Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02475
Dennis M.W. Ochieno
Endophytic Fusarium oxysporum strain V5w2 has been suggested to offer the ecosystem service of suppressing Cosmopolites sordidus and other pests that attack tissue culture banana plants in agroecosystems. The effects of endophytic F. oxysporum V5w2 and nutrient supply on C. sordidus in potted tissue culture banana plants were investigated. In the screenhouse, rhizome damage by C. sordidus larvae was lower in F. oxysporum V5w2-inoculated plants than in non-inoculated ones. Banana plants inoculated with F. oxysporum V5w2 were larger and suffered less rhizome damage but with low chlorophyll content. Weights of C. sordidus larvae were not different between those reared on F. oxysporum V5w2-inoculated banana plants and the non-inoculated ones. Larval C. sordidus from nutrient-treated plants had lower weight than those that fed on plants that did not receive nutrients. In the field, fewer adult C. sordidus were found on F. oxysporum V5w2-inoculated banana plants than on non-inoculated plants 12 h after insect release. The number of adult C. sordidus and their eggs did not vary between F. oxysporum V5w2-inoculated banana plants and controls at the end of the experiment. Adult C. sordidus did not discriminate between nutrient-treated banana plants and those without nutrient treatment. However, non-beneficial interactions between F. oxysporum V5w2 and plant-parasitic nematodes negate the chances of its application as an endophytic biological control agent. In conclusion, while F. oxysporum V5w2 is not quite viable for application as an endophytic biological control agent for C. sordidus and other banana pests, this fungus may still have some potential to offer alternative ecosystem services through the provisioning of pest-inhibitive organic compounds.
内生镰孢菌 V5w2 菌株被认为可提供生态系统服务，抑制农业生态系统中危害组培香蕉植株的 Cosmopolites sordidus 和其他害虫。本研究调查了内生 F. oxysporum V5w2 和养分供应对盆栽香蕉组培植物中 Cosmopolites sordidus 的影响。在筛选室中，接种 F. oxysporum V5w2 的香蕉植株根茎被 C. sordidus 幼虫破坏的程度低于未接种植株。接种了 F. oxysporum V5w2 的香蕉植株较大，根茎受害程度较轻，但叶绿素含量较低。在接种了 F. oxysporum V5w2 的香蕉植株上饲养的 C. sordidus 幼虫与未接种的幼虫的体重没有差异。从营养液处理过的植株上孵化出的 C. sordidus 幼虫的体重低于从未接种营养液的植株上孵化出的幼虫的体重。在田间，释放昆虫 12 小时后，在接种了 F. oxysporum V5w2 的香蕉植株上发现的 C. sordidus 成虫数量少于未接种的植株。实验结束时，接种了 F. oxysporum V5w2 的香蕉植株和对照植株上的 C. sordidus 成虫及其卵的数量没有变化。成虫对营养液处理过的香蕉植株和未处理过的香蕉植株没有区别。然而，F. oxysporum V5w2 与植物寄生线虫之间的无益相互作用否定了其作为内生生物控制剂的应用机会。总之，虽然 F. oxysporum V5w2 不适合作为内生生物防治剂来防治 C. sordidus 和其他香蕉害虫，但这种真菌仍有可能通过提供抑制害虫的有机化合物来提供其他生态系统服务。
{"title":"Fusarium oxysporum and soil nutrient amendments provide short-term inhibition of Cosmopolites sordidus raising questions on biopesticide and plant nutrition potentials in tissue culture banana","authors":"Dennis M.W. Ochieno","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Endophytic <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> strain V5w2 has been suggested to offer the ecosystem service of suppressing <em>Cosmopolites sordidus</em> and other pests that attack tissue culture banana plants in agroecosystems. The effects of endophytic <em>F. oxysporum</em> V5w2 and nutrient supply on <em>C. sordidus</em> in potted tissue culture banana plants were investigated. In the screenhouse, rhizome damage by <em>C. sordidus</em> larvae was lower in <em>F. oxysporum</em> V5w2-inoculated plants than in non-inoculated ones. Banana plants inoculated with <em>F. oxysporum</em> V5w2 were larger and suffered less rhizome damage but with low chlorophyll content. Weights of <em>C. sordidus</em> larvae were not different between those reared on <em>F. oxysporum</em> V5w2-inoculated banana plants and the non-inoculated ones. Larval <em>C. sordidus</em> from nutrient-treated plants had lower weight than those that fed on plants that did not receive nutrients. In the field, fewer adult <em>C. sordidus</em> were found on <em>F. oxysporum</em> V5w2-inoculated banana plants than on non-inoculated plants 12 h after insect release. The number of adult <em>C. sordidus</em> and their eggs did not vary between <em>F. oxysporum</em> V5w2-inoculated banana plants and controls at the end of the experiment. Adult <em>C. sordidus</em> did not discriminate between nutrient-treated banana plants and those without nutrient treatment. However, non-beneficial interactions between <em>F. oxysporum</em> V5w2 and plant-parasitic nematodes negate the chances of its application as an endophytic biological control agent. In conclusion, while <em>F. oxysporum</em> V5w2 is not quite viable for application as an endophytic biological control agent for <em>C. sordidus</em> and other banana pests, this fungus may still have some potential to offer alternative ecosystem services through the provisioning of pest-inhibitive organic compounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article e02475"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, bricolage, often