Pub Date : 2024-07-14DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2024.122550
Infrared Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy (IRRAS), a pivotal tool in the study of the surface chemistry of metals, has recently also gained substantial impact for oxide surfaces, despite the inherent challenges originating from their dielectric properties. This review focuses on the application of IRRAS to ceria (CeO2), a metal oxide for which a significant amount of experimental data exists. We elaborate on the differences in optical properties between metals and metal oxides, which result in lower intensity of adsorbate vibrational bands by approximately two orders of magnitude and polarization-dependent shifts of vibrational frequencies. We examine how the surface selection rule, governing IR spectroscopy of adsorbates on metals, contrasts sharply with the behavior of dielectrics where both positive and negative vibrational bands can occur, and how IRRAS can capture vibrations with transition dipole moments oriented parallel to the surface—a capability not feasible on metallic surfaces. Finally, this paper explores the broader implications of these findings for enhancing our understanding of molecule interactions on oxide surfaces, and for using IR spectroscopy for operando studies under technologically relevant conditions.
{"title":"Infrared Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy (IRRAS) applied to oxides: Ceria as a case study","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.susc.2024.122550","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susc.2024.122550","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Infrared Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy (IRRAS), a pivotal tool in the study of the surface chemistry of metals, has recently also gained substantial impact for oxide surfaces, despite the inherent challenges originating from their dielectric properties. This review focuses on the application of IRRAS to ceria (CeO<sub>2</sub>), a metal oxide for which a significant amount of experimental data exists. We elaborate on the differences in optical properties between metals and metal oxides, which result in lower intensity of adsorbate vibrational bands by approximately two orders of magnitude and polarization-dependent shifts of vibrational frequencies. We examine how the surface selection rule, governing IR spectroscopy of adsorbates on metals, contrasts sharply with the behavior of dielectrics where both positive and negative vibrational bands can occur, and how IRRAS can capture vibrations with transition dipole moments oriented parallel to the surface—a capability not feasible on metallic surfaces. Finally, this paper explores the broader implications of these findings for enhancing our understanding of molecule interactions on oxide surfaces, and for using IR spectroscopy for operando studies under technologically relevant conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":22100,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039602824001018/pdfft?md5=8c629e3edbfb98fbddf8b69335775831&pid=1-s2.0-S0039602824001018-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141714525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-14DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2024.122549
The dual-atom dimer with half-filled 3d orbital demonstrates a great advantage in electrochemical degradation from nitrate to ammonia, because their binding interaction and electron transfer between reactants and active sites are spin-dependent. Herein, we suggest a local structure distortion caused by a bimetallic hybridization to regulate the spin configuration from low to high by implanting one Fe atom into the Mn/Mn dimer on holey nitrogen-doped graphene, which makes the Mn magnetic moment increase to 3.31 μB from 0.48 μB. Meanwhile, the activation energy of the formed *NOH at rate-limiting step can be decreased to 0.79 eV, which is obviously lower than the pristine Fe/Fe (1.38 eV) and Mn/Mn (1.12 eV) dimers. These findings enlighten an intriguing strategy to enhance the reactive activity of dual-atom catalysts by regulating their spin configuration.
