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Infrared Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy (IRRAS) applied to oxides: Ceria as a case study 红外反射-吸收光谱 (IRRAS) 应用于氧化物:以铈为例
IF 2.1 4区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2024.122550

Infrared Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy (IRRAS), a pivotal tool in the study of the surface chemistry of metals, has recently also gained substantial impact for oxide surfaces, despite the inherent challenges originating from their dielectric properties. This review focuses on the application of IRRAS to ceria (CeO2), a metal oxide for which a significant amount of experimental data exists. We elaborate on the differences in optical properties between metals and metal oxides, which result in lower intensity of adsorbate vibrational bands by approximately two orders of magnitude and polarization-dependent shifts of vibrational frequencies. We examine how the surface selection rule, governing IR spectroscopy of adsorbates on metals, contrasts sharply with the behavior of dielectrics where both positive and negative vibrational bands can occur, and how IRRAS can capture vibrations with transition dipole moments oriented parallel to the surface—a capability not feasible on metallic surfaces. Finally, this paper explores the broader implications of these findings for enhancing our understanding of molecule interactions on oxide surfaces, and for using IR spectroscopy for operando studies under technologically relevant conditions.

红外反射-吸收光谱(IRRAS)是研究金属表面化学的重要工具,最近在氧化物表面的研究中也获得了很大的影响,尽管其介电性能带来了固有的挑战。本综述重点介绍 IRRAS 在铈(CeO2)上的应用,铈是一种金属氧化物,已有大量相关实验数据。我们详细阐述了金属和金属氧化物在光学性质上的差异,这种差异导致吸附振动带的强度降低了约两个数量级,振动频率的偏振偏移也随之改变。我们研究了支配金属上吸附剂红外光谱的表面选择规则如何与电介质的行为形成鲜明对比,电介质的正负振带都可能出现,以及 IRRAS 如何捕捉过渡偶极矩平行于表面的振动--这种能力在金属表面上是不可行的。最后,本文探讨了这些发现的广泛意义,以加深我们对氧化物表面分子相互作用的理解,并在技术相关条件下利用红外光谱进行操作研究。
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引用次数: 0
Asymmetric dual-metal-hybridization in dual-atom dimers trigger a spin transition for electrochemical degradation from nitrate to ammonia 双原子二聚体中的不对称双金属杂化引发硝酸盐到氨的电化学降解的自旋转变
IF 2.1 4区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2024.122549

The dual-atom dimer with half-filled 3d orbital demonstrates a great advantage in electrochemical degradation from nitrate to ammonia, because their binding interaction and electron transfer between reactants and active sites are spin-dependent. Herein, we suggest a local structure distortion caused by a bimetallic hybridization to regulate the spin configuration from low to high by implanting one Fe atom into the Mn/Mn dimer on holey nitrogen-doped graphene, which makes the Mn magnetic moment increase to 3.31 μB from 0.48 μB. Meanwhile, the activation energy of the formed *NOH at rate-limiting step can be decreased to 0.79 eV, which is obviously lower than the pristine Fe/Fe (1.38 eV) and Mn/Mn (1.12 eV) dimers. These findings enlighten an intriguing strategy to enhance the reactive activity of dual-atom catalysts by regulating their spin configuration.

具有半填充 3d 轨道的双原子二聚体在从硝酸盐到氨的电化学降解过程中表现出极大的优势,因为它们之间的结合相互作用以及反应物和活性位点之间的电子转移都与自旋有关。在这里,我们提出了一种由双金属杂化引起的局部结构畸变,通过在掺氮孔石墨烯上的锰/锰二聚体中植入一个铁原子来调节自旋构型从低到高,从而使锰的磁矩从 0.48 μB 增加到 3.31 μB。同时,在限速步骤中形成的 *NOH 的活化能可降至 0.79 eV,明显低于原始的铁/铁(1.38 eV)和锰/锰(1.12 eV)二聚体。这些发现为通过调节双原子催化剂的自旋构型来提高其反应活性提供了一种有趣的策略。
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引用次数: 0
Adsorption of β-diketones on a surface of ZnO nanopowder: Dependence of the adsorbate on the diketone structure 氧化锌纳米粉体表面对 β-二酮的吸附:吸附物对二酮结构的依赖性
IF 2.1 4区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2024.122554