considered an alternative approach to traditional methods of entrepreneurial action, has attracted increasing interest from researchers. This article aims to provide an in-depth overview of the current state of bricolage research and to illuminate the historical development of knowledge in this area. To achieve this objective, we analyzed the literature by adopting the SLNA (Systematic Literature Network Analysis) methodology which combines the systematic review approach with bibliographic network analysis. To enrich this analysis, we also integrated the TCCM approach, which evaluates the literature from the angles of Theory (T), Context (C), Characteristics (C), and Methodology (M). This combination provides an integrated and comprehensive view of the current literature on entrepreneurial bricolage, thereby facilitating an in-depth and structured understanding of this research area. The results of this analysis show that research on bricolage is fragmented across several strands of research, producing a great wealth of knowledge on this entrepreneurial approach. Furthermore, this study identifies existing gaps in the literature and offers a roadmap to guide future research on entrepreneurial bricolage.
{"title":"Entrepreneurial bricolage: A systematic literature network analysis and TCCM approach","authors":"Brahim Aaouid , Abdellah Elboussadi , Omar Boubker , Zakaria Nejjari","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02474","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02474","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, bricolage, often considered an alternative approach to traditional methods of entrepreneurial action, has attracted increasing interest from researchers. This article aims to provide an in-depth overview of the current state of bricolage research and to illuminate the historical development of knowledge in this area. To achieve this objective, we analyzed the literature by adopting the SLNA (Systematic Literature Network Analysis) methodology which combines the systematic review approach with bibliographic network analysis. To enrich this analysis, we also integrated the TCCM approach, which evaluates the literature from the angles of Theory (T), Context (C), Characteristics (C), and Methodology (M). This combination provides an integrated and comprehensive view of the current literature on entrepreneurial bricolage, thereby facilitating an in-depth and structured understanding of this research area. The results of this analysis show that research on bricolage is fragmented across several strands of research, producing a great wealth of knowledge on this entrepreneurial approach. Furthermore, this study identifies existing gaps in the literature and offers a roadmap to guide future research on entrepreneurial bricolage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article e02474"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02462
Amogne Asfaw Eshetu , Asart Mulat Asegie , Samuel Tadesse Addisalem , Faris Hailu , Tinsaye Tamerat
The introduction of Prosopis for environmental rehabilitation in Ethiopia's arid regions led to unanticipated consequences. To overcome these challenges, OXFAM introduced a new technology with multiple benefits. This paper examines the local community's perception, the current Prosopis management system, and potential strategies using exploratory research. Data were collected from 55 purposively selected respondents through key informants (09), focus group discussion (05), survey scheduled interviews (13), in-depth household interviews (28), and direct field observation. Data were analyzed thematically and using descriptive statistics. The result of the study revealed that Prosopis is expanding alarmingly in the area. Pastoralist communities in the study area have a negative attitude towards this alien species. The pilot project was found to be essential and supports the government's effort to decrease the Prosopis invasion and provide alternative income sources. The most critical problems that cooperative members faced included access to credit (PCI=39), lack of technical support after the project exits (PCI=32), and the high price of Prosopis pods extraction and charcoal-making machines (PCI=25). The success of the new technologies depends on their acceptance and adoption by the beneficiaries. Therefore, it is crucial to integrate the various efforts made by stakeholders towards sustainable management of Prosopis juliflora. Providing a supportive environment for new businesses during their critical early stages regarding startup capital, market linkage, technical-skill training, and information can help them survive and grow through the vulnerable period. Further projects and interventions should consider using Prosopis for human nutritious foods, medicinal uses, and honey production.
