Pub Date : 2023-03-04DOI: 10.1080/02670844.2023.2225004
L. Gopal, T. Sudarshan
Surfaces define the outer boundaries of an object and interact with the surrounding medium in a multitude of ways. Surface texture, defined as “the local deviation of a surface from a perfectly flat plane “[1], is a crucial determinant of the functionalities of various materials, be they natural or man-made. In nature, surface texture has evolved to meet the diverse survival needs of living organisms. For instance, Darkling beetles Figure 1(a) and some types of cacti Figure 1(b) that inhabit desert environments possess specialised bumps, grooves, or 3D hierarchical structures on their body surfaces, which condense water from the air [2,3]. The surface texture of the lotus leaf Figure 1(c) is the most cited example of hydrophobic surfaces, bordering on being a cliché. Manmade surface textures can be perceived as nominal or actual. The nominal surface refers to the intended contour of the surface, while the actual surface is determined by the manufacturing processes used to create it [5]. Surface texture is typically categorised into roughness, waviness, lay, and flaws Figure 2. Roughness is determined by the characteristics of the materials and processes used to form the surface and manifests as small, finely-spaced deviations from the nominal surface. Waviness, on the other hand, consists of much larger deviations caused by factors such as work deflexion, vibration, and heat treatment. Roughness is typically superimposed on waviness. The lay of the surface texture refers to the predominant direction or pattern of the surface, while flaws are irregularities that occur occasionally on the surface, such as cracks, scratches, and inclusions. Although flaws are related to surface texture, they also affect surface integrity. The texture of a surface can contribute to aesthetics, safety, assembly, and functionality. For example, the shininess or dullness of a surface can impact its perceived aesthetic value, while the surface’s mechanical properties, absorption, friction and wear, corrosion and wear behaviour, adhesion, and electrical and thermal conductivity, can affect its overall functionality. Smooth surfaces are better suited for electrical contacts, while rough surfaces are better suited for water repellency and friction like in brakes. The texture is the single driving cause for the presence or absence of friction between mating surfaces. As early as the 18th century, Bernard Forest de Bélidor recognised that friction arises from the numerous hemispherical peaks and valleys on the mating surfaces, a concept furthered by Coulomb in his exposition of lubrication [8]. There are various categories of texturing methods, including addition, removal, displacement of material, and self-forming methods [9]. The most common industrial texturing processes such as shot blasting, milling, grinding, etching, lithography, laser methods, and manual polishing fall under the removal category. Replica methods such as master printing and microcontact printing, and 3
曲面定义对象的外部边界,并以多种方式与周围介质交互。表面纹理,被定义为“表面与完美平面的局部偏差”[1],是各种材料功能的关键决定因素,无论是天然材料还是人造材料。在自然界中,表面纹理已经进化,以满足生物的不同生存需求。例如,黑暗甲虫图1(a)和某些类型的仙人掌图1(b)栖息在沙漠环境中的动物体表有专门的凸起、凹槽或3D层次结构,这些结构会凝结空气中的水分[2,3]。荷叶的表面纹理图1(c)是疏水表面最常被引用的例子,近乎陈词滥调。人造表面纹理可以被视为名义纹理或实际纹理。标称表面是指表面的预期轮廓,而实际表面是由用于创建它的制造工艺决定的[5]。表面纹理通常分为粗糙度、波纹度、铺设和缺陷(图2)。粗糙度是由用于形成表面的材料和工艺的特性决定的,表现为与标称表面的微小、精细的偏差。另一方面,波纹度由工件挠曲、振动和热处理等因素引起的较大偏差组成。粗糙度通常叠加在波纹度上。表面纹理的层次是指表面的主要方向或图案,而缺陷是指表面偶尔出现的不规则性,如裂纹、划痕和夹杂物。虽然缺陷与表面纹理有关,但它们也会影响表面完整性。表面的纹理有助于美观、安全、组装和功能。例如,表面的光泽或无光泽会影响其感知的美学价值,而表面的机械性能、吸收、摩擦和磨损、腐蚀和磨损行为、附着力以及导电性和导热性会影响其整体功能。光滑的表面更适合电接触,而粗糙的表面更适用于防水和摩擦,就像在制动器中一样。纹理是导致配合表面之间存在或不存在摩擦的唯一原因。早在18世纪,Bernard Forest de Bélidor就认识到摩擦源于配合表面上的许多半球形峰和谷,库仑在其润滑学的阐述中进一步提出了这一概念[8]。有各种类型的纹理方法,包括添加、去除、材料位移和自成型方法[9]。最常见的工业纹理工艺,如喷丸、铣削、研磨、蚀刻、光刻、激光方法和手动抛光,属于去除类别。复制方法,如母版印刷和微接触印刷,以及3D增材制造,都是基于添加的方法。每种技术都有其独特的优点和缺点,选择合适的方法取决于表面类型、所需的纹理和所需的精度。例如,喷丸处理是在金属表面形成粗糙纹理的理想方法,而蚀刻则有助于在玻璃上产生精确的图案。所有这些方法都在工业上可用,并且已经实现了特定功能和应用的规模经济。增材制造方法使生产具有复杂亚微米和纳米结构的复杂和多尺度材料成为可能,比以往任何时候都更接近自然[10]。例如,双光子光刻(TPL)可以产生任何复杂度的亚微米分辨率的三维(3D)结构[10]。通过控制亚微米和纳米级表面特征的形状、尺寸和分布图3,现在可以创造出具有前所未有能力的表面,如可定制的超疏水性[11]、增强的摩擦学性能和增强的生物相容性。飞秒激光微加工最近允许固体表面的纳米纹理在空气中表现出超亲水性,在水下表现出超疏油性,模仿鱼鳞图4。仿生亚微米拓扑工程的一些应用已经超出了学术界的兴趣,并提供了现实世界的解决方案。一个这样的例子是雾收集的发展