Surface modification has been established to control chemical, mechanical, and electronic properties of oxide surfaces. Surface chemistry of β-diketones on ZnO nanomaterials presents an opportunity to investigate the dependence of the adsorbate structure on the type of diketone and, specifically, on the presence of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing functional groups. This work compares the adsorption of 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,4-pentane-dione (trifluoroacetylacetone, tfacH) and 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentane-dione (hexafluoroacetylacetone, hfacH) on ZnO nanopowder by interrogating the molecular structure of adsorbates with spectroscopic and computational methods. Despite the fact that in the gas phase the enol structure dominates for hfacH and the diketone has substantial presence for tfacH, once these compounds are adsorbed on ZnO, the diketonate is the majority of surface species for hfacH and dissociated enolate is dominant for tfacH. Moreover, given the amphoteric nature of ZnO, it is proposed that on a surface of basic oxide, the O-H dissociation of the enol form could be driven to completion for hfacH, and this proposal is confirmed by comparing chemistry of hfacH on ZnO and MgO surfaces.

通过表面改性可以控制氧化物表面的化学、机械和电子特性。氧化锌纳米材料上 β-二酮的表面化学性质为研究吸附结构对二酮类型的依赖性,特别是对供电子和吸电子官能团的依赖性提供了机会。本研究通过光谱和计算方法研究了 1,1,1-三氟-2,4-戊二酮(三氟乙酰丙酮,tfacH)和 1,1,1,5,5,5-六氟-2,4-戊二酮(六氟乙酰丙酮,hfacH)在氧化锌纳米粉体上的吸附情况。尽管在气相中,hfacH 的烯醇结构占主导地位,而 tfacH 则存在大量的二酮,但一旦这些化合物被吸附到 ZnO 上,hfacH 的二酮酸酯就会成为大部分的表面物种,而 tfacH 则以离解的烯醇为主。此外,鉴于氧化锌的两性性质,有人提出,在碱性氧化物表面上,烯醇形式的 O-H 解离可能会推动 hfacH 完成解离,通过比较 hfacH 在氧化锌和氧化镁表面上的化学性质,这一提议得到了证实。
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引用次数: 0
Charge transfer at interfaces of copper clusters on TiO2(110) and SiOx TiO2(110) 和 SiOx 上铜簇界面的电荷转移
IF 2.1 4区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2024.122547

Metal nanoparticles supported on different oxidic supports are the most common materials in heterogeneous (photo-)catalysis. This work presents a systematic investigation of copper clusters deposited onto slightly and highly reduced rutile TiO2(110) single crystals and silicon wafers with native oxide films. The focus is on the electronic properties of the copper clusters and possible metal-support interactions as these can change the catalytic behavior of the catalyst. Specifically, we examine coverage-dependent core-level binding energy shifts and kinetic energy Auger signal shifts of the Cu2p3/2 and CuLMM signals in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as a Wagner plot analysis, Auger parameter analysis, and analyze the main support signals. The final-state-induced binding energy shifts dominant at lower coverages are related to the imperfect core-hole shielding of the positive charge remaining after photoemission. At higher copper coverages the more metallic character of the clusters, apparent from dominating initial-state effects, is more prominent. The shift in binding energy, kinetic energy, and Auger parameter are larger for copper on silica than for copper on reduced titania. The formation of Ti3+ or Si3+ indicates a charge transfer from the metal clusters to the support. For the first nominal monolayer of copper on titania a constant number of Ti3+ interstitials of 6% to 8% were observed regardless of the initial reduction degree of the titania. At the highest copper coverage, the local Ti3+ density at the (sub)surface increases to 11.0% and 11.7%. For the SiOx surface the same could be observed as the Si3+/Si4+ ratio increased from 4% at the lowest copper coverage to 73% at the highest. For the inert SiOx surface, we suggest an interaction of the copper with defects in the amorphous thin film.