{"title":"Beyond eradication: Unveiling local voices and proactive management strategies for Prosopis juliflora in eastern Ethiopia's arid landscape","authors":"Amogne Asfaw Eshetu , Asart Mulat Asegie , Samuel Tadesse Addisalem , Faris Hailu , Tinsaye Tamerat","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The introduction of Prosopis for environmental rehabilitation in Ethiopia's arid regions led to unanticipated consequences. To overcome these challenges, OXFAM introduced a new technology with multiple benefits. This paper examines the local community's perception, the current Prosopis management system, and potential strategies using exploratory research. Data were collected from 55 purposively selected respondents through key informants (09), focus group discussion (05), survey scheduled interviews (13), in-depth household interviews (28), and direct field observation. Data were analyzed thematically and using descriptive statistics. The result of the study revealed that Prosopis is expanding alarmingly in the area. Pastoralist communities in the study area have a negative attitude towards this alien species. The pilot project was found to be essential and supports the government's effort to decrease the Prosopis invasion and provide alternative income sources. The most critical problems that cooperative members faced included access to credit (PCI=39), lack of technical support after the project exits (PCI=32), and the high price of Prosopis pods extraction and charcoal-making machines (PCI=25). The success of the new technologies depends on their acceptance and adoption by the beneficiaries. Therefore, it is crucial to integrate the various efforts made by stakeholders towards sustainable management of Prosopis juliflora. Providing a supportive environment for new businesses during their critical early stages regarding startup capital, market linkage, technical-skill training, and information can help them survive and grow through the vulnerable period. Further projects and interventions should consider using Prosopis for human nutritious foods, medicinal uses, and honey production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article e02462"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02458
Olayinka O. Ajani , Mfonobong L. Ekpene , Gbolahan O. Oduselu , Olayinka O. Tolu-Bolaji , Oluwaseun Ejilude
Benzodiazepines' chemistry and synthesis as heterocyclic compounds have recently attracted a lot of attention, due to their extensive biological diversity in drug design and potential for usage in agrochemicals. Eco-friendly and highly efficient method was herein reported for the synthesis of a new series of Schiff base of benzodiazepine derivatives 3a-l using microwave-assisted approach. Firstly, 2,2,4-trimethy1–2,3-dihydro-lH-benzo[b][l,4]diazepine (1) was synthesized by AgNO3-catalyzed reaction of o-phenylenediamine with excess of acetone. Coupling of benzodiazepine 1 with 4-chloroaniline afforded intermediate benzodiazepine 2 which was subsequently reacted with benzaldehyde derivatives via microwave irradiation technique to access twelve final targeted benzodiazepine Schiff bases, 3a-l. The chemical structures of the scaffolds 3a-l were authenticated using analytical and spectroscopic data. Benzodiazepine Schiff bases 3a-l were investigated for their in vitro antimicrobial activities using Agar diffusion technique and screened for their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using microtube dilution technique. Ten pathogenic organisms comprising of seven bacterial and three fungal isolates were utilized for the screening. Ciprofloxacin was the positive control for antibacterial screening while fluconazole was engaged as the positive control for the antifungal screening. The most efficacious antimicrobial agent among the series was (E)-l-(2-Chloropheny1)-N-(4-(2,2,4-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-benzo[b][l,4] diazepinlyl)phenyl)methanimi ne (3b) with a MIC value of 3.13 µg/mL and MBC of 6.25 µg/mL among all the synthesized compounds synthesized and screening for antimicrobial assessment. Compound 3b also emerged as the best anti-tubercular agent IC50 of 40 µg/mL against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis and H37Rv
{"title":"Structure-based design and synthesis of (E)-l-(s-pheny1)-N-(4-(2,2,4-trimethy1–2,3-dihydro-lH-benzo[b][l,4]diazepin-l-yl)phenyl)methanimine motifs as antimicrobial and anti-tubercular agents","authors":"Olayinka O. Ajani , Mfonobong L. Ekpene , Gbolahan O. Oduselu , Olayinka O. Tolu-Bolaji , Oluwaseun Ejilude","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Benzodiazepines' chemistry and synthesis as heterocyclic compounds have recently attracted a lot of attention, due to their extensive biological diversity in drug design and potential for usage in agrochemicals. Eco-friendly and highly efficient method was herein reported for the synthesis of a new series of Schiff base of benzodiazepine derivatives <strong>3a-l</strong> using microwave-assisted approach. Firstly, 2,2,4-trimethy1–2,3-dihydro-lH-benzo[b][l,4]diazepine <strong>(1)</strong> was synthesized by AgNO<sub>3</sub>-catalyzed reaction of <em>o</em>-phenylenediamine with excess of acetone. Coupling of benzodiazepine <strong>1</strong> with 4-chloroaniline afforded intermediate benzodiazepine <strong>2</strong> which was subsequently reacted with benzaldehyde derivatives via microwave irradiation technique to access twelve final targeted benzodiazepine Schiff bases, <strong>3a-l.</strong> The chemical structures of the scaffolds <strong>3a-l</strong> were authenticated using analytical and spectroscopic data. Benzodiazepine Schiff bases <strong>3a-l</strong> were investigated for their <em>in vitro</em> antimicrobial activities using Agar diffusion technique and screened for their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using microtube dilution technique. Ten pathogenic organisms comprising of seven bacterial and three fungal isolates were utilized for the screening. Ciprofloxacin was the positive control for antibacterial screening while fluconazole was engaged as the positive control for the antifungal screening. The most efficacious antimicrobial agent among the series was (<em>E</em>)-<span>l</span>-(2-Chloropheny1)-<em>N</em>-(4-(2,2,4-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-benzo[<em>b</em>][l,4] diazepinlyl)phenyl)methanimi ne (<strong>3b</strong>) with a MIC value of 3.13 µg/mL and MBC of 6.25 µg/mL among all the synthesized compounds synthesized and screening for antimicrobial assessment. Compound <strong>3b</strong> also emerged as the best anti-tubercular agent IC<sub>50</sub> of 40 µg/mL against <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis</em> and H37Rv</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article e02458"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02461
