Pub Date : 2023-06-23DOI: 10.1080/03071022.2023.2211430
Aashish Velkar
{"title":"Rethinking Secular Time in Victorian England","authors":"Aashish Velkar","doi":"10.1080/03071022.2023.2211430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2023.2211430","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21866,"journal":{"name":"Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88436053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/03071022.2023.2179744
Tuula Rekola
ABSTRACT Drawing on various socio-historical sources, this article examines the impact of military service on people categorised as zigenare or tattare (historical terms referring to Roma in Finland) in the eastern borderland of the Swedish Kingdom circa 1743–1809. The article explores how military service influenced their social position and subsistence, and the ways in which they were viewed by others in society during an era when Sweden reinforced its eastern defences against the Russian Empire. I argue that military service acted to integrate people categorised as zigenare or tattare into society by providing them with legal status. Simultaneously, however, it strengthened their existing ethnic label, which was strongly connected with mobility, criminality and idleness. This was because soldiers categorised as zigenare or tattare often served in enlisted regiments that did not provide them with subsistence throughout the year. Hence, they often ended up practising itinerant occupations to make a living. This strengthened the general perception that zigenare and tattare had an innate tendency to roam, reinforcing their stigmatisation. The article adds an important dimension to the scholarship on the relationship between ethnicity and the military, hitherto inadequately examined in the early modern context.
{"title":"A double-edged sword: the impact of military service on ‘zigenare’ and ‘tattare’ in Finland, c.1743–1809","authors":"Tuula Rekola","doi":"10.1080/03071022.2023.2179744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2023.2179744","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Drawing on various socio-historical sources, this article examines the impact of military service on people categorised as zigenare or tattare (historical terms referring to Roma in Finland) in the eastern borderland of the Swedish Kingdom circa 1743–1809. The article explores how military service influenced their social position and subsistence, and the ways in which they were viewed by others in society during an era when Sweden reinforced its eastern defences against the Russian Empire. I argue that military service acted to integrate people categorised as zigenare or tattare into society by providing them with legal status. Simultaneously, however, it strengthened their existing ethnic label, which was strongly connected with mobility, criminality and idleness. This was because soldiers categorised as zigenare or tattare often served in enlisted regiments that did not provide them with subsistence throughout the year. Hence, they often ended up practising itinerant occupations to make a living. This strengthened the general perception that zigenare and tattare had an innate tendency to roam, reinforcing their stigmatisation. The article adds an important dimension to the scholarship on the relationship between ethnicity and the military, hitherto inadequately examined in the early modern context.","PeriodicalId":21866,"journal":{"name":"Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80343437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/03071022.2023.2179747
Helen Berry
ABSTRACT This article presents a new analysis of the distribution of apprenticeships brokered by the London Foundling Hospital, England’s pre-eminent charitable foundation in the eighteenth century for orphaned and abandoned children. It explores the similarities and differences between charity apprenticeship and parish apprenticeship systems in supplying pauper children’s labour during the critical first phase of the English Industrial Revolution, within a wider European context. The results of this analysis illustrate that foundling children were set to work in agriculture, mainly in northern England, and in a variety of small manufacturing and retailing industries in the London area. For a short time, foundling girls were sent in batches to work in textile factories in the North and Midlands, but this practice was soon ended over concerns for children’s welfare. The extensive patronage networks of Foundling Hospital Governors and inspectors, the location of provincial branch hospitals set up to cope with the high volume of so-called ‘General Reception’ children, and gendered expectations of the life courses of the labouring poor were the most significant factors in determining where foundling children were sent as apprentices, and how they were employed.
{"title":"The occupational distribution of foundling apprentices during the English Industrial Revolution","authors":"Helen Berry","doi":"10.1080/03071022.2023.2179747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2023.2179747","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article presents a new analysis of the distribution of apprenticeships brokered by the London Foundling Hospital, England’s pre-eminent charitable foundation in the eighteenth century for orphaned and abandoned children. It explores the similarities and differences between charity apprenticeship and parish apprenticeship systems in supplying pauper children’s labour during the critical first phase of the English Industrial Revolution, within a wider European context. The results of this analysis illustrate that foundling children were set to work in agriculture, mainly in northern England, and in a variety of small manufacturing and retailing industries in the London area. For a short time, foundling girls were sent in batches to work in textile factories in the North and Midlands, but this practice was soon ended over concerns for children’s welfare. The extensive patronage networks of Foundling Hospital Governors and inspectors, the location of provincial branch hospitals set up to cope with the high volume of so-called ‘General Reception’ children, and gendered expectations of the life courses of the labouring poor were the most significant factors in determining where foundling children were sent as apprentices, and how they were employed.","PeriodicalId":21866,"journal":{"name":"Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79030193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/03071022.2023.2178188
A. Bingham
{"title":"British Pop Archive, John Rylands Library, University of Manchester","authors":"A. Bingham","doi":"10.1080/03071022.2023.2178188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2023.2178188","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21866,"journal":{"name":"Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86211846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/03071022.2023.2178195
Barnabas Balint
ideology should spur a search for a new valuation of labour, the pursuit of a different kind of working, and possibly, more generally, a new understanding of the position of labour in society itself (264–76). In summary, Arbeit features an incredibly rich discussion that could perhaps only be improved upon slightly with a greater discussion of the Nazi party’s left wing as represented by Strasserism until 1934 (49).