{"title":"Functional surfaces through texture management","authors":"L. Gopal, T. Sudarshan","doi":"10.1080/02670844.2023.2225004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2023.2225004","url":null,"abstract":"Surfaces define the outer boundaries of an object and interact with the surrounding medium in a multitude of ways. Surface texture, defined as “the local deviation of a surface from a perfectly flat plane “[1], is a crucial determinant of the functionalities of various materials, be they natural or man-made. In nature, surface texture has evolved to meet the diverse survival needs of living organisms. For instance, Darkling beetles Figure 1(a) and some types of cacti Figure 1(b) that inhabit desert environments possess specialised bumps, grooves, or 3D hierarchical structures on their body surfaces, which condense water from the air [2,3]. The surface texture of the lotus leaf Figure 1(c) is the most cited example of hydrophobic surfaces, bordering on being a cliché. Manmade surface textures can be perceived as nominal or actual. The nominal surface refers to the intended contour of the surface, while the actual surface is determined by the manufacturing processes used to create it [5]. Surface texture is typically categorised into roughness, waviness, lay, and flaws Figure 2. Roughness is determined by the characteristics of the materials and processes used to form the surface and manifests as small, finely-spaced deviations from the nominal surface. Waviness, on the other hand, consists of much larger deviations caused by factors such as work deflexion, vibration, and heat treatment. Roughness is typically superimposed on waviness. The lay of the surface texture refers to the predominant direction or pattern of the surface, while flaws are irregularities that occur occasionally on the surface, such as cracks, scratches, and inclusions. Although flaws are related to surface texture, they also affect surface integrity. The texture of a surface can contribute to aesthetics, safety, assembly, and functionality. For example, the shininess or dullness of a surface can impact its perceived aesthetic value, while the surface’s mechanical properties, absorption, friction and wear, corrosion and wear behaviour, adhesion, and electrical and thermal conductivity, can affect its overall functionality. Smooth surfaces are better suited for electrical contacts, while rough surfaces are better suited for water repellency and friction like in brakes. The texture is the single driving cause for the presence or absence of friction between mating surfaces. As early as the 18th century, Bernard Forest de Bélidor recognised that friction arises from the numerous hemispherical peaks and valleys on the mating surfaces, a concept furthered by Coulomb in his exposition of lubrication [8]. There are various categories of texturing methods, including addition, removal, displacement of material, and self-forming methods [9]. The most common industrial texturing processes such as shot blasting, milling, grinding, etching, lithography, laser methods, and manual polishing fall under the removal category. Replica methods such as master printing and microcontact printing, and 3","PeriodicalId":21995,"journal":{"name":"Surface Engineering","volume":"39 1","pages":"239 - 244"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48271406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-04DOI: 10.1080/02670844.2023.2212946
Jasjeev Singh, Simranpreet Singh Gill