{"title":"Asymmetric dual-metal-hybridization in dual-atom dimers trigger a spin transition for electrochemical degradation from nitrate to ammonia","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.susc.2024.122549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susc.2024.122549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The dual-atom dimer with half-filled 3d orbital demonstrates a great advantage in electrochemical degradation from nitrate to ammonia, because their binding interaction and electron transfer between reactants and active sites are spin-dependent. Herein, we suggest a local structure distortion caused by a bimetallic hybridization to regulate the spin configuration from low to high by implanting one Fe atom into the Mn/Mn dimer on holey nitrogen-doped graphene, which makes the Mn magnetic moment increase to 3.31 μ<sub>B</sub> from 0.48 μ<sub>B</sub>. Meanwhile, the activation energy of the formed *NOH at rate-limiting step can be decreased to 0.79 eV, which is obviously lower than the pristine Fe/Fe (1.38 eV) and Mn/Mn (1.12 eV) dimers. These findings enlighten an intriguing strategy to enhance the reactive activity of dual-atom catalysts by regulating their spin configuration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":22100,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141630448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-14DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2024.122554
Surface modification has been established to control chemical, mechanical, and electronic properties of oxide surfaces. Surface chemistry of β-diketones on ZnO nanomaterials presents an opportunity to investigate the dependence of the adsorbate structure on the type of diketone and, specifically, on the presence of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing functional groups. This work compares the adsorption of 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,4-pentane-dione (trifluoroacetylacetone, tfacH) and 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentane-dione (hexafluoroacetylacetone, hfacH) on ZnO nanopowder by interrogating the molecular structure of adsorbates with spectroscopic and computational methods. Despite the fact that in the gas phase the enol structure dominates for hfacH and the diketone has substantial presence for tfacH, once these compounds are adsorbed on ZnO, the diketonate is the majority of surface species for hfacH and dissociated enolate is dominant for tfacH. Moreover, given the amphoteric nature of ZnO, it is proposed that on a surface of basic oxide, the O-H dissociation of the enol form could be driven to completion for hfacH, and this proposal is confirmed by comparing chemistry of hfacH on ZnO and MgO surfaces.
{"title":"Adsorption of β-diketones on a surface of ZnO nanopowder: Dependence of the adsorbate on the diketone structure","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.susc.2024.122554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susc.2024.122554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Surface modification has been established to control chemical, mechanical, and electronic properties of oxide surfaces. Surface chemistry of β-diketones on ZnO nanomaterials presents an opportunity to investigate the dependence of the adsorbate structure on the type of diketone and, specifically, on the presence of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing functional groups. This work compares the adsorption of 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,4-pentane-dione (trifluoroacetylacetone, tfacH) and 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentane-dione (hexafluoroacetylacetone, hfacH) on ZnO nanopowder by interrogating the molecular structure of adsorbates with spectroscopic and computational methods. Despite the fact that in the gas phase the enol structure dominates for hfacH and the diketone has substantial presence for tfacH, once these compounds are adsorbed on ZnO, the diketonate is the majority of surface species for hfacH and dissociated enolate is dominant for tfacH. Moreover, given the amphoteric nature of ZnO, it is proposed that on a surface of basic oxide, the O-H dissociation of the enol form could be driven to completion for hfacH, and this proposal is confirmed by comparing chemistry of hfacH on ZnO and MgO surfaces.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":22100,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141696590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2024.122547
Metal nanoparticles supported on different oxidic supports are the most common materials in heterogeneous (photo-)catalysis. This work presents a systematic investigation of copper clusters deposited onto slightly and highly reduced rutile TiO2(110) single crystals and silicon wafers with native oxide films. The focus is on the electronic properties of the copper clusters and possible metal-support interactions as these can change the catalytic behavior of the catalyst. Specifically, we examine coverage-dependent core-level binding energy shifts and kinetic energy Auger signal shifts of the Cu2p3/2 and CuLMM signals in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as a Wagner plot analysis, Auger parameter analysis, and analyze the main support signals. The final-state-induced binding energy shifts dominant at lower coverages are related to the imperfect core-hole shielding of the positive charge remaining after photoemission. At higher copper coverages the more metallic character of the clusters, apparent from dominating initial-state effects, is more prominent. The shift in binding energy, kinetic energy, and Auger parameter are larger for copper on silica than for copper on reduced titania. The formation of Ti3+ or Si3+ indicates a charge transfer from the metal clusters to the support. For the first nominal monolayer of copper on titania a constant number of Ti3+ interstitials of 6% to 8% were observed regardless of the initial reduction degree of the titania. At the highest copper coverage, the local Ti3+ density at the (sub)surface increases to 11.0% and 11.7%. For the SiOx surface the same could be observed as the Si3+/Si4+ ratio increased from 4% at the lowest copper coverage to 73% at the highest. For the inert SiOx surface, we suggest an interaction of the copper with defects in the amorphous thin film.
