and antioxidant activity at a dose of 200,400mg/kg. It may due to the presence of alkaloids, Phenols, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins and flavonoids terpenoids. Conclusion: In present study leaves of Coccinia grandis extract was collected and anticonvulsant activity was examined in a doses of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg. The results clearly shown that the low dose 200mg/kg of plant extract shown appropriate anticonvulsant activity and the high dose 400mg/kg shown specific anticonvulsant activity when compared to control and standard groups.
{"title":"Evaluation of Anticonvulsant Activity of Hydro Ethanolic Extract of Coccinia grandis in Mice","authors":"D. P. Kumar, Makka Sai Kumar","doi":"10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i09.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i09.005","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hydro ethanolic extract of Coccinia grandis leaves was assumed to have anticonvulsant activity. Objective: To evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of Coccinia grandis by using some animal models like maximal electric shock model, pentylenetetrazole induced seizures, Isoniazid induced seizures. Materials and Methods: Various equipment and apparatus were used in the present study. Hydroethanolic extract of Coccinia grandis was done by Soxhlet apparatus. Phytochemical investigation of the leaf extract of Coccinia grandis was performed. Anticonvulsant activity was determined by using different animal models like maximal electric shock model, pentylenetetrazole induced seizures, Isoniazid induced seizures. Results: Anticonvulsant activity was determined by using different animal models like Maximal electric shock model, pentylenetetrazole induced seizures & Isoniazid induced model. Percentage of protection, Duration of hind limb tonic extension (HLTE), Latency of onset of convulsions were taken as a indication of anticonvulsant activity. Phenytoin and Diazepam showed significant anticonvulsant activity. In the present study the test samples exhibited significant (P < 0.0001) anticonvulsant activity and antioxidant activity at a dose of 200,400mg/kg. It may due to the presence of alkaloids, Phenols, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins and flavonoids terpenoids. Conclusion: In present study leaves of Coccinia grandis extract was collected and anticonvulsant activity was examined in a doses of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg. The results clearly shown that the low dose 200mg/kg of plant extract shown appropriate anticonvulsant activity and the high dose 400mg/kg shown specific anticonvulsant activity when compared to control and standard groups.","PeriodicalId":21439,"journal":{"name":"Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"343 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75941815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-16DOI: 10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i09.004
Mahdi Alfarhan, Hayat Hilan, Ghadeer Hayel Al-Zu’bi, Alia Ali Jaradat, Nawal Hussein Alabbadi
Glycemic control is necessary to reduce morbidity and mortality and improving QoL of T1DMM through the prevention and/or delay of these complications. Despite the high susceptibility of Jordanian patients to diabetes and its complications there is scarcity of data in Jordan on the impact of T1DMM on QoL. There is a particular need for research on patients’ perception about QoL and self-care management for T1DMM. Objectives: The aim for this study is to assess QoL in patients' with TIDM and to find out the associations between demographical and QoL among the patients with TIDM. Methods: The study was conducted using a descriptive cross-sectional design, correlation cross-section. The target population for this study was all Jordanian patients who are suffering from T1DMM, while the accessible population will be all adult Jordanian patients who are suffering from T1DMM attending Queen Alia Military Hospital (QAMH). The study instrument included two parts first one the demographical data section. "Audit of Diabetes Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQoL)" was the second element of the instrument used to assess QoL. The SPSS statistics package's programs were used to conduct the statistical analysis (SPSS 24). Results: About 37.3% of survey participants reported that having type 1 diabetes had a negative influence on their quality of life, while 32.9 percent said that their lives would have been better off without the disease. Patients with T1DM showed that the disease had a poor impact on all ADDQoL dimensions. Important associations were perceived between the average weighted impact of ADDQoL values and diabetes complications in T1DM. Diabetes has a noteworthy influence on the quality of life (QoL) of diabetes patients in Jordan, particularly with relation to the liberty to eat and drink. Conclusion: According to the findings of the current study, T1DMM itself has a detrimental impact on patients' quality of life, particularly on their working lives, health status, .......
