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Risk early warning for unmanned aerial vehicle operators' unsafe acts: A prediction model using Human Factors Analysis and Classification System and random forest. 无人机操作员不安全行为的风险预警:使用人为因素分析与分类系统和随机森林的预测模型。
IF 3 3区 医学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1111/risa.17655
Qin Xiao, Yapeng Li, Fan Luo

The prediction of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operators' unsafe acts is critical for preventing UAV incidents. However, there is a lack of research specifically focusing on UAV operators' unsafe acts, and existing approaches in related areas often lack precision and effectiveness. To address this, we propose a hybrid approach that combines the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) with random forest (RF) to predict and warn against UAV operators' unsafe acts. Initially, we introduce an improved HFACS framework to identify risk factors influencing the unsafe acts. Subsequently, we utilize the adaptive synthetic sampling algorithm (ADASYN) to rectify the imbalance in the dataset. The RF model is then used to construct a risk prediction and early warning model, as well as to identify critical risk factors associated with the unsafe acts. The results obtained through the improved HFACS framework reveal 33 risk factors, encompassing environmental influences, industry influences, unsafe supervision, and operators' states, contributing to the unsafe acts. The RF model demonstrates a significant improvement in prediction performance after applying ADASYN. The critical risk factors associated with the unsafe acts are identified as weak safety awareness, allowing unauthorized flight activities, lack of legal awareness, lack of supervision system, and obstacles. The findings of this study can assist policymakers in formulating effective measures to mitigate incidents resulting from UAV operators' unsafe acts.

预测无人机(UAV)操作员的不安全行为对于预防无人机事故至关重要。然而,目前缺乏专门针对无人机操作员不安全行为的研究,相关领域的现有方法往往缺乏精确性和有效性。为此,我们提出了一种混合方法,将人为因素分析和分类系统(HFACS)与随机森林(RF)相结合,对无人机操作员的不安全行为进行预测和预警。首先,我们引入了改进的 HFACS 框架,以识别影响不安全行为的风险因素。随后,我们利用自适应合成采样算法(ADASYN)来纠正数据集中的不平衡。然后利用 RF 模型构建风险预测和预警模型,并识别与不安全行为相关的关键风险因素。通过改进的 HFACS 框架得出的结果显示,导致不安全行为的风险因素有 33 个,包括环境影响、行业影响、不安全监督和操作员状态。应用 ADASYN 后,射频模型的预测性能有了显著提高。与不安全行为相关的关键风险因素包括安全意识薄弱、允许未经许可的飞行活动、缺乏法律意识、缺乏监管制度和障碍。本研究的结果可帮助决策者制定有效措施,减少无人机操作员不安全行为导致的事故。
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引用次数: 0
On the compatibility of established methods with emerging artificial intelligence and machine learning methods for disaster risk analysis. 灾害风险分析中既有方法与新兴人工智能和机器学习方法的兼容性。
IF 3 3区 医学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1111/risa.17640
Shital Thekdi, Unal Tatar, Joost Santos, Samrat Chatterjee

There is growing interest in leveraging advanced analytics, including artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), for disaster risk analysis (RA) applications. These emerging methods offer unprecedented abilities to assess risk in settings where threats can emerge and transform quickly by relying on "learning" through datasets. There is a need to understand these emerging methods in comparison to the more established set of risk assessment methods commonly used in practice. These existing methods are generally accepted by the risk community and are grounded in use across various risk application areas. The next frontier in RA with emerging methods is to develop insights for evaluating the compatibility of those risk methods with more recent advancements in AI/ML, particularly with consideration of usefulness, trust, explainability, and other factors. This article leverages inputs from RA and AI experts to investigate the compatibility of various risk assessment methods, including both established methods and an example of a commonly used AI-based method for disaster RA applications. This article utilizes empirical evidence from expert perspectives to support key insights on those methods and the compatibility of those methods. This article will be of interest to researchers and practitioners in risk-analytics disciplines who leverage AI/ML methods.