ABSTRACT We primarily need to reduce the consumption of metalworking fluid to ensure sustainable and eco-friendly machining of aerospace alloys. The present study was planned to determine the efficiency of various eco-friendly metalworking fluid strategies for the sustainable turning of aerospace aluminium alloy (Al7075-T6) coated carbide tools under different eco-friendly metalworking fluid strategies namely dry machining, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube (RHVT), and compressed air. Machining performance was investigated in terms of micro-hardness, tool tip temperature, tool wear, cutting forces, work surface roughness, chip morphology, and energy consumed. Results manifested that MQL and tool coatings can significantly lower tool tip temperature by up to 16%, tool wear by up to 102–106%, average cutting forces by 17–21%, and surface roughness reduced from 11–21% as compared to dry conditions. Abbreviations: BUE, built-up edge; CVD, chemical vapour deposition; CrN, chromium nitride; DCR, disposed chip ratio; DLC, diamond like carbon; DSPR, disposal scrap part ratio; EDS, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; MF, metalworking fluid; MoS2, molybdenum disulphide; MQL minimum quantity lubrication; PVD, physical vapour deposition; RHVT, Ranque-hilsch vortex tube; RPSR, recycled part scrap ratio; RSPR, remanufacturing scrap part ratio; SEM, scanning electron microscopy; SDSS, super duplex stainless steel; TiAlN, titanium aluminium nitride
{"title":"Turning of Al 7075-T6 aerospace alloy under different sustainable metalworking fluid strategies by coated carbide tools","authors":"Jasjeev Singh, Simranpreet Singh Gill","doi":"10.1080/02670844.2023.2212946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2023.2212946","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We primarily need to reduce the consumption of metalworking fluid to ensure sustainable and eco-friendly machining of aerospace alloys. The present study was planned to determine the efficiency of various eco-friendly metalworking fluid strategies for the sustainable turning of aerospace aluminium alloy (Al7075-T6) coated carbide tools under different eco-friendly metalworking fluid strategies namely dry machining, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube (RHVT), and compressed air. Machining performance was investigated in terms of micro-hardness, tool tip temperature, tool wear, cutting forces, work surface roughness, chip morphology, and energy consumed. Results manifested that MQL and tool coatings can significantly lower tool tip temperature by up to 16%, tool wear by up to 102–106%, average cutting forces by 17–21%, and surface roughness reduced from 11–21% as compared to dry conditions. Abbreviations: BUE, built-up edge; CVD, chemical vapour deposition; CrN, chromium nitride; DCR, disposed chip ratio; DLC, diamond like carbon; DSPR, disposal scrap part ratio; EDS, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; MF, metalworking fluid; MoS2, molybdenum disulphide; MQL minimum quantity lubrication; PVD, physical vapour deposition; RHVT, Ranque-hilsch vortex tube; RPSR, recycled part scrap ratio; RSPR, remanufacturing scrap part ratio; SEM, scanning electron microscopy; SDSS, super duplex stainless steel; TiAlN, titanium aluminium nitride","PeriodicalId":21995,"journal":{"name":"Surface Engineering","volume":"39 1","pages":"275 - 294"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49311078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-04DOI: 10.1080/02670844.2023.2206186
K. Praveenkumar, S. Sudhagara Rajan, S. Swaroop, Geetha Manivasagam
ABSTRACT Laser shock peening (LSP) is a unique and efficient surface modification technique that surface engineers have commonly adopted to tailor metallic materials’ surface and subsurface properties. The primary goal of this review paper is to highlight LSP as a surface modification technique for materials used in aeroengine, as this further ameliorates the commercialization of LSP in aeroengine sectors. The recent research articles focused on the application of LSP to improve the surface characteristics (i.e. surface residual stresses, hardness) and to resist the corresponding service challenges (i.e. fatigue, wear) of the aeroengine metallic material have been reviewed. In addition, a brief explanation of LSP and its controlling parameters is included. From the aeroengines perspective, challenges and future aspects for improving LSP application and commercialization are summarised based on the authors’ experience and published literature.