{"title":"Quality of Life for Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"Mahdi Alfarhan, Hayat Hilan, Ghadeer Hayel Al-Zu’bi, Alia Ali Jaradat, Nawal Hussein Alabbadi","doi":"10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i09.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i09.004","url":null,"abstract":"Glycemic control is necessary to reduce morbidity and mortality and improving QoL of T1DMM through the prevention and/or delay of these complications. Despite the high susceptibility of Jordanian patients to diabetes and its complications there is scarcity of data in Jordan on the impact of T1DMM on QoL. There is a particular need for research on patients’ perception about QoL and self-care management for T1DMM. Objectives: The aim for this study is to assess QoL in patients' with TIDM and to find out the associations between demographical and QoL among the patients with TIDM. Methods: The study was conducted using a descriptive cross-sectional design, correlation cross-section. The target population for this study was all Jordanian patients who are suffering from T1DMM, while the accessible population will be all adult Jordanian patients who are suffering from T1DMM attending Queen Alia Military Hospital (QAMH). The study instrument included two parts first one the demographical data section. \"Audit of Diabetes Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQoL)\" was the second element of the instrument used to assess QoL. The SPSS statistics package's programs were used to conduct the statistical analysis (SPSS 24). Results: About 37.3% of survey participants reported that having type 1 diabetes had a negative influence on their quality of life, while 32.9 percent said that their lives would have been better off without the disease. Patients with T1DM showed that the disease had a poor impact on all ADDQoL dimensions. Important associations were perceived between the average weighted impact of ADDQoL values and diabetes complications in T1DM. Diabetes has a noteworthy influence on the quality of life (QoL) of diabetes patients in Jordan, particularly with relation to the liberty to eat and drink. Conclusion: According to the findings of the current study, T1DMM itself has a detrimental impact on patients' quality of life, particularly on their working lives, health status, .......","PeriodicalId":21439,"journal":{"name":"Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85195154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-10DOI: 10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i09.003
I. Coulibaly, Sylvestre Traoré, Mohamed dit Sarmoye Traoré, Até Assissè-Nowoto, S. Bah
Introduction: Medicines are special products, and their marketing requires an evaluation of the benefit-risk ratio, which leads to the granting of a marketing authorisation (MA). The objective was to study the conditions for issuing marketing authorisations in Mali. Materials and methods: This was a retro prospective cross-sectional descriptive study conducted from 01 January to 31 December 2019 at the Directorate of Pharmacy and Medicines. It included registration applications examined in 2019 and marketing authorisation applications for medicines for human use. Data entry and analysis was done with SPSS 21.0. Results: Of the 848 dossiers reviewed, 594 were favourable and 254 were unfavourable to the national marketing authorisation commission. Among the 254 refusals, 162 were due to price non-competitiveness, 91 to package insert defects, and only one to an inconclusive clinical study. Conclusion: This study allowed us to note a high number of references for the molecules amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, artemether-lumefantrine, omeprazole, paracetamol, ceftriaxone.
{"title":"Marketing Authorisation for Medicines in Mali: Issues and Prospects","authors":"I. Coulibaly, Sylvestre Traoré, Mohamed dit Sarmoye Traoré, Até Assissè-Nowoto, S. Bah","doi":"10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i09.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i09.003","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Medicines are special products, and their marketing requires an evaluation of the benefit-risk ratio, which leads to the granting of a marketing authorisation (MA). The objective was to study the conditions for issuing marketing authorisations in Mali. Materials and methods: This was a retro prospective cross-sectional descriptive study conducted from 01 January to 31 December 2019 at the Directorate of Pharmacy and Medicines. It included registration applications examined in 2019 and marketing authorisation applications for medicines for human use. Data entry and analysis was done with SPSS 21.0. Results: Of the 848 dossiers reviewed, 594 were favourable and 254 were unfavourable to the national marketing authorisation commission. Among the 254 refusals, 162 were due to price non-competitiveness, 91 to package insert defects, and only one to an inconclusive clinical study. Conclusion: This study allowed us to note a high number of references for the molecules amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, artemether-lumefantrine, omeprazole, paracetamol, ceftriaxone.","PeriodicalId":21439,"journal":{"name":"Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80375317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-09DOI: 10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i09.002
P. A. Dabiré, Andouormwine Abel Somé, Stanislas Sawadogo, K. Sayah, S. Fettach
Background: Excoecaria grahamii is a traditional medicinal plant use in Burkina Faso and other part in the word to treat many diseases. However, its antioxydant and antidiabetic effects are not yet demonstrated. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential inhibitory effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves and roots of Excoecaria grahamii on oxidative stress and hyperglycemia. Materials and Method: The antioxidant effect was investigated by FRAP, DPPH and ABTS essays while the anti-hyperglycemic effect were evaluated using α-amylase and β-galactosidase inhibitory assays. In addition, the phytochemical screening for some targeted compounds was carried out. Results: The result has shown that Excoecaria grahamii have antioxidant effect. Regarding the antidiabetic effect our data have shown only an inhibitory effect on α-amylase enzyme but not on β-galactosidase. Phytochemical study has shown the presence of gallic tannins, terpenoids and flavonoids in all the extract. Only aqueous extract have shown saponins. No catechic tannins and anthraquinones have been showed. Conclusions: This study suggests that Excoecaria grahamii contain chemicals components that can reduce oxidative stress and post prandial glucose enhance. It can be useful in the fight against antioxidant-related diseases such as those seen during ageing.