{"title":"Charge transfer at interfaces of copper clusters on TiO2(110) and SiOx","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.susc.2024.122547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susc.2024.122547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Metal nanoparticles supported on different oxidic supports are the most common materials in heterogeneous (photo-)catalysis. This work presents a systematic investigation of copper clusters deposited onto slightly and highly reduced rutile TiO<sub>2</sub>(110) single crystals and silicon wafers with native oxide films. The focus is on the electronic properties of the copper clusters and possible metal-support interactions as these can change the catalytic behavior of the catalyst. Specifically, we examine coverage-dependent core-level binding energy shifts and kinetic energy Auger signal shifts of the Cu2p<sub>3/2</sub> and CuLMM signals in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as a Wagner plot analysis, Auger parameter analysis, and analyze the main support signals. The final-state-induced binding energy shifts dominant at lower coverages are related to the imperfect core-hole shielding of the positive charge remaining after photoemission. At higher copper coverages the more metallic character of the clusters, apparent from dominating initial-state effects, is more prominent. The shift in binding energy, kinetic energy, and Auger parameter are larger for copper on silica than for copper on reduced titania. The formation of Ti<sup>3+</sup> or Si<sup>3+</sup> indicates a charge transfer from the metal clusters to the support. For the first nominal monolayer of copper on titania a constant number of Ti<sup>3+</sup> interstitials of 6% to 8% were observed regardless of the initial reduction degree of the titania. At the highest copper coverage, the local Ti<sup>3+</sup> density at the (sub)surface increases to 11.0% and 11.7%. For the SiO<sub>x</sub> surface the same could be observed as the Si<sup>3+</sup>/Si<sup>4+</sup> ratio increased from 4% at the lowest copper coverage to 73% at the highest. For the inert SiO<sub>x</sub> surface, we suggest an interaction of the copper with defects in the amorphous thin film.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":22100,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039602824000980/pdfft?md5=f591f88bf8fa5527d3967ce11ef36ce2&pid=1-s2.0-S0039602824000980-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141699542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2024.122544
Chenxu Huo , Xiufeng Lang , Guoxiong Song , Yujie Wang , Shihong Ren , Weidan Liao , Hao Guo , Xueguang Chen
The electrolysis of a water for hydrogen production is a promising way to produce clean energy, but the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) limits the overall efficiency of water electrolysis. In this work, we investigated the water oxidation pathways on the perfect and defect Co3O4(111) surfaces by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We found that for the perfect surface the free energy barrier of the potential determining step (PDS) in the adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM) of water is lower than that in the lattice oxygen mechanism (LOM). For the defect surfaces, cobalt vacancies are more easily formed than oxygen vacancies. The Co vacancy promotes the formation of *OH, changes the PDS of the LOM and AEM, and reduces the free energy barrier of both PDS. The PDS of the LOM pathway on the VCo2Co3O4(111) surface is the coupling step of the O adatom and lattice oxygen, which promotes the LOM process. Different from the OER mechanism on the perfect surface and the defect surface with Co vacancy, the LOM is perferred to occur on the defect surface with O vacancy. This work may provide new insight into the relationship between the surface structure and OER activity surface of the Co3O4 catalyst and help to design the efficient OER catalysts by surface and vacancy engineering.