{"title":"Laser shock peening: a promising tool for enhancing the aeroengine materials’ surface properties","authors":"K. Praveenkumar, S. Sudhagara Rajan, S. Swaroop, Geetha Manivasagam","doi":"10.1080/02670844.2023.2206186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2023.2206186","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Laser shock peening (LSP) is a unique and efficient surface modification technique that surface engineers have commonly adopted to tailor metallic materials’ surface and subsurface properties. The primary goal of this review paper is to highlight LSP as a surface modification technique for materials used in aeroengine, as this further ameliorates the commercialization of LSP in aeroengine sectors. The recent research articles focused on the application of LSP to improve the surface characteristics (i.e. surface residual stresses, hardness) and to resist the corresponding service challenges (i.e. fatigue, wear) of the aeroengine metallic material have been reviewed. In addition, a brief explanation of LSP and its controlling parameters is included. From the aeroengines perspective, challenges and future aspects for improving LSP application and commercialization are summarised based on the authors’ experience and published literature.","PeriodicalId":21995,"journal":{"name":"Surface Engineering","volume":"39 1","pages":"245 - 274"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45536479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1080/02670844.2023.2195774
L. Gopal, T. Sudarshan
The above excerpt from an English Translation of Pliny the Elder’s Latin book on Natural History dated 77 CE may perhaps be the earliest written record of the use of a sol-gel type anticorrosion coating on metals. The war of man against corrosion has been relentless. We have devised various ways to protect various metals from corrosion – through judicious materials selection, application of various kinds of inorganic and organic coatings, using corrosion inhibitors, cathodic protection, and design elements that prevent corrosion. However, nature likes to revert back to its lowest thermodynamic form as an oxide from which we extract almost all materials for industrial use. Although modern scientific literature on corrosion protection coatings can be traced back to the era of pack cementation and electrodeposition in general, followed by aluminizing of iron in the twentieth century, the systematic study of sol-gel type coatings mitigating corrosion is relatively recent. Sol-gel is a surprisingly simple process that involves dipping the substrate with a sol to form a tacky, adherent gel film on curing, which then may or may not be subsequently calcined to get a microporous and mesoporous protective organic, inorganic or hybrid corrosion protective coatings. The advantages of sol-gel coatings, vis., benign conditions of deposition (e.g. relatively low temperatures) and the ability to produce coatings on complex shapes without the need for machining or melting (hence no expensive equipment) has led to a significant amount of work on sol-gel based protective coatings primarily for metals. The ease of application led to a burst of research since the turn of the century (Figure 1) has also been driven by the need for creating environmentally friendly materials and processes to replace the traditional chromium-based and/or solvent-based anti-corrosion coatings. Sol-gel-based coatings can be brought about through an inorganic or organic route. The former, which was probably the technique described by Pliny the Elder at the start of the Common Era, involves the gelation colloidal suspension of nanometric particles of inorganic materials (e.g. lead oxide, lead carbonate, and calcium sulphate in Pliny’s antipathia) to form a network in a continuous liquid phase. This is however rarer than the organic route in which a prepolymer is polymerized into a gel to form a protective network. The alkoxide-based process – the formation of an oxide (usually silicon oxide) network by progressive condensation of a metalloid alkoxide in a liquid medium is a classic example (Figure 2). In this alkoxide route, subsequent sintering the gel-coated substrate to high temperatures (440–1200°C) for short heating times, about 15 minutes, leads to the hardening of the coating to various degrees due to the formation of the oxides. Alkoxide-based sol-gel corrosion coatings have many benefits such as ease and flexibility of the fabrication process, the abundance of commercially availabl