{"title":"In Hitler’s Munich: Jews, the revolution, and the rise of Nazism","authors":"Barnabas Balint","doi":"10.1080/03071022.2023.2178195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2023.2178195","url":null,"abstract":"ideology should spur a search for a new valuation of labour, the pursuit of a different kind of working, and possibly, more generally, a new understanding of the position of labour in society itself (264–76). In summary, Arbeit features an incredibly rich discussion that could perhaps only be improved upon slightly with a greater discussion of the Nazi party’s left wing as represented by Strasserism until 1934 (49).","PeriodicalId":21866,"journal":{"name":"Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88600101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/03071022.2023.2179742
Robert Portass
ABSTRACT This article investigates an important but neglected question concerning the social and economic dynamics of village communities in early medieval north-western Iberia: why did ‘medium owners’ – that is, peasants who accumulated significant landed holdings – assemble portfolios of property large enough to produce significant surpluses in an age in which the institutional infrastructure needed to marketise such surpluses was rudimentary? The pursuit of upward social mobility is most commonly posed as the answer to this question; but how exactly did medium owners stand to gain? After all, north-western Iberia in the early Middle Ages was a scarcely monetised society in which would-be medium owners could not expect to be paid in coin for the sale of their surplus and consequently see their options as buyers increase. Why, then, assume the risks involved in expanding one’s farming operation? Certainly, the acquisition of landed wealth brought with it clear advantages, including symbolic prestige and an expanded client network. Yet this article suggests that we can better understand why socially mobile peasants sought to own landed resources capable of producing significant surpluses only if we are prepared to re-examine important historiographical motifs, including peasant risk aversion, and the culturally constituted nature of the subsistence minimum.
{"title":"Peasant proprietors, social mobility and risk aversion in the early Middle Ages: an Iberian case study","authors":"Robert Portass","doi":"10.1080/03071022.2023.2179742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2023.2179742","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article investigates an important but neglected question concerning the social and economic dynamics of village communities in early medieval north-western Iberia: why did ‘medium owners’ – that is, peasants who accumulated significant landed holdings – assemble portfolios of property large enough to produce significant surpluses in an age in which the institutional infrastructure needed to marketise such surpluses was rudimentary? The pursuit of upward social mobility is most commonly posed as the answer to this question; but how exactly did medium owners stand to gain? After all, north-western Iberia in the early Middle Ages was a scarcely monetised society in which would-be medium owners could not expect to be paid in coin for the sale of their surplus and consequently see their options as buyers increase. Why, then, assume the risks involved in expanding one’s farming operation? Certainly, the acquisition of landed wealth brought with it clear advantages, including symbolic prestige and an expanded client network. Yet this article suggests that we can better understand why socially mobile peasants sought to own landed resources capable of producing significant surpluses only if we are prepared to re-examine important historiographical motifs, including peasant risk aversion, and the culturally constituted nature of the subsistence minimum.","PeriodicalId":21866,"journal":{"name":"Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85150697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/03071022.2023.2178189
Moritz Föllmer
{"title":"German Angst: fear and democracy in the Federal Republic of Germany","authors":"Moritz Föllmer","doi":"10.1080/03071022.2023.2178189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2023.2178189","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21866,"journal":{"name":"Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79264423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/03071022.2023.2178193
Axel Dessein
{"title":"Arbeit, Dienst und Führung. Der Nationalsozialismus und sein Erbe [Labour, Service and Leadership: National socialism and its legacy]","authors":"Axel Dessein","doi":"10.1080/03071022.2023.2178193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2023.2178193","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21866,"journal":{"name":"Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89981432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/03071022.2023.2179743
Hillary Taylor
ABSTRACT This article examines controversies related to a neglected aspect of early modern English grain marketing: toll corn. Such disputes and the litigation that they occasioned provided opportunities for individuals of various positions – including those who sold grain on the market – to reassert normative ideals about the considerations that should take precedence in the market: specifically, the belief that the needs of the poor should outweigh the interests of private individuals (or, less often, corporate entities), and that those in authority had a paternalistic duty to ensure that the poor’s needs were met. That these points were articulated in toll corn-related suits throughout the period indicates their continued hold in some quarters, even after they had ceased to be reflected in ‘official’ policies regarding grain provision. However, controversies about toll corn also demonstrated the extent to which such thinking could ring hollow in practice. Individual authorities’ willingness to fulfil the material component of their duty to their inferiors was not accompanied by a mandate that they do so kindly. The politics of toll corn – like contemporary ideologies and practices of paternalism – both enabled and circumscribed the labouring population’s ability to shape the terms of their subordination in early modern England.