支撑在不同氧化支撑物上的金属纳米颗粒是异相(光)催化中最常见的材料。本研究对沉积在轻度和高度还原的金红石型 TiO2(110)单晶和带有原生氧化膜的硅晶片上的铜簇进行了系统研究。研究的重点是铜簇的电子特性和可能的金属-支撑相互作用,因为这些会改变催化剂的催化行为。具体来说,我们研究了 X 射线光电子能谱中与覆盖有关的核心级结合能移动和动能奥杰信号移动,以及瓦格纳图分析和奥杰参数分析,并分析了主要支撑信号。在较低的铜覆盖率下,最终状态引起的结合能偏移占主导地位,这与光辐射后剩余正电荷的不完全芯孔屏蔽有关。在较高的铜覆盖率下,从占主导地位的初始状态效应中可以明显看出,团簇的金属特性更为突出。与还原钛上的铜相比,二氧化硅上的铜在结合能、动能和奥杰参数上的变化更大。Ti3+ 或 Si3+ 的形成表明电荷从金属簇转移到了支持物上。对于二氧化钛上的第一个单层铜,无论二氧化钛的初始还原度如何,都能观察到 6% 至 8% 的恒定数量的 Ti3+ 间隙。铜覆盖率最高时,(亚)表面的局部 Ti3+ 密度增至 11.0% 和 11.7%。对于氧化硅表面,同样可以观察到 Si3+/Si4+ 比率从最低铜覆盖率时的 4% 增加到最高覆盖率时的 73%。对于惰性氧化硅表面,我们认为铜与无定形薄膜中的缺陷相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
A DFT investigation on surface and defect modulation of the Co3O4 catalyst for efficient oxygen evolution reaction 对用于高效氧进化反应的 Co3O4 催化剂表面和缺陷调控的 DFT 研究
IF 2.1 4区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2024.122544
Chenxu Huo , Xiufeng Lang , Guoxiong Song , Yujie Wang , Shihong Ren , Weidan Liao , Hao Guo , Xueguang Chen

The electrolysis of a water for hydrogen production is a promising way to produce clean energy, but the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) limits the overall efficiency of water electrolysis. In this work, we investigated the water oxidation pathways on the perfect and defect Co3O4(111) surfaces by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We found that for the perfect surface the free energy barrier of the potential determining step (PDS) in the adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM) of water is lower than that in the lattice oxygen mechanism (LOM). For the defect surfaces, cobalt vacancies are more easily formed than oxygen vacancies. The Co vacancy promotes the formation of *OH, changes the PDS of the LOM and AEM, and reduces the free energy barrier of both PDS. The PDS of the LOM pathway on the VCo2Co3O4(111) surface is the coupling step of the O adatom and lattice oxygen, which promotes the LOM process. Different from the OER mechanism on the perfect surface and the defect surface with Co vacancy, the LOM is perferred to occur on the defect surface with O vacancy. This work may provide new insight into the relationship between the surface structure and OER activity surface of the Co3O4 catalyst and help to design the efficient OER catalysts by surface and vacancy engineering.

电解水制氢是一种前景广阔的清洁能源生产方式,但缓慢的氧进化反应(OER)限制了水电解的整体效率。在这项工作中,我们利用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算研究了完美和缺陷 Co3O4(111)表面的水氧化途径。我们发现,对于完美表面,水的吸附剂演化机制(AEM)中潜在决定步骤(PDS)的自由能垒低于晶格氧机制(LOM)。对于缺陷表面,钴空位比氧空位更容易形成。钴空位促进了*OH的形成,改变了LOM和AEM的PDS,降低了两种PDS的自由能垒。VCo2Co3O4(111) 表面上 LOM 途径的 PDS 是 O adatom 与晶格氧的耦合步骤,它促进了 LOM 过程。与完美表面和有 Co 空位的缺陷表面上的 OER 机制不同,LOM 更倾向于发生在有 O 空位的缺陷表面上。这项工作可能会对 Co3O4 催化剂表面结构与 OER 活性表面之间的关系提供新的见解,并有助于通过表面和空位工程设计高效的 OER 催化剂。
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引用次数: 0
Theoretical evaluation of M/H-magadiite and Al modified M/H-[Al]-magadiites single-atom catalysts (M = Ag, Au, Pd, and Pt) M/H-方镁石和铝修饰的 M/H-[Al]-方镁石单原子催化剂(M = Ag、Au、Pd 和 Pt)的理论评估
IF 2.1 4区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2024.122541
Monize F. Tôrres , Márcio F. Santos , Bruna Nádia N. Silva , Muhammad Adnan Saqlain , Florence P.N. Antunes , Heloise O. Pastore , Alexandre A. Leitão