以上摘自老普林尼(Pliny The Elder)于公元77年撰写的拉丁文《自然史》(Natural History)的英译本,这可能是最早的关于在金属上使用溶胶-凝胶型防腐涂层的书面记录。人类对抗腐蚀的战争一直是无情的。我们设计了各种方法来保护各种金属免受腐蚀-通过明智的材料选择,各种无机和有机涂层的应用,使用缓蚀剂,阴极保护和防止腐蚀的设计元素。然而,大自然喜欢回归到它作为氧化物的最低热力学形式,我们从中提取几乎所有工业用材料。尽管关于防腐涂层的现代科学文献一般可以追溯到填料胶结和电沉积时代,随后是20世纪的铁铝化,但对溶胶-凝胶型涂层减轻腐蚀的系统研究是相对较新的。溶胶-凝胶是一种非常简单的工艺,它只需要在基材上浸上一层溶胶,在固化过程中形成一层粘稠的凝胶膜,然后可以煅烧,也可以不煅烧,得到微孔和介孔的有机、无机或混合的防腐涂层。溶胶-凝胶涂层的优点,例如,良好的沉积条件(例如,相对较低的温度),以及在不需要加工或熔化(因此不需要昂贵的设备)的情况下生产复杂形状涂层的能力,导致了主要用于金属的溶胶-凝胶基保护涂层的大量工作。自世纪之交以来,应用的便捷性引发了一系列研究(图1),同时也推动了对环保材料和工艺的需求,以取代传统的铬基和/或溶剂型防腐涂层。溶胶-凝胶基涂层可以通过无机或有机途径获得。前者可能是公元初老普林尼(Pliny The Elder)所描述的技术,它涉及到无机材料的纳米颗粒(如氧化铅、碳酸铅和普林尼的antipathia中的硫酸钙)的凝胶状胶体悬浮液,在连续的液相中形成一个网络。然而,这比预聚物聚合成凝胶形成保护网络的有机途径更罕见。以烷氧化物为基础的工艺——通过类金属烷氧化物在液体介质中逐步缩合形成氧化物(通常是氧化硅)网络是一个经典的例子(图2)。在这种烷氧化物路线中,随后将凝胶涂层的衬底烧结到高温(440-1200°C),加热时间短,约15分钟,由于氧化物的形成,导致涂层不同程度的硬化。基于烷氧化物的溶胶-凝胶腐蚀涂层具有许多优点,例如制造工艺的简单和灵活性,具有定制官能团的商用前驱试剂的丰富性以及对环境的低影响。此外,对前体化学计量有很好的控制和整合不同成分的能力,引入互补功能。醇基溶胶-凝胶法制备SiO2、ZrO2、Al2O3、TiO2和CeO2涂层。由于其优异的化学稳定性和对金属基体的有效保护,在不同时期都进行了研究。然而,烷氧基硅烷,如四氧硅酸盐(Si(OR)4)和有机改性硅酸盐(Ormosils, R 'nSi (OR)4−n)是溶胶-凝胶法制备sio2基涂层[2]的最常用前驱体。这些涂层的厚度和性质可以通过控制溶胶的流变性、使用添加剂或通过改变反应条件(包括干燥时间和煅烧温度)来改变。为了克服单组分氧化层的局限性,拓宽其应用领域,提高钢基体的综合防护能力,发展了多组分氧化涂层。含有SiO2和ZrO2或Al2O3的复合涂层已被证明可以有效地作为316L不锈钢衬底在水NaCl和酸介质中的防腐蚀剂。含铈(III)的硅钛杂化涂料
{"title":"Sol-gel coatings for corrosion protection","authors":"L. Gopal, T. Sudarshan","doi":"10.1080/02670844.2023.2195774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2023.2195774","url":null,"abstract":"The above excerpt from an English Translation of Pliny the Elder’s Latin book on Natural History dated 77 CE may perhaps be the earliest written record of the use of a sol-gel type anticorrosion coating on metals. The war of man against corrosion has been relentless. We have devised various ways to protect various metals from corrosion – through judicious materials selection, application of various kinds of inorganic and organic coatings, using corrosion inhibitors, cathodic protection, and design elements that prevent corrosion. However, nature likes to revert back to its lowest thermodynamic form as an oxide from which we extract almost all materials for industrial use. Although modern scientific literature on corrosion protection coatings can be traced back to the era of pack cementation and electrodeposition in general, followed by aluminizing of iron in the twentieth century, the systematic study of sol-gel type coatings mitigating corrosion is relatively recent. Sol-gel is a surprisingly simple process that involves dipping the substrate with a sol to form a tacky, adherent gel film on curing, which then may or may not be subsequently calcined to get a microporous and mesoporous protective organic, inorganic or hybrid corrosion protective coatings. The advantages of sol-gel coatings, vis., benign conditions of deposition (e.g. relatively low temperatures) and the ability to produce coatings on complex shapes without the need for machining or melting (hence no expensive equipment) has led to a significant amount of work on sol-gel based protective coatings primarily for metals. The ease of application led to a burst of research since the turn of the century (Figure 1) has also been driven by the need for creating environmentally friendly materials and processes to replace the traditional chromium-based and/or solvent-based anti-corrosion coatings. Sol-gel-based coatings can be brought about through an inorganic or organic route. The former, which was probably the technique described by Pliny the Elder at the start of the Common Era, involves the gelation colloidal suspension of nanometric particles of inorganic materials (e.g. lead oxide, lead carbonate, and calcium sulphate in Pliny’s antipathia) to form a network in a continuous liquid phase. This is however rarer than the organic route in which a prepolymer is polymerized into a gel to form a protective network. The alkoxide-based process – the formation of an oxide (usually silicon oxide) network by progressive condensation of a metalloid alkoxide in a liquid medium is a classic example (Figure 2). In this alkoxide route, subsequent sintering the gel-coated substrate to high temperatures (440–1200°C) for short heating times, about 15 minutes, leads to the hardening of the coating to various degrees due to the formation of the oxides. Alkoxide-based sol-gel corrosion coatings have many benefits such as ease and flexibility of the fabrication process, the abundance of commercially availabl","PeriodicalId":21995,"journal":{"name":"Surface Engineering","volume":"39 1","pages":"135 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41345745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1080/02670844.2023.2202005
J. Tsai, M. Jun, D. Bahr
ABSTRACT The adhesion strength from the cold-spray coating requires assessing multiple flaws and property distributions. Two approaches have been proposed for determining the adhesion strength of the cold spray-coated substrate. The interfacial shear strength approach combines the fragmentation test with a modified Weibull model. Fragmentation testing can examine materials with geometrical (roughness) and property (strength) variations for cold spray-coated specimens. The results give an insight into local strength and the coating strength distribution. The fracture toughness approach uses an electrical four-point probe to identify crack initiation and calculate the energy release rate of the coating. Sn coatings between 74 and 120 μm show an interfacial shear strength between 25 and 53 MPa and an energy release rate between 15 and 32 J m–2. The measured interfacial shear strength was independent of the coating thickness, while the energy release rate depends on the coating thickness.