人们对利用先进的分析技术,包括人工智能(AI)和机器学习(ML),进行灾害风险分析(RA)的兴趣与日俱增。这些新兴方法通过数据集的 "学习",为在威胁可能迅速出现和转变的环境中评估风险提供了前所未有的能力。有必要将这些新兴方法与实践中常用的一系列更成熟的风险评估方法进行比较,以了解这些方法。这些现有方法已被风险界普遍接受,并在各个风险应用领域得到广泛应用。风险评估与新兴方法的下一个前沿领域是开发评估这些风险方法与人工智能/ML 最新进展的兼容性的见解,特别是考虑到有用性、信任度、可解释性和其他因素。本文利用风险评估和人工智能专家的意见,研究了各种风险评估方法的兼容性,包括成熟的方法和一种常用的基于人工智能的灾害风险评估应用方法。本文利用来自专家观点的经验证据来支持对这些方法及其兼容性的关键见解。利用人工智能/ML 方法的风险分析学科的研究人员和从业人员会对本文感兴趣。
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引用次数: 0
Case study: The downside of using a worst‐case approach in occupational safety policy as an interpretation of the precautionary principle: Putting the uncertain UXO occupational safety risk into probabilistic perspective 案例研究:在职业安全政策中使用最坏情况方法作为对预防原则的解释的弊端:从概率角度看待不确定的未爆炸弹药职业安全风险
IF 3.8 3区 医学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1111/risa.17653
Marijn Helsloot, Wino Snip, Ira Helsloot
Unexploded ordnance (UXO) from the World Wars on the North Sea floor pose an uncertain occupational safety risk for dredging and cable installation. At present mitigation strategies are based on an interpretation of the precautionary principle that uses a worst‐case approach, that is, assuming that UXO will be encountered, will explode, and will harm people onboard. We propose a probabilistic framework to estimate the UXO risk. Using this probabilistic framework, we conclude that the UXO risk during cable installation meets the prevailing safety standard in the Netherlands. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the UXO risk is lower than the general maritime risk, that is, the occupational health risk caused by the mitigation is higher than the UXO risk itself. We conclude that even for uncertain occupational risks, such as the UXO risk in the North Sea, a probabilistic analysis can be more instrumental in the decision‐making process on accepting and mitigating risks than using worst‐case scenario thinking.
北海海底世界大战遗留下来的未爆弹药(UXO)给疏浚和电缆安装工作带来了不确定的职业安全风险。目前的缓解策略是基于对预防原则的解释,即采用最坏情况下的方法,即假设会遇到未爆炸弹药、弹药会爆炸并对船上人员造成伤害。我们提出了一个概率框架来估计未爆炸弹药的风险。利用这一概率框架,我们得出结论,电缆安装过程中的未爆弹药风险符合荷兰的现行安全标准。此外,我们还证明未爆炸弹药风险低于一般海上风险,也就是说,缓解措施造成的职业健康风险高于未爆炸弹药风险本身。我们的结论是,即使对于不确定的职业风险,如北海的未爆弹药风险,在接受和减轻风险的决策过程中,概率分析比使用最坏情况假设思维更有帮助。
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引用次数: 0
Reexploring the conception of heat-health risk: From the perspectives of dimensionality and spatiality. 重新探讨热健康风险的概念:从维度和空间的角度。
IF 3 3区 医学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-09-15 DOI: 10.1111/risa.17645
Binbin Peng, Marccus D Hendricks, Gregory R Hancock

Extreme heat events are more frequent and intense as a result of global climate change, thus posing tremendous threats to public health. However, extant literature exploring the multidimensional features of heat-health risks from a spatial perspective is limited. This study revisits extreme heat-health risk and decomposes this concept by integrating multi-sourced datasets, identifying compositional features, examining spatial patterns, and comparing classified characteristics based on local conditions. Using Maryland as the focal point, we found that the components of heat-health risk are different from traditional risk dimensions (i.e., vulnerability, hazards, and exposure). Through a local-level clustering analysis, heat-health risks were compared with areas having similar features, and among those with different features. The findings suggest a new perspective for understanding the socio-environmental and socio-spatial features of heat-health risks. They also offer an apt example of applying cross-disciplinary methods and tools for investigating an ever-changing phenomenon. Moreover, the spatial classification mechanism provides insights about the underlying causes of heat-health risk disparities and offers reference points for decision-makers regarding identification of vulnerable areas, resource allocation, and causal inferences when planning for and managing extreme heat disasters.