Victor Agyei , Mac E. Nutsuakor , Papa Kofi Amissah-Reynolds , Aisha Ali , Pascal P. Agro , Emmanuel Danquah
Law enforcement is central to the objectives of managing Protected Areas for the benefit of resident species. The study sought to appraise park patrol performance against variables needed for monitoring of the species, according to the ideologies of occupancy modelling in the Kalakpa Resource Reserve (KRR), by estimating patrol effort and comparing to estimates of survey effort needed for a precise occupancy estimation. Patrol indices were obtained from ranger patrol data and used to estimate patrol effort for rangers in the KRR. The survey effort was estimated using the values provided by the occupancy analysis of key ungulate species in KRR, for all encountered ungulates treated as a single group and four species directly sighted/heard on patrols. Encounter rates were low for ungulate species during the study period. The number of species and illegal activities observed were significantly affected by the number of staff on patrol, duration of patrols, and distance patrolled. The patrolling camp had no significant effect on the observations of species and illegal activities. Patrol effort was 190 survey occasions, with the estimated survey effort ranging from 377 to 1068 survey occasions. The estimated survey effort was significantly higher than the patrol effort and necessitated an increase in the number of patrols per unit time to improve the protection of the species in the KRR.
{"title":"Estimated versus actual: variation in patrol effort and estimates of number of surveys needed for efficient law enforcement in protected areas","authors":"Victor Agyei , Mac E. Nutsuakor , Papa Kofi Amissah-Reynolds , Aisha Ali , Pascal P. Agro , Emmanuel Danquah","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Law enforcement is central to the objectives of managing Protected Areas for the benefit of resident species. The study sought to appraise park patrol performance against variables needed for monitoring of the species, according to the ideologies of occupancy modelling in the Kalakpa Resource Reserve (KRR), by estimating patrol effort and comparing to estimates of survey effort needed for a precise occupancy estimation. Patrol indices were obtained from ranger patrol data and used to estimate patrol effort for rangers in the KRR. The survey effort was estimated using the values provided by the occupancy analysis of key ungulate species in KRR, for all encountered ungulates treated as a single group and four species directly sighted/heard on patrols. Encounter rates were low for ungulate species during the study period. The number of species and illegal activities observed were significantly affected by the number of staff on patrol, duration of patrols, and distance patrolled. The patrolling camp had no significant effect on the observations of species and illegal activities. Patrol effort was 190 survey occasions, with the estimated survey effort ranging from 377 to 1068 survey occasions. The estimated survey effort was significantly higher than the patrol effort and necessitated an increase in the number of patrols per unit time to improve the protection of the species in the KRR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article e02461"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02463
Peggy Mutheu Ngila , Bello Adamu Danmallam , Iniunam Aniefiok Iniunam , Anthony Kuria , Rosie Trevelyan
Forests provide vital ecosystem services and support a significant proportion of Earth's terrestrial biodiversity. Despite their ecological importance, global deforestation has accelerated in recent decades, posing a grave threat to biodiversity. Birds within these ecosystems are particularly important for conservation efforts, as they serve as indicators of forest health and overall biodiversity. In this study, we examined the relationship between species richness and functional metrics of forest-dependent birds in Kenya, focusing on the impact of habitat degradation and deforestation. Our objective was to determine how forest loss influences species richness and functional diversity indices, potentially leading to increased functional biotic homogenization. Using citizen science data from the Kenya Bird Map, we classified birds into three categories: forest specialists, forest generalists, and forest visitors. Our findings revealed a decline in both taxonomic richness and functional diversity, alongside an increase in functional evenness in response to forest loss, supporting the hypothesis that deforestation drives biotic homogenization. Forest visitors displayed a heightened sensitivity to forest loss, likely due to the reduction of edge habitats and increased human disturbances, underscoring the need for targeted conservation strategies. Our results underscore the critical role that policies like the Kenyan Forest Policy Act can play in mitigating anthropogenic pressures on forests. By highlighting the importance of preserving mature forests and maintaining forested lands, our study emphasizes how such policies could support biodiversity conservation and sustain essential ecosystem functions within Kenya's diverse forest ecosystems.