{"title":"Adhesion of rough cold sprayed metal coatings on polymers","authors":"J. Tsai, M. Jun, D. Bahr","doi":"10.1080/02670844.2023.2202005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2023.2202005","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The adhesion strength from the cold-spray coating requires assessing multiple flaws and property distributions. Two approaches have been proposed for determining the adhesion strength of the cold spray-coated substrate. The interfacial shear strength approach combines the fragmentation test with a modified Weibull model. Fragmentation testing can examine materials with geometrical (roughness) and property (strength) variations for cold spray-coated specimens. The results give an insight into local strength and the coating strength distribution. The fracture toughness approach uses an electrical four-point probe to identify crack initiation and calculate the energy release rate of the coating. Sn coatings between 74 and 120 μm show an interfacial shear strength between 25 and 53 MPa and an energy release rate between 15 and 32 J m–2. The measured interfacial shear strength was independent of the coating thickness, while the energy release rate depends on the coating thickness.","PeriodicalId":21995,"journal":{"name":"Surface Engineering","volume":"39 1","pages":"161 - 173"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43802632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1080/02670844.2023.2203440
A. I. Kondina, D. Rozhentsev, N. Shurov, N. Tkachev
ABSTRACT Selective anodic dissolution of pre-galvanized surfaces was used to obtain nano-porous layers of approximately 10 microns thick on copper and silver specimens. To achieve single-phase homogeneous thermal diffusion layers of Cu5Zn8 and Ag5Zn8, we used a zinc plating process carried out in molten eutectic (KCl–NaCl–ZnCl2) at Т = 370°С. Dealloying of these coatings in a deep eutectic solvent (choline chloride/urea + 0.1 mol/l ZnCl2) at T = 133°C produced a typical bi-continuous structure of pores and ligaments (100 nm) on the surface of the silver and the copper. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Formation of a nanoporous layer on the surface of silver and copper by dealloying of thermal diffusion coatings Me5Zn8 (Me=Ag, Cu) in a deep eutectic solvent","authors":"A. I. Kondina, D. Rozhentsev, N. Shurov, N. Tkachev","doi":"10.1080/02670844.2023.2203440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2023.2203440","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Selective anodic dissolution of pre-galvanized surfaces was used to obtain nano-porous layers of approximately 10 microns thick on copper and silver specimens. To achieve single-phase homogeneous thermal diffusion layers of Cu5Zn8 and Ag5Zn8, we used a zinc plating process carried out in molten eutectic (KCl–NaCl–ZnCl2) at Т = 370°С. Dealloying of these coatings in a deep eutectic solvent (choline chloride/urea + 0.1 mol/l ZnCl2) at T = 133°C produced a typical bi-continuous structure of pores and ligaments (100 nm) on the surface of the silver and the copper. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":21995,"journal":{"name":"Surface Engineering","volume":"39 1","pages":"198 - 203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48638441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1080/02670844.2023.2210388
Qanita Tayyaba, Adnan Qayyum Butt, Abdul Rehman, M. Shahzad, Urwah Shahid
ABSTRACT Magnesium alloys have received increasing consideration as biodegradable implants owing to their high specific strength, excellent biocompatibility and non-toxicity but their biomedical applications are limited due to low corrosion resistance which can be improved by surface modification and alloying with suitable elements. Various surface modifications of Mg alloys by deposition of different coatings are used to prevent untimely dissolution. This study presents the corrosion behaviour of a thin ZnO coating deposited on a Mg–Zn–Zr alloy by electrophoretic deposition in the Ringer’s solution at 37°C. It was found that the ZnO coating is compact, homogeneous and significantly enhanced its corrosion resistance according to electrochemical test. The polarisation test showed a two orders of magnitude lower current density than that of the bare alloy, while EIS study found a two orders of magnitude greater ZnO coating impedance increasing in bioactivity. The bare specimens showed the development of cracks on the surface whereas the ZnO coated alloy showed no signs of pitting.