由于全球气候变化,极端高温事件更加频繁和剧烈,从而对公众健康构成巨大威胁。然而,从空间角度探讨高温健康风险多维特征的现有文献十分有限。本研究重新审视了极端高温健康风险,并通过整合多源数据集、识别组成特征、研究空间模式以及比较基于当地条件的分类特征,对这一概念进行了分解。以马里兰州为焦点,我们发现热健康风险的构成要素与传统的风险维度(即脆弱性、危害和暴露)不同。通过地方层面的聚类分析,我们对具有相似特征的地区和具有不同特征的地区之间的高温健康风险进行了比较。研究结果为了解热健康风险的社会环境和社会空间特征提供了一个新的视角。这些研究还提供了一个应用跨学科方法和工具调查不断变化的现象的恰当范例。此外,空间分类机制提供了有关热健康风险差异根本原因的见解,并为决策者在规划和管理极端热灾害时识别脆弱地区、资源分配和因果推断提供了参考点。
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引用次数: 0
A victim risk identification model for nature‐induced urban disaster emergency response 自然诱发城市灾害应急响应的受害者风险识别模型
IF 3.8 3区 医学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-09-15 DOI: 10.1111/risa.17456
Weipeng Fang, Genserik Reniers, Dan Zhou, Jian Yin, Zhongmin Liu
In recent years, nature‐induced urban disasters in high‐density modern cities in China have raised great concerns. The delayed and imprecise understanding of the real‐time post‐disaster situation made it difficult for the decision‐makers to find a suitable emergency rescue plan. To this end, this study aims to facilitate the real‐time performance and accuracy of on‐site victim risk identification. In this article, we propose a victim identification model based on the You Only Look Once v7‐W6 (YOLOv7‐W6) algorithm. This model defines the “fall‐down” pose as a key feature in identifying urgent victims from the perspective of disaster medicine rescue. The results demonstrate that this model performs superior accuracy (mAP@0.5, 0.960) and inference speed (5.1 ms) on the established disaster victim database compared to other state‐of‐the‐art object detection algorithms. Finally, a case study is illustrated to show the practical utilization of this model in a real disaster rescue scenario. This study proposes an intelligent on‐site victim risk identification approach, contributing significantly to government emergency decision‐making and response.
近年来,在中国高密度现代化城市中,由自然因素引发的城市灾害引起了人们的高度关注。由于对灾后实时情况了解的滞后性和不精确性,决策者很难找到合适的应急救援方案。为此,本研究旨在促进现场灾民风险识别的实时性和准确性。在本文中,我们提出了一种基于 You Only Look Once v7-W6 算法(YOLOv7-W6)的受害者识别模型。该模型将 "倒地 "姿势定义为从灾难医学救援角度识别紧急受害者的关键特征。结果表明,与其他最先进的物体检测算法相比,该模型在已建立的灾民数据库中表现出更高的准确率(mAP@0.5, 0.960)和推理速度(5.1 毫秒)。最后,通过案例研究展示了该模型在实际灾难救援场景中的实际应用。本研究提出了一种智能现场受害者风险识别方法,对政府的应急决策和响应做出了重要贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing safety feedback to the design of small, unmanned aircraft by joint assessment of impact area and human fatality 通过联合评估撞击面积和人员死亡率,加强对小型无人驾驶飞机设计的安全反馈
IF 3.8 3区 医学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1111/risa.17649
Chengpeng Jiang, Henk Blom, Borrdephong Rattanagraikanakorn
Advantages of commercial UAS‐based services come with the disadvantage of posing third party risk (TPR) to overflown population on the ground. Especially challenging is that the imposed level of ground TPR tends to increase linearly with the density of potential customers of UAS services. This challenge asks for the development of complementary directions in reducing ground TPR. The first direction is to reduce the rate of a UAS crash to the ground. The second direction is to reduce overflying in more densely populated areas by developing risk‐aware UAS path planning strategies. The third direction is to develop UAS designs that reduce the product in case of a crashing UAS, where is the size of the crash impact area on the ground, and is the probability of fatality for a person in the crash impact area. Because small UAS accident and incident data are scarce, each of these three developments is in need of predictive models regarding their contribution to ground TPR. Such models have been well developed for UAS crash event rate and risk‐aware UAS path planning. The objective of this article is to develop an improved model and assessment method for the product In literature, the model development and assessment of the latter two terms is accomplished along separate routes. The objective of this article is to develop an integrated approach. The first step is the development of an integrated model for the product . The second step is to show that this integrated model can be assessed by conducting dynamical simulations of Finite Element (FE) or Multi‐Body System (MBS) models of collision between a UAS and a human body. Application of this novel method is illustrated and compared to existing methods for a DJI Phantom III UAS crashing to the ground.