{"title":"Impact of forest cover loss on forest dependent avian species in Kenya","authors":"Peggy Mutheu Ngila , Bello Adamu Danmallam , Iniunam Aniefiok Iniunam , Anthony Kuria , Rosie Trevelyan","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forests provide vital ecosystem services and support a significant proportion of Earth's terrestrial biodiversity. Despite their ecological importance, global deforestation has accelerated in recent decades, posing a grave threat to biodiversity. Birds within these ecosystems are particularly important for conservation efforts, as they serve as indicators of forest health and overall biodiversity. In this study, we examined the relationship between species richness and functional metrics of forest-dependent birds in Kenya, focusing on the impact of habitat degradation and deforestation. Our objective was to determine how forest loss influences species richness and functional diversity indices, potentially leading to increased functional biotic homogenization. Using citizen science data from the Kenya Bird Map, we classified birds into three categories: forest specialists, forest generalists, and forest visitors. Our findings revealed a decline in both taxonomic richness and functional diversity, alongside an increase in functional evenness in response to forest loss, supporting the hypothesis that deforestation drives biotic homogenization. Forest visitors displayed a heightened sensitivity to forest loss, likely due to the reduction of edge habitats and increased human disturbances, underscoring the need for targeted conservation strategies. Our results underscore the critical role that policies like the Kenyan Forest Policy Act can play in mitigating anthropogenic pressures on forests. By highlighting the importance of preserving mature forests and maintaining forested lands, our study emphasizes how such policies could support biodiversity conservation and sustain essential ecosystem functions within Kenya's diverse forest ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article e02463"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-03DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02456
Ikenna B. Onyeachu , Dheeraj S. Chauhan , Mumtaz A. Quraishi , Shailendra Yadav , Savas Kaya , Goncagul Serdaroğlu
N'-((E)-3-phenylallylidene)hydrazinethiocarbohydrazide (PHCT) was synthesized, purified, characterized and assessed for its inhibitive property against the sweet corrosion of C1018 carbon steel in CO2-saturated 3.5 % NaCl + 500 ppm HAc solution at 25 and 60 °C. At 50 ppm and 25 °C, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed that the presence of PHCT in the electric double layer fortified the hydrophobicity of the region and mitigated rate of charge transfer. Potentiodynamic polarization (PP) measurements at 25 °C showed that PHCT is a mixed-type inhibitor, which could reduce corrosion rate from 24.32 mpy in blank to 0.67 mpy at 50 ppm dosage and deliver 97.24 % inhibition efficiency. PHCT adsorbs, principally, using its NH2, C = S and C = C functional groups, based on FTIR characterization. Computational modeling using the FMO and MEP analyses confirmed that PHCT exhibits higher electron donating than electron accepting power and interacts with the metal surface through nitrogen and sulfur atoms. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the ability of PHCT to protect the steel surface from localized pitting corrosion. Although increasing the temperature up to 60 °C diminished the efficiency of PHCT, the inhibitor was able to provide up to 92 % efficiency.