This work intends to simulate the interaction of metal single-atom(s) supported on surfaces of H-magadiite (H4Si14O30) and Al substituted H-[Al]-magadiites (H5AlSi13O30), hereafter called M/H-magadiite and M/H-[Al]-magadiite (M = Ag, Au, Pt, Pd), using DFT calculations (PBE and PBE-D3 functionals). Three distinct positions were defined in all surfaces to optimize each simulated model: “hydroxyl”, “edge” and “cavity”. The Au/H-magadiite and Ag/H-magadiite models were more stable at the “hydroxyl” sites. Meanwhile, in the aluminated surfaces, the presence of an extra hydrogen atom (here called Hextra, located in the “edge” region) was responsible for a more stable situation of these metal atoms. On the other hand, the Pd and Pt single-atoms present in H-magadiite and H-[Al]-magadiites showed greater interaction with all the sites, compared to the Au- and Ag- models. Based on the binding energies and other electronic calculations, the aluminol site at H-[Al]-magadiites has the best capacity to support metal species. For example, the Pt/H-[Al]-magadiite showed the lowest binding energy (-2.64 eV for PBE and -2.93 eV for PBE-D3), the strongest charge interaction and the smallest Pt – Hextra distance (1.55 Å). The migration barriers (PBE) in Ag/H-magadiite, Au/H-magadiite, and Pd/H-magadiite were lower than 21.50 kJ·mol−1, suggesting the high possibility of metal sintering. For all the cases, the PBE-D3 overestimated the barriers. Contrarily, the Pt/H-magadiite structures stabilized in the “cavity” region, inside the silicon rings of the silicate, and presented a migration barrier greater than 200 kJ·mol−1. These calculations offered the first indications of the behavior of single-atoms, which will serve as the basis for a broader description, in future works, of the migration of metal species in the Al-models simulated here, as well as for modeling single-atom catalysts that can be used in stable conditions.

这项工作旨在利用 DFT 计算(PBE 和 PBE-D3 函数)模拟 H-magadiite(HSiO)和 Al 取代的 H-[Al]-magadiite(HAlSiO)(以下称为 M/H-magadiite 和 M/H-[Al]-magadiite(M = Ag、Au、Pt、Pd))表面支持的金属单原子的相互作用。在所有表面中定义了三个不同的位置,以优化每个模拟模型:"羟基"、"边缘 "和 "空腔"。Au/H-magadiite 和 Ag/H-magadiite 模型在 "羟基 "位置更稳定。同时,在镀铝表面,由于存在一个额外的氢原子(此处称为 H,位于 "边缘 "区域),这些金属原子的情况更为稳定。另一方面,与 Au 和 Ag 模型相比,H-magadiite 和 H-[Al]-magadiite 中的钯和铂单原子与所有位点的相互作用更大。根据结合能和其他电子计算,H-[Al]-magadiites 的铝醇位点支持金属物种的能力最强。例如,Pt/H-[Al]-magadiite 的结合能最低(PBE 为 -2.64 eV,PBE-D3 为 -2.93 eV),电荷相互作用最强,Pt - H 间距最小(1.55 Å)。Ag/H-magadiite、Au/H-magadiite 和 Pd/H-magadiite 中的迁移势垒(PBE)均低于 21.50 kJ-mol,表明金属烧结的可能性很大。在所有情况下,PBE-D3 都高估了势垒。相反,Pt/H-magadiite 结构稳定在硅酸盐硅环内的 "空腔 "区域,其迁移势垒大于 200 kJ-mol。这些计算首次表明了单原子的行为,这将为今后工作中更广泛地描述此处模拟的铝模型中金属物种的迁移以及建立可在稳定条件下使用的单原子催化剂模型奠定基础。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of different approaches to texturing monocrystalline silicon wafers for solar cell applications 太阳能电池应用中单晶硅晶片制绒不同方法的比较
IF 2.1 4区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2024.122540
Seungyong Han , Mengmeng Chu , Duy Phong Pham , Suresh Kumar Dhungel , Junsin Yi

Texturing the surface of crystalline silicon wafers is a very important step in the production of high-efficiency solar cells. Alkaline texturing creates pyramids on the silicon surface, lowering surface reflectivity and improving light trapping in solar cells. This article provides a comparative evaluation of various wet texturing methods using alkaline solutions with or without additives commonly known as surfactants. One method uses sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) to create a surface with a height of about 4.5 μm by texturing for about 30 min, while the other method uses potassium hydroxide (KOH) and other additions known as additives. Texturing was performed using chemicals for only 15 min to create a surface shape with a height of approximately 3.5 μm. Additionally, the two solutions showed reflectance of 8.01 % or 12.1 % in 400–1100 nm, respectively. Both processes used alkaline etching at 80 °C for saw damage removal (SDR) before texturing. These processes have also been investigated in terms of removing potential organic contaminants from surfaces. Characterization techniques used throughout the investigation included optical microscopy, surface reflectance measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The purpose of this study is to confirm through experiments which texturing techniques are more suitable for mass production and to develop time- and cost-effective texturing techniques for industrial production of high-throughput, high-efficiency solar cells.