电解水制氢是一种前景广阔的清洁能源生产方式,但缓慢的氧进化反应(OER)限制了水电解的整体效率。在这项工作中,我们利用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算研究了完美和缺陷 Co3O4(111)表面的水氧化途径。我们发现,对于完美表面,水的吸附剂演化机制(AEM)中潜在决定步骤(PDS)的自由能垒低于晶格氧机制(LOM)。对于缺陷表面,钴空位比氧空位更容易形成。钴空位促进了*OH的形成,改变了LOM和AEM的PDS,降低了两种PDS的自由能垒。VCo2Co3O4(111) 表面上 LOM 途径的 PDS 是 O adatom 与晶格氧的耦合步骤,它促进了 LOM 过程。与完美表面和有 Co 空位的缺陷表面上的 OER 机制不同,LOM 更倾向于发生在有 O 空位的缺陷表面上。这项工作可能会对 Co3O4 催化剂表面结构与 OER 活性表面之间的关系提供新的见解,并有助于通过表面和空位工程设计高效的 OER 催化剂。
{"title":"A DFT investigation on surface and defect modulation of the Co3O4 catalyst for efficient oxygen evolution reaction","authors":"Chenxu Huo , Xiufeng Lang , Guoxiong Song , Yujie Wang , Shihong Ren , Weidan Liao , Hao Guo , Xueguang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.susc.2024.122544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2024.122544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The electrolysis of a water for hydrogen production is a promising way to produce clean energy, but the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) limits the overall efficiency of water electrolysis. In this work, we investigated the water oxidation pathways on the perfect and defect Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(111) surfaces by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We found that for the perfect surface the free energy barrier of the potential determining step (PDS) in the adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM) of water is lower than that in the lattice oxygen mechanism (LOM). For the defect surfaces, cobalt vacancies are more easily formed than oxygen vacancies. The Co vacancy promotes the formation of *OH, changes the PDS of the LOM and AEM, and reduces the free energy barrier of both PDS. The PDS of the LOM pathway on the V<sub>Co2</sub><sub><img></sub>Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(111) surface is the coupling step of the O adatom and lattice oxygen, which promotes the LOM process. Different from the OER mechanism on the perfect surface and the defect surface with Co vacancy, the LOM is perferred to occur on the defect surface with O vacancy. This work may provide new insight into the relationship between the surface structure and OER activity surface of the Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> catalyst and help to design the efficient OER catalysts by surface and vacancy engineering.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":22100,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141593165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-27DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2024.122541
Monize F. Tôrres , Márcio F. Santos , Bruna Nádia N. Silva , Muhammad Adnan Saqlain , Florence P.N. Antunes , Heloise O. Pastore , Alexandre A. Leitão
This work intends to simulate the interaction of metal single-atom(s) supported on surfaces of H-magadiite (H4Si14O30) and Al substituted H-[Al]-magadiites (H5AlSi13O30), hereafter called M/H-magadiite and M/H-[Al]-magadiite (M = Ag, Au, Pt, Pd), using DFT calculations (PBE and PBE-D3 functionals). Three distinct positions were defined in all surfaces to optimize each simulated model: “hydroxyl”, “edge” and “cavity”. The Au/H-magadiite and Ag/H-magadiite models were more stable at the “hydroxyl” sites. Meanwhile, in the aluminated surfaces, the presence of an extra hydrogen atom (here called Hextra, located in the “edge” region) was responsible for a more stable situation of these metal atoms. On the other hand, the Pd and Pt single-atoms present in H-magadiite and H-[Al]-magadiites showed greater interaction with all the sites, compared to the Au- and Ag- models. Based on the binding energies and other electronic calculations, the aluminol site at H-[Al]-magadiites has the best capacity to support metal species. For example, the Pt/H-[Al]-magadiite showed the lowest binding energy (-2.64 eV for PBE and -2.93 eV for PBE-D3), the strongest charge interaction and the smallest Pt – Hextra distance (1.55 Å). The migration barriers (PBE) in Ag/H-magadiite, Au/H-magadiite, and Pd/H-magadiite were lower than 21.50 kJ·mol−1, suggesting the high possibility of metal sintering. For all the cases, the PBE-D3 overestimated the barriers. Contrarily, the Pt/H-magadiite structures stabilized in the “cavity” region, inside the silicon rings of the silicate, and presented a migration barrier greater than 200 kJ·mol−1. These calculations offered the first indications of the behavior of single-atoms, which will serve as the basis for a broader description, in future works, of the migration of metal species in the Al-models simulated here, as well as for modeling single-atom catalysts that can be used in stable conditions.