{"title":"Corrosion behaviour of facile coated ZnO on Mg–Zn–Zr alloy in Ringer’s physiological solution","authors":"Qanita Tayyaba, Adnan Qayyum Butt, Abdul Rehman, M. Shahzad, Urwah Shahid","doi":"10.1080/02670844.2023.2210388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2023.2210388","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Magnesium alloys have received increasing consideration as biodegradable implants owing to their high specific strength, excellent biocompatibility and non-toxicity but their biomedical applications are limited due to low corrosion resistance which can be improved by surface modification and alloying with suitable elements. Various surface modifications of Mg alloys by deposition of different coatings are used to prevent untimely dissolution. This study presents the corrosion behaviour of a thin ZnO coating deposited on a Mg–Zn–Zr alloy by electrophoretic deposition in the Ringer’s solution at 37°C. It was found that the ZnO coating is compact, homogeneous and significantly enhanced its corrosion resistance according to electrochemical test. The polarisation test showed a two orders of magnitude lower current density than that of the bare alloy, while EIS study found a two orders of magnitude greater ZnO coating impedance increasing in bioactivity. The bare specimens showed the development of cracks on the surface whereas the ZnO coated alloy showed no signs of pitting.","PeriodicalId":21995,"journal":{"name":"Surface Engineering","volume":"39 1","pages":"184 - 197"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46199140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1080/02670844.2023.2203441
Jinghui Ren, Tianrun Li, S. Zhang, Min Xu, Jianqiang Wang
ABSTRACT Sealing treatment is an effective, environmentally friendly, and economical coating surface modification technology. To clarify the inorganic silicate sealing mechanism and concentration dependence on corrosion behaviour, HVAF-sprayed Fe-based amorphous metallic coatings (AMCs) were sealed by Na2SiO3 solution with various concentrations, and their microstructure, electrochemical performance, and surface chemistry were characterised in detail. The results showed that Na2SiO3, in the form of a silicon-oxygen bond (Si-O), could effectively bond with the coating surface inside the pore defects. In addition, the optimal concentration was proved to be 1 mol/L, and the corresponding passivation current density could be reduced to (2.38 ± 0.33) × 10−6 A/cm2, which was an order of magnitude lower than that of as-sprayed coating. This was due to the incomplete filling of the sealant at lower concentrations and the release of water vapour at higher concentrations. This work aims to provide guidance for the practical application of silicate sealing treatment.