{"title":"Antioxidant and Anti-Hyperglycemic Activities of Aqueous and Hydro-Ethanolic Extracts of Excoecaria grahamii (Euphorbiacea)","authors":"P. A. Dabiré, Andouormwine Abel Somé, Stanislas Sawadogo, K. Sayah, S. Fettach","doi":"10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i09.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i09.002","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Excoecaria grahamii is a traditional medicinal plant use in Burkina Faso and other part in the word to treat many diseases. However, its antioxydant and antidiabetic effects are not yet demonstrated. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential inhibitory effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves and roots of Excoecaria grahamii on oxidative stress and hyperglycemia. Materials and Method: The antioxidant effect was investigated by FRAP, DPPH and ABTS essays while the anti-hyperglycemic effect were evaluated using α-amylase and β-galactosidase inhibitory assays. In addition, the phytochemical screening for some targeted compounds was carried out. Results: The result has shown that Excoecaria grahamii have antioxidant effect. Regarding the antidiabetic effect our data have shown only an inhibitory effect on α-amylase enzyme but not on β-galactosidase. Phytochemical study has shown the presence of gallic tannins, terpenoids and flavonoids in all the extract. Only aqueous extract have shown saponins. No catechic tannins and anthraquinones have been showed. Conclusions: This study suggests that Excoecaria grahamii contain chemicals components that can reduce oxidative stress and post prandial glucose enhance. It can be useful in the fight against antioxidant-related diseases such as those seen during ageing.","PeriodicalId":21439,"journal":{"name":"Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83269968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-09DOI: 10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i09.001
M. Kumar, S. Parihar
Cough refers to a powerful explosive expiration that clears the tracheobronchial tract of fluids and foreign materials. Given the high frequency of cough in both children and adults, the goal of this review paper was to document the plants used to cure and relieve cough in traditional culture and ethnobotany. The issues arising from the use of traditional opioid antitussive medications, such as codeine and codeine-like compounds, to treat cough in a variety of respiratory disorders. Medicinal plants have the potential to provide compounds with strong antitussive efficacy and little side effects. Specification of active compounds responsible for therapeutic action, as well as their measurement in healing medications, are recent advancements in modern phytotherapy, allowing for treatment rationalisation, particularly dose and monitoring of unwanted effects. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current state of the plant that is utilised as a source of food, cough-suppressing antitussives and expectorants, as well as their active components
{"title":"A Literature Review on Herbs used in Cough Medication","authors":"M. Kumar, S. Parihar","doi":"10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i09.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i09.001","url":null,"abstract":"Cough refers to a powerful explosive expiration that clears the tracheobronchial tract of fluids and foreign materials. Given the high frequency of cough in both children and adults, the goal of this review paper was to document the plants used to cure and relieve cough in traditional culture and ethnobotany. The issues arising from the use of traditional opioid antitussive medications, such as codeine and codeine-like compounds, to treat cough in a variety of respiratory disorders. Medicinal plants have the potential to provide compounds with strong antitussive efficacy and little side effects. Specification of active compounds responsible for therapeutic action, as well as their measurement in healing medications, are recent advancements in modern phytotherapy, allowing for treatment rationalisation, particularly dose and monitoring of unwanted effects. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current state of the plant that is utilised as a source of food, cough-suppressing antitussives and expectorants, as well as their active components","PeriodicalId":21439,"journal":{"name":"Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73674670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i08.002
S. Mudenda, Mirriam Mukela, S. Matafwali, M. Banda, R. Mutati, L. Muungo, V. Daka, S. Saad, F. Bumbangi, Billy Chabalenge
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health problem affecting healthcare systems. There is little information on undergraduate pharmacy students' knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding antibiotic use (AMU) and AMR in Zambia. This study assessed knowledge, attitude, and practices on AMU and AMR among undergraduate pharmacy students at the University of Zambia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among172 randomly selected participants using a structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. Results: Of the 172 total participants, 55.2% (n = 95) were male. Most participants were between 21 and 25 years old (n=110, 64 %). Most of the pharmacy students had good knowledge (n=155, 90% average score), positive attitude (n=145, 84% average score) but suboptimal practices (n=110, 64% average score) about AMU and AMR. Despite these good scores, the prevalence of self-medication using antibiotics was 41% (n=70).Conclusion: Undergraduate pharmacy students had good knowledge, and a positive attitude, but suboptimal practices towards AMU and AMR. A low-average practice score is of great concern and requires urgent attention. There is a need to improve the details of the undergraduate pharmacy curriculum regarding AMU, AMR and antimicrobial stewardship programmes.