{"title":"Theoretical evaluation of M/H-magadiite and Al modified M/H-[Al]-magadiites single-atom catalysts (M = Ag, Au, Pd, and Pt)","authors":"Monize F. Tôrres , Márcio F. Santos , Bruna Nádia N. Silva , Muhammad Adnan Saqlain , Florence P.N. Antunes , Heloise O. Pastore , Alexandre A. Leitão","doi":"10.1016/j.susc.2024.122541","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susc.2024.122541","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work intends to simulate the interaction of metal single-atom(s) supported on surfaces of H-magadiite (H<sub>4</sub>Si<sub>14</sub>O<sub>30</sub>) and Al substituted H-[Al]-magadiites (H<sub>5</sub>AlSi<sub>13</sub>O<sub>30</sub>), hereafter called M/H-magadiite and M/H-[Al]-magadiite (M = Ag, Au, Pt, Pd), using DFT calculations (PBE and PBE-D3 functionals). Three distinct positions were defined in all surfaces to optimize each simulated model: “hydroxyl”, “edge” and “cavity”. The Au/H-magadiite and Ag/H-magadiite models were more stable at the “hydroxyl” sites. Meanwhile, in the aluminated surfaces, the presence of an extra hydrogen atom (here called H<sub>extra</sub>, located in the “edge” region) was responsible for a more stable situation of these metal atoms. On the other hand, the Pd and Pt single-atoms present in H-magadiite and H-[Al]-magadiites showed greater interaction with all the sites, compared to the Au- and Ag- models. Based on the binding energies and other electronic calculations, the aluminol site at H-[Al]-magadiites has the best capacity to support metal species. For example, the Pt/H-[Al]-magadiite showed the lowest binding energy (-2.64 eV for PBE and -2.93 eV for PBE-D3), the strongest charge interaction and the smallest Pt – H<sub>extra</sub> distance (1.55 Å). The migration barriers (PBE) in Ag/H-magadiite, Au/H-magadiite, and Pd/H-magadiite were lower than 21.50 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>, suggesting the high possibility of metal sintering. For all the cases, the PBE-D3 overestimated the barriers. Contrarily, the Pt/H-magadiite structures stabilized in the “cavity” region, inside the silicon rings of the silicate, and presented a migration barrier greater than 200 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>. These calculations offered the first indications of the behavior of single-atoms, which will serve as the basis for a broader description, in future works, of the migration of metal species in the Al-models simulated here, as well as for modeling single-atom catalysts that can be used in stable conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":22100,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141569780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2024.122540
Seungyong Han , Mengmeng Chu , Duy Phong Pham , Suresh Kumar Dhungel , Junsin Yi
Texturing the surface of crystalline silicon wafers is a very important step in the production of high-efficiency solar cells. Alkaline texturing creates pyramids on the silicon surface, lowering surface reflectivity and improving light trapping in solar cells. This article provides a comparative evaluation of various wet texturing methods using alkaline solutions with or without additives commonly known as surfactants. One method uses sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) to create a surface with a height of about 4.5 μm by texturing for about 30 min, while the other method uses potassium hydroxide (KOH) and other additions known as additives. Texturing was performed using chemicals for only 15 min to create a surface shape with a height of approximately 3.5 μm. Additionally, the two solutions showed reflectance of 8.01 % or 12.1 % in 400–1100 nm, respectively. Both processes used alkaline etching at 80 °C for saw damage removal (SDR) before texturing. These processes have also been investigated in terms of removing potential organic contaminants from surfaces. Characterization techniques used throughout the investigation included optical microscopy, surface reflectance measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The purpose of this study is to confirm through experiments which texturing techniques are more suitable for mass production and to develop time- and cost-effective texturing techniques for industrial production of high-throughput, high-efficiency solar cells.