{"title":"Effect of inorganic silicate sealing treatment on corrosion behaviour for HVAF sprayed Fe-based amorphous coatings","authors":"Jinghui Ren, Tianrun Li, S. Zhang, Min Xu, Jianqiang Wang","doi":"10.1080/02670844.2023.2203441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2023.2203441","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Sealing treatment is an effective, environmentally friendly, and economical coating surface modification technology. To clarify the inorganic silicate sealing mechanism and concentration dependence on corrosion behaviour, HVAF-sprayed Fe-based amorphous metallic coatings (AMCs) were sealed by Na2SiO3 solution with various concentrations, and their microstructure, electrochemical performance, and surface chemistry were characterised in detail. The results showed that Na2SiO3, in the form of a silicon-oxygen bond (Si-O), could effectively bond with the coating surface inside the pore defects. In addition, the optimal concentration was proved to be 1 mol/L, and the corresponding passivation current density could be reduced to (2.38 ± 0.33) × 10−6 A/cm2, which was an order of magnitude lower than that of as-sprayed coating. This was due to the incomplete filling of the sealant at lower concentrations and the release of water vapour at higher concentrations. This work aims to provide guidance for the practical application of silicate sealing treatment.","PeriodicalId":21995,"journal":{"name":"Surface Engineering","volume":"39 1","pages":"174 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42652443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1080/02670844.2023.2206183
Hari Narayan Singh Yadav, M. Das
ABSTRACT The plasma polishing process is one of the non-conventional techniques used to remove material at the atomic level from the substrate. During the polishing of the fused silica substrate, the process parameters, namely radio-frequency (RF) power, pressure ratio (SF6/O2), and total pressure of the plasma chamber, are investigated and optimised for material removal rate (MRR) and % change in surface roughness (% ΔRa ) using response surface methodology. The optimum values obtained for MRR and % ΔRa are 0.012 mm3/min and 3.59, at RF power of 60 W, pressure ratio of 3, and total pressure of 14.3 mbar. The experimental results reveal that surface roughness slightly increases from 0.344 to 0.356 μm after plasma processing at optimised process conditions. Moreover, the plasma-processed fused silica substrate is characterised using field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, which depict the presence of silicon, oxygen, and fluorine on the processed substrate.
{"title":"Parametric optimisation of plasma polishing process using response surface methodology","authors":"Hari Narayan Singh Yadav, M. Das","doi":"10.1080/02670844.2023.2206183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2023.2206183","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The plasma polishing process is one of the non-conventional techniques used to remove material at the atomic level from the substrate. During the polishing of the fused silica substrate, the process parameters, namely radio-frequency (RF) power, pressure ratio (SF6/O2), and total pressure of the plasma chamber, are investigated and optimised for material removal rate (MRR) and % change in surface roughness (% ΔRa ) using response surface methodology. The optimum values obtained for MRR and % ΔRa are 0.012 mm3/min and 3.59, at RF power of 60 W, pressure ratio of 3, and total pressure of 14.3 mbar. The experimental results reveal that surface roughness slightly increases from 0.344 to 0.356 μm after plasma processing at optimised process conditions. Moreover, the plasma-processed fused silica substrate is characterised using field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, which depict the presence of silicon, oxygen, and fluorine on the processed substrate.","PeriodicalId":21995,"journal":{"name":"Surface Engineering","volume":"39 1","pages":"204 - 217"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49260951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Fe-based amorphous coatings (AMC) are deposited on 8090 Al–Li alloy using low-pressure plasma spraying. Coating’s microstructure and interfacial characteristics are investigated. The coating is mainly amorphous in structure. Some crystalline phases were observed between the two splats. The corrosion current density of this coating is two orders of magnitude less compared to 8090. The coating has high density as the average porosity is less than 0.5%. Because of partial melting and quick cooling of the 8090 alloy in the process of molten droplets deposition, there is an amorphous transition zone formed at the interface of AMC/8090 Al–Li alloy, which indicates localized metallurgical bonding. In electrochemical testing, the coating shows an obvious passivation tendency, and crystallization between splats is the main cause of corrosion. Owing to the low oxygen content, the coating exhibits excellent wear resistance.
{"title":"Interfacial bonding of low-pressure plasma-sprayed Fe-based amorphous coating on 8090 Al–Li alloy","authors":"Shilei Hao, Shan-lin Wang, Yuhua Chen, Haoran Zhang","doi":"10.1080/02670844.2023.2195085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2023.2195085","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Fe-based amorphous coatings (AMC) are deposited on 8090 Al–Li alloy using low-pressure plasma spraying. Coating’s microstructure and interfacial characteristics are investigated. The coating is mainly amorphous in structure. Some crystalline phases were observed between the two splats. The corrosion current density of this coating is two orders of magnitude less compared to 8090. The coating has high density as the average porosity is less than 0.5%. Because of partial melting and quick cooling of the 8090 alloy in the process of molten droplets deposition, there is an amorphous transition zone formed at the interface of AMC/8090 Al–Li alloy, which indicates localized metallurgical bonding. In electrochemical testing, the coating shows an obvious passivation tendency, and crystallization between splats is the main cause of corrosion. Owing to the low oxygen content, the coating exhibits excellent wear resistance.","PeriodicalId":21995,"journal":{"name":"Surface Engineering","volume":"39 1","pages":"150 - 160"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45981771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}