背景:抗菌素耐药性(AMR)是影响卫生保健系统的全球性公共卫生问题。关于赞比亚本科药学学生关于抗生素使用(AMU)和AMR的知识、态度和实践的信息很少。本研究评估了赞比亚大学药学本科学生在AMU和AMR方面的知识、态度和实践。材料与方法:本横断面研究采用结构化问卷，随机抽取172名参与者。使用IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20对数据进行分析。结果:172名参与者中，55.2% (n = 95)为男性。大多数参与者年龄在21 - 25岁之间(n=110, 64%)。大多数药学专业学生对AMU和AMR的认识程度(n=155，平均得分90%)良好，态度积极(n=145，平均得分84%)，但实践不佳(n=110，平均得分64%)。尽管得分很高，但使用抗生素自我用药的患病率为41% (n=70)。结论:药学本科学生对AMU和AMR的认知良好，态度积极，但实践不理想。一个低平均的练习成绩是非常值得关注的，需要紧急关注。有必要改善有关AMU, AMR和抗菌药物管理计划的本科药学课程的细节。
{"title":"Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices towards Antibiotic Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Pharmacy Students at the University of Zambia: Implications for Antimicrobial Stewardship Programmes","authors":"S. Mudenda, Mirriam Mukela, S. Matafwali, M. Banda, R. Mutati, L. Muungo, V. Daka, S. Saad, F. Bumbangi, Billy Chabalenge","doi":"10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i08.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i08.002","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health problem affecting healthcare systems. There is little information on undergraduate pharmacy students' knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding antibiotic use (AMU) and AMR in Zambia. This study assessed knowledge, attitude, and practices on AMU and AMR among undergraduate pharmacy students at the University of Zambia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among172 randomly selected participants using a structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. Results: Of the 172 total participants, 55.2% (n = 95) were male. Most participants were between 21 and 25 years old (n=110, 64 %). Most of the pharmacy students had good knowledge (n=155, 90% average score), positive attitude (n=145, 84% average score) but suboptimal practices (n=110, 64% average score) about AMU and AMR. Despite these good scores, the prevalence of self-medication using antibiotics was 41% (n=70).Conclusion: Undergraduate pharmacy students had good knowledge, and a positive attitude, but suboptimal practices towards AMU and AMR. A low-average practice score is of great concern and requires urgent attention. There is a need to improve the details of the undergraduate pharmacy curriculum regarding AMU, AMR and antimicrobial stewardship programmes.","PeriodicalId":21439,"journal":{"name":"Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81408678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-09DOI: 10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i08.001
Harshit Verma, Dr. Pradeep Pal
The transdermal route is an important pathway for localized or systemic effects. The stratum corneum, the outer layer of the skin, is an essential skin permeation barrier for many drugs. To overcome this barrier, several techniques have been developed, including the use of the vehicle and nanocarriers to improve drug penetration. Recently, different types of nanocarriers have been designed to improve the dermal and transdermal delivery of medicines like ‘INVASOME’. We made clotrimazole loaded invasome gel which is used in fungal treatment. The procedure used in formulation of invasomal gel is mechanical dispersion method. This preparation is evaluate by many parameters they are appearance, spreadability, solubility, in vitro drug diffusion. And also discuss application of invasome.