{"title":"Comparison of different approaches to texturing monocrystalline silicon wafers for solar cell applications","authors":"Seungyong Han , Mengmeng Chu , Duy Phong Pham , Suresh Kumar Dhungel , Junsin Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.susc.2024.122540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2024.122540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Texturing the surface of crystalline silicon wafers is a very important step in the production of high-efficiency solar cells. Alkaline texturing creates pyramids on the silicon surface, lowering surface reflectivity and improving light trapping in solar cells. This article provides a comparative evaluation of various wet texturing methods using alkaline solutions with or without additives commonly known as surfactants. One method uses sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) to create a surface with a height of about 4.5 μm by texturing for about 30 min, while the other method uses potassium hydroxide (KOH) and other additions known as additives. Texturing was performed using chemicals for only 15 min to create a surface shape with a height of approximately 3.5 μm. Additionally, the two solutions showed reflectance of 8.01 % or 12.1 % in 400–1100 nm, respectively. Both processes used alkaline etching at 80 °C for saw damage removal (SDR) before texturing. These processes have also been investigated in terms of removing potential organic contaminants from surfaces. Characterization techniques used throughout the investigation included optical microscopy, surface reflectance measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The purpose of this study is to confirm through experiments which texturing techniques are more suitable for mass production and to develop time- and cost-effective texturing techniques for industrial production of high-throughput, high-efficiency solar cells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":22100,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141607483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-24DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2024.122543
Harold J.W. Zandvliet
The great moment of fame for germanium was in December 1947. In that year the first transistor was made by a research team of Bell Laboratories. Owing to some problems with germanium, it was soon supplanted by silicon. Currently, germanium is still used in the microelectronic industry for opto-electronic and solar electric applications, but its role is very minor compared to its big brother silicon. After the rise of graphene, germanium received renewed interest because of the predicted stability of the graphene-like allotrope of germanium. Germanene, the germanium analogue of graphene, shares many properties with graphene, but there are also a few interesting differences that makes this material very appealing for device applications. In this contribution, I will give a brief historical overview of germanene, discuss the pros and cons of germanene and elaborate on its potential for future device applications.
{"title":"The renaissance of germanium","authors":"Harold J.W. Zandvliet","doi":"10.1016/j.susc.2024.122543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2024.122543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The great moment of fame for germanium was in December 1947. In that year the first transistor was made by a research team of Bell Laboratories. Owing to some problems with germanium, it was soon supplanted by silicon. Currently, germanium is still used in the microelectronic industry for opto-electronic and solar electric applications, but its role is very minor compared to its big brother silicon. After the rise of graphene, germanium received renewed interest because of the predicted stability of the graphene-like allotrope of germanium. Germanene, the germanium analogue of graphene, shares many properties with graphene, but there are also a few interesting differences that makes this material very appealing for device applications. In this contribution, I will give a brief historical overview of germanene, discuss the pros and cons of germanene and elaborate on its potential for future device applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":22100,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039602824000943/pdfft?md5=63d95e5fa292b3252801c07fb9560e79&pid=1-s2.0-S0039602824000943-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141487218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-23DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2024.122542
Ming Meng , Yiming Liu , Yun Shan , Yi Song , Jian Li , Yang Shao , Lizhe Liu
The unsatisfactory reactive activity and structural stability in acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) have been the main bottleneck in exploiting hydrogen energy from water splitting. Herein, we suggest a halogen (H)-doping strategy in 1T phase iridium dioxide (IrO2) monolayer to optimize its electronic structure for accelerating the reaction kinetics process, in which the bonding interaction difference between Ir-H and Ir-O bonds causes an electronic reconfiguration through asymmetric orbital hybridization. The doped F elements with a lower valence state make more valence electrons revert to the Ir-5d orbitals to reduce the activation energy, leading to a higher catalytic activity. In addition, a stronger bonding interaction at Ir-F bonds also can lead to a higher structural stability. However, this advantage cannot occur at Cl-doped or Br-doped IrO2 monolayer. This work provides a new insight into designing new-type catalysts for acidic OER.