基于无人机系统的商业服务在带来优势的同时,也给地面上的飞越人群带来了第三方风险(TPR)。尤其具有挑战性的是,强加的地面 TPR 水平往往与无人机系统服务潜在客户的密度成线性增长。这一挑战要求在减少地面 TPR 方面发展互补的方向。第一个方向是降低无人机系统坠地率。第二个方向是通过开发具有风险意识的无人机系统路径规划策略,减少人口密集地区的过度飞行。第三个方向是开发无人机系统设计,以减少无人机系统坠毁时的产品,其中是地面坠毁影响区域的大小,是坠毁影响区域内人员的死亡概率。由于小型无人机系统事故和事件数据稀缺,这三种发展情况中的每一种都需要关于其对地面 TPR 贡献的预测模型。此类模型已在无人机系统坠毁事件率和风险意识无人机系统路径规划方面得到了很好的发展。在文献中,后两个术语的模型开发和评估是按照不同的路线完成的。本文旨在开发一种综合方法。第一步是为产品开发一个综合模型。第二步是证明可以通过对无人机系统与人体碰撞的有限元(FE)或多体系统(MBS)模型进行动态模拟来评估该综合模型。在大疆 Phantom III 无人机系统撞击地面时,对这种新方法的应用进行了说明,并与现有方法进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Quantitative risk assessment of radiocesium associated with Japanese foods imported into the United Kingdom 英国进口日本食品中铯的定量风险评估
IF 3.8 3区 医学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1111/risa.17643
Amie Adkin, Kay Rylands, Jessica Goodman, Wayne Oatway, Frederique M. Uy, Joanne Edge, Claire Potter
Damage to a nuclear power station resulted in radioactive contamination of certain areas of Japan in 2011. Legislation was put in place in Europe to establish controls on the import of certain types of food and feed, including a limit of 100 radioactive decays (becquerel, Bq) per second of radiocesium per kg. This legislation was retained in the United Kingdom after leaving the EU and then reviewed in 2021. A quantitative risk assessment was developed to estimate the radiological risk to public health from consuming Japanese food imported into the United Kingdom should the maximum level on radiocesium be removed. Although Japanese monitoring data indicated occurrences when products exceeded the 100 Bq per kg limit, these were found to be rare; a total of 1485 occurrences (0.0013%) of all measured foodstuff samples (>1 million) within the scope of this assessment had radiocesium activity concentrations that exceeded 100 Bq per kg. Using the recorded occurrence and level of radiocesium measured, and the current pattern and volume of food imported from Japan, there was an estimated excess risk of fatal cancer of around one in a million per year, categorized as negligible compared to the baseline 2018–2020 UK cancer fatality rate of around 1 in 4. On the basis of the described assessment and the estimated small additional risk, Great Britain lifted import controls related to radioactivity present in food from Japan. A number of recommendations to address data gaps and approaches in this assessment are made, particularly how we can improve modeling UK dietary habits for specialist foods.