{"title":"Paternalism and the politics of ‘toll corn’ in early modern England","authors":"Hillary Taylor","doi":"10.1080/03071022.2023.2179743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2023.2179743","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines controversies related to a neglected aspect of early modern English grain marketing: toll corn. Such disputes and the litigation that they occasioned provided opportunities for individuals of various positions – including those who sold grain on the market – to reassert normative ideals about the considerations that should take precedence in the market: specifically, the belief that the needs of the poor should outweigh the interests of private individuals (or, less often, corporate entities), and that those in authority had a paternalistic duty to ensure that the poor’s needs were met. That these points were articulated in toll corn-related suits throughout the period indicates their continued hold in some quarters, even after they had ceased to be reflected in ‘official’ policies regarding grain provision. However, controversies about toll corn also demonstrated the extent to which such thinking could ring hollow in practice. Individual authorities’ willingness to fulfil the material component of their duty to their inferiors was not accompanied by a mandate that they do so kindly. The politics of toll corn – like contemporary ideologies and practices of paternalism – both enabled and circumscribed the labouring population’s ability to shape the terms of their subordination in early modern England.","PeriodicalId":21866,"journal":{"name":"Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87044589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/03071022.2023.2146897
S. Krishnan
ABSTRACT This article examines the role of the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) in constructing the terms of political engagement for young Christian women in South Asia. It focuses on a periodical called The Young Women of India and Ceylon, published between 1908 and 1916, which typically carried didactic essays and short aphoristic pieces of writing by Western educators and social workers, addressing a predominantly South Asian readership. Through this magazine, as well as through its Bible-study groups, social events, sporting gatherings and social work activities, the YWCA sought both to create opportunities for women’s participation in public life in South Asia and to articulate the boundaries of proper Christian womanhood in this practice. In particular, I argue that the writing in this magazine emphasised ideals of enterprise, positivity and professionalism. The article also examines the effects of this discourse, considering how South Asian Christian women inhabited an ethic of religious womanhood and showing that they engaged in a balancing act that both reiterated and contested the missionary ideal of ‘good’ womanhood.
摘要本文探讨了基督教女青年协会(YWCA)在南亚基督教女青年政治参与方面所扮演的角色。它的重点是一本名为《印度和锡兰的年轻妇女》(The Young Women of India and Ceylon)的期刊，该期刊于1908年至1916年间出版，通常刊登西方教育工作者和社会工作者的说教文章和简短的警句，主要面向南亚读者。通过这本杂志，以及它的圣经学习小组、社会活动、体育集会和社会工作活动，基督教女青年会力求为妇女参与南亚的公共生活创造机会，并在这种实践中阐明适当的基督教妇女的界限。我特别认为，这本杂志的文章强调了企业、积极和专业的理想。文章还考察了这种话语的影响，考虑了南亚基督教妇女如何居住在宗教女性的伦理中，并表明她们参与了一种平衡的行为，既重申又质疑传教士的“好”女性理想。
{"title":"Ideal girls for Christian internationalism: the YWCA in early twentieth-century South Asia","authors":"S. Krishnan","doi":"10.1080/03071022.2023.2146897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2023.2146897","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the role of the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) in constructing the terms of political engagement for young Christian women in South Asia. It focuses on a periodical called The Young Women of India and Ceylon, published between 1908 and 1916, which typically carried didactic essays and short aphoristic pieces of writing by Western educators and social workers, addressing a predominantly South Asian readership. Through this magazine, as well as through its Bible-study groups, social events, sporting gatherings and social work activities, the YWCA sought both to create opportunities for women’s participation in public life in South Asia and to articulate the boundaries of proper Christian womanhood in this practice. In particular, I argue that the writing in this magazine emphasised ideals of enterprise, positivity and professionalism. The article also examines the effects of this discourse, considering how South Asian Christian women inhabited an ethic of religious womanhood and showing that they engaged in a balancing act that both reiterated and contested the missionary ideal of ‘good’ womanhood.","PeriodicalId":21866,"journal":{"name":"Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81043205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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