酸性氧进化反应(OER)的反应活性和结构稳定性不尽如人意,一直是利用水分裂产生氢能的主要瓶颈。在此,我们提出了一种在 1T 相二氧化铱(IrO2)单层中掺杂卤素(H)的策略,以优化其电子结构,从而加速反应动力学过程,其中 Ir-H 键和 Ir-O 键之间的成键相互作用差异通过不对称轨道杂化引起了电子重构。掺杂的 F 元素具有较低的价态,使更多的价电子回到 Ir-5d 轨道,从而降低了活化能,提高了催化活性。此外,Ir-F 键上更强的成键作用也能带来更高的结构稳定性。然而,这种优势在掺Cl或掺Br的IrO2单层中并不存在。这项研究为设计新型酸性 OER 催化剂提供了新的思路。
{"title":"Asymmetric distortion of orbital hybridization at halogen-doped IrO2 monolayers for acidic water electrolysis","authors":"Ming Meng , Yiming Liu , Yun Shan , Yi Song , Jian Li , Yang Shao , Lizhe Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.susc.2024.122542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2024.122542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The unsatisfactory reactive activity and structural stability in acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) have been the main bottleneck in exploiting hydrogen energy from water splitting. Herein, we suggest a halogen (H)-doping strategy in 1T phase iridium dioxide (IrO<sub>2</sub>) monolayer to optimize its electronic structure for accelerating the reaction kinetics process, in which the bonding interaction difference between Ir-H and Ir-O bonds causes an electronic reconfiguration through asymmetric orbital hybridization. The doped F elements with a lower valence state make more valence electrons revert to the Ir-5d orbitals to reduce the activation energy, leading to a higher catalytic activity. In addition, a stronger bonding interaction at Ir-F bonds also can lead to a higher structural stability. However, this advantage cannot occur at Cl-doped or Br-doped IrO<sub>2</sub> monolayer. This work provides a new insight into designing new-type catalysts for acidic OER.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":22100,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141487216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-19DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2024.122539
Swetlana Schauermann, Carsten Schröder, Marvin Ch. Schmidt, Philipp A. Haugg, Jan Smyczek
Selectivity of multi-pathway surface reactions depends on subtle differences in the activation barriers of competing reactive processes, which is difficult to control. One of the most promising strategies to overcome this problem is to introduce a specific selective interaction between the reactant and the catalytically active site, directing the chemical transformations towards the desired route. This interaction can be imposed via functionalization of a solid catalyst with organic ligands, promoting the desired pathway via steric constrain and/or electronic effects. The microscopic-level understanding of the underlying surface processes is an important prerequisite for rational design of such new class of ligand-functionalized catalytic materials. In this perspective, we present an overview over our recent mechanistic studies on heterogeneous Pd(111) catalysts functionalized with different types of organic ligands for chemoselective hydrogenation of a,b-unsaturated aldehyde acrolein. Employing a combination of real space microscopic (STM) and in operando spectroscopic (IRAS) surface sensitive techniques, we show that self-ordered active ligand layers are formed under operational conditions and identify their chemical nature and the geometric arrangement on the surface turning over. Deposition of a ligand layer renders Pd highly active and nearly 100 % selective toward propenol formation by promoting acrolein adsorption in a specific adsorption configuration via the O atom of the C = O bond. In this adsorption configuration, acrolein can be hydrogenated first to the desired reaction intermediate propenoxy species followed by formation of the target product propenol. Both the reaction intermediate and the final product propenol as well as their time evolution were identified by IRAS and gas phase analysis via quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS). Particular focus of these studies was on the role of geometric and electronic effects imposed by specific functional groups purposefully introduced in the ligand layer. Obtained atomistic-level insights into the formation and dynamic evolution of the active ligand layer under operational conditions as well as into the role of geometric vs. electronic effects imposed by the ligand provide important input required for controlling chemoselectivity by purposeful surface functionalization.