2011 年,一座核电站的损坏导致日本某些地区受到放射性污染。欧洲制定了立法,对某些类型的食品和饲料的进口进行控制,包括每公斤每秒 100 个放射性衰变(贝克勒尔,Bq)的铯含量限制。英国在脱离欧盟后保留了这一立法,并在 2021 年进行了审查。英国制定了一项定量风险评估,以估算如果取消铯的最高含量,食用进口到英国的日本食品对公众健康造成的放射性风险。虽然日本的监测数据显示产品放射性活度浓度超过每千克 100 Bq 上限的情况时有发生,但这种情况非常罕见;在本次评估范围内的所有测量食品样本(100 万个)中,共有 1485 次(0.0013%)放射性活度浓度超过每千克 100 Bq。根据记录的发生率和测得的铯含量,以及目前从日本进口食品的模式和数量,估计每年致命癌症的超额风险约为百万分之一,与 2018-2020 年英国癌症死亡率约为四分之一的基线相比,可以忽略不计。根据上述评估和估计的微小额外风险,英国取消了与日本食品中的放射性有关的进口管制。针对本次评估中的数据缺口和方法提出了一些建议,特别是我们如何改进英国人对专业食品的饮食习惯建模。
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引用次数: 0
The development of resilience research in critical infrastructure systems: A bibliometric perspective 关键基础设施系统复原力研究的发展:文献计量学视角
IF 3.8 3区 医学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1111/risa.17648
Feng Wang, Jin Tian, Zhengguo Xu
Critical infrastructure systems (CISs) are the cornerstone of modern cities. Substantial economic losses and social impacts are caused once natural disasters or man‐made disruptions attack the CISs. As a “resilient city” has become an essential theme of communities’ sustainable development, research on resilience and its practice in industries boost the CISs’ capacity to respond and adapt to changing environments. From the Web of Science (WOS) Core Collection, this study screened 1,247 scientific articles related to resilience in CISs and conducted a bibliometric analysis to investigate the evolution and future potential in this field. Topic visualized networks were constructed for CIS resilience using CiteSpace, a dedicated tool for visualizing and analyzing trends and patterns in scientific literature. The results demonstrate collaborative research networks among countries, institutions, main scholar/group networks, and leading journals publishing CIS resilience work. This study also explained how the research interest evolved over the last 20 years and found the current frontiers pointing to “power systems resilience” and “supply chain resilience.” The reasons were discussed subsequently from the perspectives of the influence that natural hazards (based on the EM‐DAT data) and government policies have upon CISs’ resilience work.
关键基础设施系统(CIS)是现代城市的基石。一旦 CIS 遭到自然灾害或人为破坏,就会造成巨大的经济损失和社会影响。随着 "弹性城市 "成为社区可持续发展的重要主题,有关弹性的研究及其在工业中的实践将提高 CIS 应对和适应不断变化的环境的能力。本研究从科学网(WOS)核心数据库中筛选了 1,247 篇与独联体国家抗灾能力相关的科学文章,并进行了文献计量分析,以调查该领域的演变情况和未来潜力。使用 CiteSpace(一种用于可视化和分析科学文献趋势和模式的专用工具)构建了独联体复原力主题可视化网络。研究结果表明了国家、机构、主要学者/团体网络以及发表独联体复原力研究成果的主要期刊之间的合作研究网络。这项研究还解释了过去 20 年间研究兴趣的演变过程,并发现目前的前沿领域指向 "电力系统复原力 "和 "供应链复原力"。随后从自然灾害(基于 EM-DAT 数据)和政府政策对独联体抗灾工作的影响角度讨论了原因。
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引用次数: 0
Time in hand: Temporal focus in risk discourse and audience emotions on knowledge-sharing platforms. 时间在手:知识共享平台上风险讨论的时间重点与受众情绪。
IF 3 3区 医学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1111/risa.17647
Jiuchang Wei, Yiming Lu, Yi-Na Li

Online knowledge-sharing platforms construct risk knowledge and provide the audience with risk-related scientific facts. We study how speakers organize narratives in past, present, and future foci to influence the audience's emotions through the audience's appraisal of motive congruency and coping potential. Empirical evidence from 210 Technology, Entertainment, Design talks about disasters from 2002 to 2018 demonstrates that emphasizing the past, present, and future in risk narrative leads to the audience's comments with more negative, less positive, and more positive emotions, respectively. Concrete (vs. abstract) portrayal of the risk narrative improves the audience's situational awareness, enhances their risk appraisal, and intensifies the impact of temporal focus on emotions, providing evidence of how temporal focus impacts. These findings demonstrate that temporal focus can effectively reduce risk overreaction or ignorance and facilitate emotion regulation in risk communication.