对晶体硅晶片表面进行制绒是生产高效太阳能电池的一个非常重要的步骤。碱性制绒可在硅表面形成金字塔,降低表面反射率,改善太阳能电池的光捕获。本文比较评估了使用碱性溶液(含或不含添加剂,通常称为表面活性剂)的各种湿法制绒方法。其中一种方法使用氢氧化钠(NaOH)和异丙醇(IPA),通过约 30 分钟的制绒形成高度约为 4.5 μm 的表面,而另一种方法则使用氢氧化钾(KOH)和其他添加剂。而另一种方法则使用氢氧化钾(KOH)和其他被称为添加剂的添加剂,仅用 15 分钟的时间就能形成高度约为 3.5 μm 的表面形状。此外,这两种溶液在 400-1100 纳米波段的反射率分别为 8.01% 或 12.1%。这两种工艺在制绒前都在 80 °C 下进行了碱性蚀刻,以去除锯损(SDR)。在去除表面潜在有机污染物方面,也对这些工艺进行了研究。整个调查过程中使用的表征技术包括光学显微镜、表面反射率测量、扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 和电子色散光谱 (EDS)。本研究的目的是通过实验确认哪种制绒技术更适合大规模生产,并为高通量、高效太阳能电池的工业化生产开发省时、经济的制绒技术。
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引用次数: 0
The renaissance of germanium 锗的复兴
IF 2.1 4区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2024.122543
Harold J.W. Zandvliet

The great moment of fame for germanium was in December 1947. In that year the first transistor was made by a research team of Bell Laboratories. Owing to some problems with germanium, it was soon supplanted by silicon. Currently, germanium is still used in the microelectronic industry for opto-electronic and solar electric applications, but its role is very minor compared to its big brother silicon. After the rise of graphene, germanium received renewed interest because of the predicted stability of the graphene-like allotrope of germanium. Germanene, the germanium analogue of graphene, shares many properties with graphene, but there are also a few interesting differences that makes this material very appealing for device applications. In this contribution, I will give a brief historical overview of germanene, discuss the pros and cons of germanene and elaborate on its potential for future device applications.

1947年12月,锗技术一举成名。这一年,贝尔实验室的一个研究小组制造出了第一个晶体管。由于锗存在一些问题,它很快被硅取代。目前,微电子行业仍将锗用于光电子和太阳能发电应用,但与它的老大哥硅相比,锗的作用微乎其微。石墨烯兴起后,锗再次受到人们的关注,因为人们预测锗的类石墨烯同素异形体具有稳定性。锗烯是石墨烯的锗类似物,与石墨烯具有许多相同的特性,但也有一些有趣的区别,这使得这种材料在设备应用中非常有吸引力。在本文中,我将简要介绍锗烯的历史,讨论锗烯的优缺点,并阐述其在未来器件应用中的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Asymmetric distortion of orbital hybridization at halogen-doped IrO2 monolayers for acidic water electrolysis 用于酸性水电解的卤素掺杂 IrO2 单层轨道杂化的不对称畸变
IF 2.1 4区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2024.122542
Ming Meng , Yiming Liu , Yun Shan , Yi Song , Jian Li , Yang Shao , Lizhe Liu

The unsatisfactory reactive activity and structural stability in acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) have been the main bottleneck in exploiting hydrogen energy from water splitting. Herein, we suggest a halogen (H)-doping strategy in 1T phase iridium dioxide (IrO2) monolayer to optimize its electronic structure for accelerating the reaction kinetics process, in which the bonding interaction difference between Ir-H and Ir-O bonds causes an electronic reconfiguration through asymmetric orbital hybridization. The doped F elements with a lower valence state make more valence electrons revert to the Ir-5d orbitals to reduce the activation energy, leading to a higher catalytic activity. In addition, a stronger bonding interaction at Ir-F bonds also can lead to a higher structural stability. However, this advantage cannot occur at Cl-doped or Br-doped IrO2 monolayer. This work provides a new insight into designing new-type catalysts for acidic OER.