{"title":"Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Invasomes Loaded Clotrimazole Gel for Fungal Treatment","authors":"Harshit Verma, Dr. Pradeep Pal","doi":"10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i08.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i08.001","url":null,"abstract":"The transdermal route is an important pathway for localized or systemic effects. The stratum corneum, the outer layer of the skin, is an essential skin permeation barrier for many drugs. To overcome this barrier, several techniques have been developed, including the use of the vehicle and nanocarriers to improve drug penetration. Recently, different types of nanocarriers have been designed to improve the dermal and transdermal delivery of medicines like ‘INVASOME’. We made clotrimazole loaded invasome gel which is used in fungal treatment. The procedure used in formulation of invasomal gel is mechanical dispersion method. This preparation is evaluate by many parameters they are appearance, spreadability, solubility, in vitro drug diffusion. And also discuss application of invasome.","PeriodicalId":21439,"journal":{"name":"Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77934554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-30DOI: 10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i07.002
Tamara S Al Tawisi, O. Samawi, Buthainah S Al Qudah, R. Ayesh, Mai M Al Falahat
Background: Asthma is a serious global health problem with an estimated 300 million affected individuals. Clinical manifestations of asthma can be controlled with appropriate treatment. When asthma is controlled, severe exacerbations should be rare. The goal of treatment in Asthma is to reduce inflammation and to achieve¸ total control. Treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs can, to a large extent, reverse some of these processes; however, the successful response to therapy often requires weeks to achieve and, in some situations, may be incomplete. Objectives of the study: This study was performed to evaluate the outcomes of Asthma treatment amongst asthmatic patients on follow-up at King Hussein Medical Centre (KHMC) at the Royal Medical Services (RMS) in Jordan/Amman. Methods: A retrospective, observational study was designed and performed on the basis of the asthma patient medical files. The patients’ medical profiles of were revised and the results were assessed according global initiative for asthma (GINA) guidelines. The collected data was analyzed by using statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. Results: A total of 210 asthmatic patient’s profiles were revised, and amongst the patient's majority (62.6%) were males and the average age of the participants was 35.1 years with standard deviation (SD) of 9.4. The most (53.3%) have been prescribed asthmatic drug combination was fluticasone propionate and salmeterol xinafoate (Seretide®) for long term asthmatic symptoms management. Amongst the asthmatic patients, 58 % had used antibacterial for their respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and urinary tract infections (UTIs). Conclusion: This study has shown that, despite the existence of an effective medication for asthma, disease control is insufficient and falls short of the accepted global guidelines.
背景:哮喘是一个严重的全球健康问题，估计有3亿人受其影响。通过适当的治疗，哮喘的临床表现可以得到控制。当哮喘得到控制时，严重的恶化应该是罕见的。哮喘治疗的目标是减少炎症并实现全面控制。用消炎药治疗可以在很大程度上逆转这些过程;然而，对治疗的成功反应往往需要数周才能达到，在某些情况下，可能是不完整的。研究目的:本研究旨在评估在约旦/安曼皇家医疗服务(RMS)侯赛因国王医疗中心(KHMC)随访的哮喘患者的哮喘治疗结果。方法:根据哮喘患者的医疗档案设计并进行回顾性观察性研究。修订了患者的医学概况，并根据全球哮喘倡议(GINA)指南对结果进行了评估。收集的数据采用SPSS (statistical Package for The Social Sciences)第22版进行分析。结果:共修改了210例哮喘患者的资料，其中大多数(62.6%)为男性，参与者的平均年龄为35.1岁，标准差(SD)为9.4。最多(53.3%)的患者长期使用丙酸氟替卡松和沙美特罗(舒利泰®)联合治疗哮喘症状。在哮喘患者中，58%的患者使用过抗菌药物治疗呼吸道感染和尿路感染。结论:本研究表明，尽管存在有效的哮喘药物，但疾病控制不足，未达到公认的全球指南。
{"title":"Evaluation of Asthma Management Outcomes","authors":"Tamara S Al Tawisi, O. Samawi, Buthainah S Al Qudah, R. Ayesh, Mai M Al Falahat","doi":"10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i07.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i07.002","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Asthma is a serious global health problem with an estimated 300 million affected individuals. Clinical manifestations of asthma can be controlled with appropriate treatment. When asthma is controlled, severe exacerbations should be rare. The goal of treatment in Asthma is to reduce inflammation and to achieve¸ total control. Treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs can, to a large extent, reverse some of these processes; however, the successful response to therapy often requires weeks to achieve and, in some situations, may be incomplete. Objectives of the study: This study was performed to evaluate the outcomes of Asthma treatment amongst asthmatic patients on follow-up at King Hussein Medical Centre (KHMC) at the Royal Medical Services (RMS) in Jordan/Amman. Methods: A retrospective, observational study was designed and performed on the basis of the asthma patient medical files. The patients’ medical profiles of were revised and the results were assessed according global initiative for asthma (GINA) guidelines. The collected data was analyzed by using statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. Results: A total of 210 asthmatic patient’s profiles were revised, and amongst the patient's majority (62.6%) were males and the average age of the participants was 35.1 years with standard deviation (SD) of 9.4. The most (53.3%) have been prescribed asthmatic drug combination was fluticasone propionate and salmeterol xinafoate (Seretide®) for long term asthmatic symptoms management. Amongst the asthmatic patients, 58 % had used antibacterial for their respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and urinary tract infections (UTIs). Conclusion: This study has shown that, despite the existence of an effective medication for asthma, disease control is insufficient and falls short of the accepted global guidelines.","PeriodicalId":21439,"journal":{"name":"Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75236428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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