在线知识共享平台构建了风险知识,并为受众提供了与风险相关的科学事实。我们研究了演讲者如何以过去、现在和未来为中心组织叙述,通过受众对动机一致性和应对潜力的评估来影响受众的情绪。从2002年到2018年的210场有关灾难的科技、娱乐、设计讲座中获得的经验证据表明,在风险叙事中强调过去、现在和未来会导致听众的评论分别带有更多负面情绪、更少正面情绪和更多正面情绪。风险叙事的具体(与抽象)描绘提高了受众的情景意识,增强了他们的风险评估,并强化了时间焦点对情绪的影响,为时间焦点如何产生影响提供了证据。这些研究结果表明,时间聚焦可以有效减少风险过度反应或无知,促进风险交流中的情绪调节。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring dynamic public trust in mega infrastructure projects during online public opinion crises of extreme climate emergencies: Users' behaviors, trust dimensions, and effectiveness of strategies. 在极端气候突发事件的网络舆论危机中,探索超大型基础设施项目的动态公众信任:用户行为、信任维度和策略的有效性。
IF 3 3区 医学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1111/risa.17646
Yang Wang, Ruoyan Gong, Peizhi Xu, Chen Shen

The vulnerability of mega infrastructure projects (MIPs) has generated online public opinion crises, leading to public trust damage. However, few studies focused on the online dynamic trust of MIPs in such crises from the perspective of multiple users. Based on situational crisis communication theory, this study aims to explore the dynamic public trust in MIPs during online public opinion crises of extreme climate emergencies. The extreme heavy rainstorm event in Zhengzhou City, China, was selected as the case. Content analysis, the curve fitting method, and sentiment analysis were conducted to process the collected data from multiple users. The results indicated that the opinions of trust damage were set by "media practitioners" and led by "elites," whereas the opinions of trust repair were directed by "elites," led by "media practitioners," and defended by "individuals." Besides, trust dimensions would change over time; integrity-based and competence-based trust diffused alternatively. "Diminish," "deny," and "rebuild" strategies were proved to be the most effective strategies in integrity-based, competence-based, and competence and integrity-based trust repair, respectively. The findings can contribute to the authorities monitoring online public opinions in extreme climate emergencies and repairing trustworthy images.

超大型基础设施项目(MIP)的脆弱性引发了网络舆论危机,导致公众信任受损。然而,很少有研究从多个用户的视角关注此类危机中超大型基础设施项目的网络动态信任。本研究以情景危机传播理论为基础,旨在探讨极端气候突发事件网络舆情危机中MIP的动态公信力。研究选取了中国郑州市的特大暴雨事件作为案例。对收集到的多用户数据进行了内容分析、曲线拟合法和情感分析。结果表明,信任受损的观点由 "媒体从业者 "设定、"精英 "主导,而信任修复的观点则由 "精英 "引导、"媒体从业者 "主导、"个人 "维护。此外,信任维度会随着时间的推移而变化,诚信型信任和能力型信任交替扩散。事实证明,"削弱"、"否认 "和 "重建 "策略分别是诚信型信任、能力型信任和能力与诚信型信任修复中最有效的策略。研究结果有助于有关部门监测极端气候突发事件中的网络舆情,修复可信形象。
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引用次数: 0
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Risk Analysis
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