酸性氧进化反应(OER)的反应活性和结构稳定性不尽如人意,一直是利用水分裂产生氢能的主要瓶颈。在此,我们提出了一种在 1T 相二氧化铱(IrO2)单层中掺杂卤素(H)的策略,以优化其电子结构,从而加速反应动力学过程,其中 Ir-H 键和 Ir-O 键之间的成键相互作用差异通过不对称轨道杂化引起了电子重构。掺杂的 F 元素具有较低的价态,使更多的价电子回到 Ir-5d 轨道,从而降低了活化能,提高了催化活性。此外,Ir-F 键上更强的成键作用也能带来更高的结构稳定性。然而,这种优势在掺Cl或掺Br的IrO2单层中并不存在。这项研究为设计新型酸性 OER 催化剂提供了新的思路。
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引用次数: 0
Ligand-functionalized surfaces for chemoselective heterogeneous catalysis 用于化学选择性异相催化的配体功能化表面
IF 2.1 4区 化学 Q2 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2024.122539
Swetlana Schauermann, Carsten Schröder, Marvin Ch. Schmidt, Philipp A. Haugg, Jan Smyczek

Selectivity of multi-pathway surface reactions depends on subtle differences in the activation barriers of competing reactive processes, which is difficult to control. One of the most promising strategies to overcome this problem is to introduce a specific selective interaction between the reactant and the catalytically active site, directing the chemical transformations towards the desired route. This interaction can be imposed via functionalization of a solid catalyst with organic ligands, promoting the desired pathway via steric constrain and/or electronic effects. The microscopic-level understanding of the underlying surface processes is an important prerequisite for rational design of such new class of ligand-functionalized catalytic materials. In this perspective, we present an overview over our recent mechanistic studies on heterogeneous Pd(111) catalysts functionalized with different types of organic ligands for chemoselective hydrogenation of a,b-unsaturated aldehyde acrolein. Employing a combination of real space microscopic (STM) and in operando spectroscopic (IRAS) surface sensitive techniques, we show that self-ordered active ligand layers are formed under operational conditions and identify their chemical nature and the geometric arrangement on the surface turning over. Deposition of a ligand layer renders Pd highly active and nearly 100 % selective toward propenol formation by promoting acrolein adsorption in a specific adsorption configuration via the O atom of the C = O bond. In this adsorption configuration, acrolein can be hydrogenated first to the desired reaction intermediate propenoxy species followed by formation of the target product propenol. Both the reaction intermediate and the final product propenol as well as their time evolution were identified by IRAS and gas phase analysis via quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS). Particular focus of these studies was on the role of geometric and electronic effects imposed by specific functional groups purposefully introduced in the ligand layer. Obtained atomistic-level insights into the formation and dynamic evolution of the active ligand layer under operational conditions as well as into the role of geometric vs. electronic effects imposed by the ligand provide important input required for controlling chemoselectivity by purposeful surface functionalization.

多途径表面反应的选择性取决于相互竞争的反应过程活化障碍的细微差别,而这是很难控制的。克服这一问题的最有前途的策略之一是在反应物和催化活性位点之间引入特定的选择性相互作用,将化学转化引向所需的途径。这种相互作用可以通过有机配体对固体催化剂进行官能化来实现,通过立体约束和/或电子效应促进所需的途径。从微观层面了解潜在的表面过程是合理设计这类新型配体功能化催化材料的重要前提。从这个角度出发,我们概述了最近对不同类型有机配体功能化的异质钯(111)催化剂进行的机理研究,这些催化剂用于 a、b-不饱和醛丙烯醛的化学选择性氢化。通过结合使用实空间显微镜(STM)和操作中光谱(IRAS)表面敏感技术,我们发现在操作条件下形成了自有序的活性配体层,并确定了它们的化学性质以及在表面翻转时的几何排列。配体层的沉积通过 C = O 键的 O 原子以特定的吸附构型促进丙烯醛的吸附,从而使钯具有很高的活性,对丙烯醇的形成几乎具有 100% 的选择性。在这种吸附构型中,丙烯醛可以首先氢化为所需的反应中间体丙烯氧基,然后形成目标产物丙烯醇。通过 IRAS 和四极杆质谱(QMS)气相分析,确定了反应中间体和最终产物丙烯醇及其时间演化过程。这些研究的重点是配位层中特意引入的特定官能团所产生的几何和电子效应。这些研究从原子层面深入了解了活性配体层在工作条件下的形成和动态演变,以及配体的几何效应和电子效应的作用,为通过有目的的表面官能化来控制化学选择性提供了重要依据。
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