对 N'-((E)-3-苯基亚烯丙基)肼基硫代甲酰肼（PHCT）进行了合成、纯化和表征，并评估了其在二氧化碳饱和的 3.5 % NaCl + 500 ppm HAc 溶液中于 25 和 60 °C 下对 C1018 碳钢甜腐蚀的抑制性。在 50 ppm 和 25 °C条件下，电化学阻抗谱（EIS）证实，双电层中 PHCT 的存在增强了该区域的疏水性，降低了电荷转移速率。25 °C 时的电位极化（PP）测量结果表明，PHCT 是一种混合型抑制剂，在 50 ppm 的剂量下可将腐蚀速率从空白时的 24.32 mpy 降低到 0.67 mpy，抑制效率为 97.24%。根据傅立叶变换红外光谱分析，PHCT 主要利用其 NH2、C = S 和 C = C 官能团进行吸附。利用 FMO 和 MEP 分析建立的计算模型证实，PHCT 的电子供能高于电子受能，并通过氮原子和硫原子与金属表面相互作用。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）证实了 PHCT 保护钢表面免受局部点腐蚀的能力。虽然温度升高到 60 ℃ 会降低 PHCT 的效率，但这种抑制剂的效率仍高达 92%。
{"title":"Evaluation of thiocarbohydrazide derivative as corrosion inhibitor for C1018 carbon steel in 3.5% NaCl + 500ppm HAc solution: Electrochemical, SEM, FTIR and computational studies","authors":"Ikenna B. Onyeachu , Dheeraj S. Chauhan , Mumtaz A. Quraishi , Shailendra Yadav , Savas Kaya , Goncagul Serdaroğlu","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>N</em>'-((<em>E</em>)-3-phenylallylidene)hydrazinethiocarbohydrazide (PHCT) was synthesized, purified, characterized and assessed for its inhibitive property against the sweet corrosion of C1018 carbon steel in CO<sub>2</sub>-saturated 3.5 % NaCl + 500 ppm HAc solution at 25 and 60 °C. At 50 ppm and 25 °C, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed that the presence of PHCT in the electric double layer fortified the hydrophobicity of the region and mitigated rate of charge transfer. Potentiodynamic polarization (PP) measurements at 25 °C showed that PHCT is a mixed-type inhibitor, which could reduce corrosion rate from 24.32 mpy in blank to 0.67 mpy at 50 ppm dosage and deliver 97.24 % inhibition efficiency. PHCT adsorbs, principally, using its NH<sub>2</sub>, C = S and C = C functional groups, based on FTIR characterization. Computational modeling using the FMO and MEP analyses confirmed that PHCT exhibits higher electron donating than electron accepting power and interacts with the metal surface through nitrogen and sulfur atoms. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the ability of PHCT to protect the steel surface from localized pitting corrosion. Although increasing the temperature up to 60 °C diminished the efficiency of PHCT, the inhibitor was able to provide up to 92 % efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article e02456"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142586428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rising global cost of housing demands innovative solutions to improve construction materials and reduce expenses, making affordable housing more attainable. This study investigates the synergistic benefits of eco-friendly additives—kenaf fiber and glass powder—in masonry applications aimed at affordable housing solutions. The aim is to identify the effect of different kenaf fiber and glass powder proportions on lateritic brick. Kenaf fiber was incorporated into a cement-lateritic clay mix at varying percentages (0.5 %, 1.0 %, 1.5 %, and 2.0 %), while glass powder replaced cement at levels of 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, and 40 %. The reference mix was prepared as 20 % cement, 20 % sand, and 60 % laterite clay while the water/cement ratio was maintained at 0.4. Results indicate that kenaf fiber and glass powder significantly improve compressive, flexural, and splitting strengths compared to the reference mix. However, kenaf fiber exhibits a reduction in ultrasonic velocity. The dosage of kenaf fiber and glass powder profoundly influences the hybrid material properties. The study has revealed that 4 % of glass powder and 1 % of kenaf fiber highly improved the compressive strength, flexural strength and ultrasonic velocity of the mixes. On the other hand, 4 % of glass powder and 1.5 % of kenaf fiber highly improved the splitting strength of the material. These results were supported by a predictive model validated against experimental data. Optimization reveals an optimum mix with 20.44 % cement replacement (comprising 15.91 % cement, 4.08 % glass powder, and 1.19 % kenaf fiber), 20 % sand and 58.80 % clay, offering balanced performance for masonry bricks in affordable mass housing construction.
{"title":"Experimental analysis and optimization of kenaf fiber-lateritic bricks using glass powder as partial cement replacement","authors":"Abayomi Adewale Akinwande , Abiola Oluwasogo Oyediran , Oluwatosin Abiodun Balogun , Ronke Boluwatife Balogun , Chady El Hachem , Oussama Accouche , Marc Azab","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02457","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02457","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rising global cost of housing demands innovative solutions to improve construction materials and reduce expenses, making affordable housing more attainable. This study investigates the synergistic benefits of eco-friendly additives—kenaf fiber and glass powder—in masonry applications aimed at affordable housing solutions. The aim is to identify the effect of different kenaf fiber and glass powder proportions on lateritic brick. Kenaf fiber was incorporated into a cement-lateritic clay mix at varying percentages (0.5 %, 1.0 %, 1.5 %, and 2.0 %), while glass powder replaced cement at levels of 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, and 40 %. The reference mix was prepared as 20 % cement, 20 % sand, and 60 % laterite clay while the water/cement ratio was maintained at 0.4. Results indicate that kenaf fiber and glass powder significantly improve compressive, flexural, and splitting strengths compared to the reference mix. However, kenaf fiber exhibits a reduction in ultrasonic velocity. The dosage of kenaf fiber and glass powder profoundly influences the hybrid material properties. The study has revealed that 4 % of glass powder and 1 % of kenaf fiber highly improved the compressive strength, flexural strength and ultrasonic velocity of the mixes. On the other hand, 4 % of glass powder and 1.5 % of kenaf fiber highly improved the splitting strength of the material. These results were supported by a predictive model validated against experimental data. Optimization reveals an optimum mix with 20.44 % cement replacement (comprising 15.91 % cement, 4.08 % glass powder, and 1.19 % kenaf fiber), 20 % sand and 58.80 % clay, offering balanced performance for masonry bricks in affordable mass housing construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article e02457"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-31DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02454