多途径表面反应的选择性取决于相互竞争的反应过程活化障碍的细微差别,而这是很难控制的。克服这一问题的最有前途的策略之一是在反应物和催化活性位点之间引入特定的选择性相互作用,将化学转化引向所需的途径。这种相互作用可以通过有机配体对固体催化剂进行官能化来实现,通过立体约束和/或电子效应促进所需的途径。从微观层面了解潜在的表面过程是合理设计这类新型配体功能化催化材料的重要前提。从这个角度出发,我们概述了最近对不同类型有机配体功能化的异质钯(111)催化剂进行的机理研究,这些催化剂用于 a、b-不饱和醛丙烯醛的化学选择性氢化。通过结合使用实空间显微镜(STM)和操作中光谱(IRAS)表面敏感技术,我们发现在操作条件下形成了自有序的活性配体层,并确定了它们的化学性质以及在表面翻转时的几何排列。配体层的沉积通过 C = O 键的 O 原子以特定的吸附构型促进丙烯醛的吸附,从而使钯具有很高的活性,对丙烯醇的形成几乎具有 100% 的选择性。在这种吸附构型中,丙烯醛可以首先氢化为所需的反应中间体丙烯氧基,然后形成目标产物丙烯醇。通过 IRAS 和四极杆质谱(QMS)气相分析,确定了反应中间体和最终产物丙烯醇及其时间演化过程。这些研究的重点是配位层中特意引入的特定官能团所产生的几何和电子效应。这些研究从原子层面深入了解了活性配体层在工作条件下的形成和动态演变,以及配体的几何效应和电子效应的作用,为通过有目的的表面官能化来控制化学选择性提供了重要依据。
{"title":"Ligand-functionalized surfaces for chemoselective heterogeneous catalysis","authors":"Swetlana Schauermann, Carsten Schröder, Marvin Ch. Schmidt, Philipp A. Haugg, Jan Smyczek","doi":"10.1016/j.susc.2024.122539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2024.122539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Selectivity of multi-pathway surface reactions depends on subtle differences in the activation barriers of competing reactive processes, which is difficult to control. One of the most promising strategies to overcome this problem is to introduce a specific selective interaction between the reactant and the catalytically active site, directing the chemical transformations towards the desired route. This interaction can be imposed via functionalization of a solid catalyst with organic ligands, promoting the desired pathway via steric constrain and/or electronic effects. The microscopic-level understanding of the underlying surface processes is an important prerequisite for rational design of such new class of ligand-functionalized catalytic materials. In this perspective, we present an overview over our recent mechanistic studies on heterogeneous Pd(111) catalysts functionalized with different types of organic ligands for chemoselective hydrogenation of a,b-unsaturated aldehyde acrolein. Employing a combination of real space microscopic (STM) and <em>in operando</em> spectroscopic (IRAS) surface sensitive techniques, we show that self-ordered active ligand layers are formed under operational conditions and identify their chemical nature and the geometric arrangement on the surface turning over. Deposition of a ligand layer renders Pd highly active and nearly 100 % selective toward propenol formation by promoting acrolein adsorption in a specific adsorption configuration via the O atom of the C = O bond. In this adsorption configuration, acrolein can be hydrogenated first to the desired reaction intermediate propenoxy species followed by formation of the target product propenol. Both the reaction intermediate and the final product propenol as well as their time evolution were identified by IRAS and gas phase analysis via quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS). Particular focus of these studies was on the role of geometric and electronic effects imposed by specific functional groups purposefully introduced in the ligand layer. Obtained atomistic-level insights into the formation and dynamic evolution of the active ligand layer under operational conditions as well as into the role of geometric vs. electronic effects imposed by the ligand provide important input required for controlling chemoselectivity by purposeful surface functionalization.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":22100,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039602824000906/pdfft?md5=4f4c22dcd8273aa336c1d93b1247020c&pid=1-s2.0-S0039602824000906-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141438358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}