Val Hyginus Udoka Eze , Joseph Simera Mwenyi , Kelechi John Ukagwu , Martin C. Eze , Chidinma Esther Eze , Wisdom O. Okafor
Sustainable energy is central to achieving the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in electrifying underserved communities. This study examines Sigulu Island, which lacks grid electricity and relies on costly, polluting diesel generators. On-site assessments revealed a daily load demand of 1,455.705 kWh. This study designed and analyzed a Sustainable Techno-economic Hybrid Renewable Energy System (STHRES) combining solar photovoltaics and wind turbines, with battery backup, to meet the island's energy needs. The research adopted both qualitative and quantitative methods, gathering atmospheric weather conditions specific to Sigulu Island. Solar panels and wind turbines were identified as the most viable options, with the system incorporating 677 units of 1 kW solar panels and 27 units of 1 kW wind turbines, generating 839.97 kW and 640.08 kW daily, respectively. Additionally, 527 Li-ion batteries were used to store approximately 1480.05 kW of surplus energy demand to manage fluctuations capable of sustaining the island for 8 hours during a total blackout. The initial installation costs are estimated at $90,393.04 for solar PV, $27,729.82 for wind turbines, $159,169.81 for batteries, and $92,407.00 for the inverter. The STHRES is projected to save $56,917.93 annually, covering 15.4 % of the installation costs compared to diesel operations. Moreover, this system will reduce Uganda's carbon footprint by 436,035.6 kgCO₂ annually, equivalent to a 0.01 % reduction in national emissions. The proposed system decreases the Net Present Cost (NPC) from $426,617.60 to $369,699.67 and the Cost of Energy (COE) from $32.12/kWh to $ 27.79/kWh. With a 9 % Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and a 3 % Return on Investment (ROI), STHRES has a payback period of 8.2 years, demonstrating its financial and environmental benefits for Sigulu Island.
{"title":"Design analysis of a sustainable techno-economic hybrid renewable energy system: Application of solar and wind in Sigulu Island, Uganda","authors":"Val Hyginus Udoka Eze , Joseph Simera Mwenyi , Kelechi John Ukagwu , Martin C. Eze , Chidinma Esther Eze , Wisdom O. Okafor","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable energy is central to achieving the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in electrifying underserved communities. This study examines Sigulu Island, which lacks grid electricity and relies on costly, polluting diesel generators. On-site assessments revealed a daily load demand of 1,455.705 kWh. This study designed and analyzed a Sustainable Techno-economic Hybrid Renewable Energy System (STHRES) combining solar photovoltaics and wind turbines, with battery backup, to meet the island's energy needs. The research adopted both qualitative and quantitative methods, gathering atmospheric weather conditions specific to Sigulu Island. Solar panels and wind turbines were identified as the most viable options, with the system incorporating 677 units of 1 kW solar panels and 27 units of 1 kW wind turbines, generating 839.97 kW and 640.08 kW daily, respectively. Additionally, 527 Li-ion batteries were used to store approximately 1480.05 kW of surplus energy demand to manage fluctuations capable of sustaining the island for 8 hours during a total blackout. The initial installation costs are estimated at $90,393.04 for solar PV, $27,729.82 for wind turbines, $159,169.81 for batteries, and $92,407.00 for the inverter. The STHRES is projected to save $56,917.93 annually, covering 15.4 % of the installation costs compared to diesel operations. Moreover, this system will reduce Uganda's carbon footprint by 436,035.6 kgCO₂ annually, equivalent to a 0.01 % reduction in national emissions. The proposed system decreases the Net Present Cost (NPC) from $426,617.60 to $369,699.67 and the Cost of Energy (COE) from $32.12/kWh to $ 27.79/kWh. With a 9 % Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and a 3 % Return on Investment (ROI), STHRES has a payback period of 8.2 years, demonstrating its financial and environmental benefits for Sigulu Island.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article e02454"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142586429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lithium (Li)recovery is significant due to an increasing need for Li in diverse applications, particularly in the energy storage domain. In this study, a synthesized adsorbent was developed and utilized to efficiently recover Li. Therefore, this research aims to assess the effectiveness of using the synthesized adsorbent LiHMO to recover Li from the aqueous solution. The surface area and characteristics of the synthesized adsorbent were subjected to analysis utilizing different methods and techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The findings indicated that the synthesized adsorbent demonstrated exceptional adsorption capabilities for Li recovery. Characterization analysis revealed a well-defined porous structure and functional groups on the adsorbent's surface, facilitating adsorption. The surface area of the adsorbent was determined to be 25.54 m²/g, providing a substantial active surface for adsorption processes. The Box-Behnken response surface method (RSM) was utilized to optimize the recovery process for key factors such as pH, adsorbent dose, time, and concentration. The critical operating parameters identified included a pH of 4, initial concentration of 900 mg/L, contact time of 460 min, and adsorbent dosage of 1300 mg/L. The obtained data were analyzed using a quadratic model, yielding an R² value of 0.9538, indicating that the adsorbent is effective in Li adsorption. The optimal conditions for maximizing Li recovery were found to be 95 % and 89 % for maximum and minimum recovery, respectively. The amount of adsorbate adsorbed (qe) was determined to be 6.2 mg g-1. Various kinetic models and isotherms were utilized to conform to these parameters. The Freundlich isotherm and the intraparticle diffusion model showed strong fits, as evidenced by their R² results of 0.9876 and 0.9862, respectively. The kinetic study suggested that the intraparticle-diffusion model best explained the adsorption process, indicating chemisorption as the rate-limiting step. The equilibrium data fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm, suggesting multilayer adsorption with heterogeneous surface energies. Furthermore, the study assessed the adsorbent's regeneration potential, finding that the first cycle of regeneration achieved 91.9 % efficiency, while the fifth cycle maintained a high efficiency of 89.7 %, indicating good reusability of the adsorbent. The study's findings showcase the efficiency of the synthesized adsorbent LiHMO in Li recovery from aqueous solutions, offering valuable information about the best conditions for the adsorption process. As a result of its superior sorption capacity and high recovery of adsorbed Li, the LiHMO adsorbent was selected as the optimal choice for Li recovery from aqueous solutions.
{"title":"Lithium recovery in a batch adsorption study: Synthesis, characterization, optimization, regeneration, kinetics, and isotherm studies","authors":"B․N․S Al-Dhawi , S․R․M Kutty , A․M Alawag , N․M․Y Almahbashi , F․A․H Al-Towayti , A․S Algamili , A․H Jagaba , A․H Birniwa","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium (Li)recovery is significant due to an increasing need for Li in diverse applications, particularly in the energy storage domain. In this study, a synthesized adsorbent was developed and utilized to efficiently recover Li. Therefore, this research aims to assess the effectiveness of using the synthesized adsorbent LiHMO to recover Li from the aqueous solution. The surface area and characteristics of the synthesized adsorbent were subjected to analysis utilizing different methods and techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The findings indicated that the synthesized adsorbent demonstrated exceptional adsorption capabilities for Li recovery. Characterization analysis revealed a well-defined porous structure and functional groups on the adsorbent's surface, facilitating adsorption. The surface area of the adsorbent was determined to be 25.54 m²/g, providing a substantial active surface for adsorption processes. The Box-Behnken response surface method (RSM) was utilized to optimize the recovery process for key factors such as pH, adsorbent dose, time, and concentration. The critical operating parameters identified included a pH of 4, initial concentration of 900 mg/L, contact time of 460 min, and adsorbent dosage of 1300 mg/L. The obtained data were analyzed using a quadratic model, yielding an R² value of 0.9538, indicating that the adsorbent is effective in Li adsorption. The optimal conditions for maximizing Li recovery were found to be 95 % and 89 % for maximum and minimum recovery, respectively. The amount of adsorbate adsorbed (q<sub>e</sub>) was determined to be 6.2 mg g<sup>-1</sup>. Various kinetic models and isotherms were utilized to conform to these parameters. The Freundlich isotherm and the intraparticle diffusion model showed strong fits, as evidenced by their R² results of 0.9876 and 0.9862, respectively. The kinetic study suggested that the intraparticle-diffusion model best explained the adsorption process, indicating chemisorption as the rate-limiting step. The equilibrium data fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm, suggesting multilayer adsorption with heterogeneous surface energies. Furthermore, the study assessed the adsorbent's regeneration potential, finding that the first cycle of regeneration achieved 91.9 % efficiency, while the fifth cycle maintained a high efficiency of 89.7 %, indicating good reusability of the adsorbent. The study's findings showcase the efficiency of the synthesized adsorbent LiHMO in Li recovery from aqueous solutions, offering valuable information about the best conditions for the adsorption process. As a result of its superior sorption capacity and high recovery of adsorbed Li, the LiHMO adsorbent was selected as the optimal choice for Li recovery from aqueous solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article e02449"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142593771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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